← 住棚卷总目·第一章 棚
这不是译本，是辅读层。中文承载文本本身，并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释，以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文，其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的，不是判断。
这一面没有一句以塔木德自己的话为主，全是补入的解释。标出来，读者才知道自己站在哪里。
革玛拉答：那只适用于周长十二肘的圆的正中——那圆直径四肘；可是要在圆内作一个周长十六肘的内接正方形，圆的周长须多于十二肘。
革玛拉答：这只适用于周长十二肘的那个圆的正中，因为这圆的直径是四肘；然而要使圆内所接的正方形有十六肘的周长，这圆所须的周长就要多于十二肘。
The Gemara answers: This applies only in the middle of the circle that has a circumference of twelve cubits, as the diameter of the circle is four cubits; but in order for a square inscribed within a circle to have a perimeter of sixteen cubits, the circle requires a circumference that is more than twelve cubits.
革玛拉再问：外切于圆的正方形周长，比那圆的周长大多少？大正方形周长的四分之一。若是这样，周长十六肘的圆就够了；拉比约哈难 何以要求二十四肘？
革玛拉再问：一个外切于圆的正方形，它的周长比那圆的周长大多少？
The Gemara asks further: Now, by how much is the perimeter of a square inscribing a circle greater than the circumference of that circle?
大这正方形周长的四分之一。
It is greater by one quarter of the perimeter of the square.
若是这样，一个周长十六肘的圆就够了。
If that is the case, a circle with a circumference of sixteen cubits is sufficient.
那么 拉比约哈难 为什么要求二十四肘的周长呢？
Why, then, does Rabbi Yoḥanan require a circumference of twenty-four cubits?
革玛拉答：正方形周长与圆周长之比这句话，适用于内切于正方形的圆；至于内接于圆的正方形，圆因正方形的角突出而须更大的周长——要使每边四肘的正方形恰好容在圆内，圆的周长须大于十六肘。
革玛拉答：论正方形周长与圆周长之比的这句话，适用于一个内切于正方形的圆；然而论一个内接于圆的正方形，因为正方形的角突出，这圆就须要更大的周长。
The Gemara answers: This statement with regard to the ratio of the perimeter of a square to the circumference of a circle applies to a circle inscribed in a square, but in the case of a square circumscribed by a circle, the circle requires a greater circumference due to the projection of the corners of the square.
要确保一个每边四肘的正方形恰好容在一个圆里面，这圆的周长必须大于十六肘。
In order to ensure that a square whose sides are four cubits each fits neatly into a circle, the circumference of the circle must be greater than sixteen cubits.
革玛拉精算外接四乘四肘正方形之圆须大多少：每边一肘的正方形，对角线一又五分之二肘；外接正方形的圆，正方形的对角线就是圆的直径。这里正方形四乘四肘，对角线即圆的直径，五又五分之三肘；革玛拉以圆周为直径的三倍，那么周长十七肘差五分之一的圆形 棚 就够了。答：拉比约哈难 没有算得精确，把圆形 棚 的尺寸往高里取了整数。
革玛拉精确计算：要外接这个四肘乘四肘的正方形，圆的周长须大出多少。
The Gemara calculates precisely how much greater the circumference must be in order to circumscribe the four-by-four-cubit square.
每一个每边一肘的正方形，它的对角线是一又五分之二肘；而在一个外接正方形的圆里，正方形的对角线就是这圆的直径。
Now, in every square whose sides each measure one cubit its diagonal measures one and two-fifths cubits, and in a circle that circumscribes a square, the diagonal of the square is the diameter of the circle.
在这情形里，所外接的正方形是四肘乘四肘，所以这正方形的对角线，就是这圆的直径，是五又五分之三肘。
In this case, the circumscribed square measures four by four cubits; therefore, the diagonal of the square, which is the diameter of the circle, measures five and three-fifths cubits.
既然革玛拉以圆的周长为它直径的三倍来算，一座周长十七肘差五分之一肘的圆形 棚 就该够了。
Since the Gemara calculates the circumference of the circle as three times its diameter, a circular sukka with a circumference of seventeen cubits minus one-fifth of a cubit should be sufficient.
革玛拉答：拉比约哈难 没有算得精确，他把这圆形 棚 的尺寸取整，取到一个高于绝对最小值的数目。
The Gemara answers: Rabbi Yoḥanan was not precise and rounded the dimensions of the circular sukka to a number higher than the absolute minimum.
革玛拉诧异：所举之数与精确之数相差不多时，我们固然可说这位贤者没有算得精确；相差很大时，也能说他没有算得精确吗？拉比约哈难 说最小量是二十四肘，相差七肘以上。
革玛拉诧异：当所举的数目与精确的数目相差不多时，我们固然可以说这位贤者没有算得精确；然而当相差很大时，我们也能说这位贤者没有算得精确吗？
The Gemara wonders: Say that we say that the Sage was not precise when the difference between the number cited and the precise number is slight; however, when the difference is great, do we say the Sage was not precise?
毕竟 拉比约哈难 说最小量是二十四肘，相差七肘以上。
After all, Rabbi Yoḥanan stated that the minimum measure is twenty-four cubits, a difference of more than seven cubits.
玛尔·克希沙（即长者），拉夫希斯达 之子，对 拉夫阿施 说：你以为人坐着占一肘，所以坐二十四人的 棚 周长须二十四肘吗？其实三人坐占二肘。革玛拉问：那 拉比约哈难 所要求的 棚 有几肘？十六肘。可我们须要周长十七肘差五分之一的 棚。答：他没有算得精确，往低里取了整数；实际所须的周长还大五分之四肘。
玛尔·克希沙，就是那位长者，拉夫希斯达 之子，对 拉夫阿施 说：你以为一个人坐着时，他坐着占一肘，所以一座坐二十四人的 棚 必须有二十四肘的周长吗？
Mar Keshisha, i.e., the elder, son of Rav Ḥisda, said to Rav Ashi: Do you hold that when a man sits, he sits and occupies one cubit, and consequently a sukka that seats twenty-four people must have a circumference of twenty-four cubits?
其实，三个人坐着占两肘。
In fact, three people sit and occupy two cubits.
革玛拉问：拉比约哈难 所要求的 棚 里有几肘？
The Gemara asks: How many cubits are there in the sukka required by Rabbi Yoḥanan?
有十六肘。
There are sixteen cubits.
可是我们要求一座周长十七肘差五分之一的 棚，正如上面所算的。
But we require a sukka with a circumference of seventeen cubits minus one-fifth, as calculated above.
革玛拉答：他没有算得精确，把这数目往低取整到较小的整数；实际所须的周长还要大五分之四肘。
The Gemara answers: He was not precise and rounded the figure down to the lower whole number; actually, the required circumference is four-fifths of a cubit larger.
革玛拉驳这一解：结果是从严的时候——例如要求 棚 的尺寸大于最低所须——我们固然可说这位贤者没有算得精确；结果是从宽的时候，也能说他没有算得精确吗？那样，不精确会导致搭出小于最低要求的 棚。
革玛拉驳这一解释：当结果是从严的时候，例如他要求一座尺寸大于最低所须尺寸的 棚，我们固然可以说这位贤者没有算得精确；然而当结果是从宽的时候，我们也能说这位贤者没有算得精确吗？
The Gemara rejects this explanation: Say that we say that the Sage was not precise when the result is a stringency, e.g., he required a sukka whose dimensions are greater than the minimum required dimensions; however, when the result is a leniency, do we say the Sage was not precise?
在那情形里，这个不精确会导致人搭出一座尺寸小于最低要求的 棚。
In that case, the lack of precision will lead to establishing a sukka whose dimensions are smaller than the minimum requirement.
拉夫阿西 对 拉夫阿施 说：其实人坐着确占一肘，只是 拉比约哈难 的计算不把人所占的地方算进去——前面一直假定他算的是坐二十四人所须的 棚 周长，其实他只是算二十四人坐成一圈所围出的内圈周长。
拉夫阿西 对 拉夫阿施 说：其实一个人坐着确是占一肘，而 拉比约哈难 在他的计算里，并没有把这些人所占的地方算进去。
Rav Asi said to Rav Ashi: Actually, a man sits and occupies one cubit, and Rabbi Yoḥanan is not factoring the space that the men occupy in his calculation.
换句话说，到此为止，一直假定 拉比约哈难 所算的，是坐二十四个人所须的 棚 的周长。
In other words, to this point, the assumption has been that Rabbi Yoḥanan calculated the circumference of the sukka required to seat twenty-four people.
其实，他只是算了二十四个人坐下时所围成的那个内圈的周长。
Actually, he merely calculated the circumference of the inner circle formed by the twenty-four people seated.
革玛拉问：二十四人围成的一圈，内圈周长几肘？十八肘：照「每三肘周长有一肘直径」，外圈围着二十四人的圆直径八肘；要算内圈，从直径减去直径两端各坐一人所占之地，得直径六肘；直径六肘的圆周长十八肘。可周长十七肘差五分之一就够了。答：这正是他没算精确之处，而这里他是从严而不精确——该是十六又五分之四，拉比约哈难 却要求十八肘。
革玛拉问：二十四个人所围成的一圈，它内圈的周长有几肘？
The Gemara asks: How many cubits are there in the circumference of the inner circle formed by a circle of twenty-four people?
有十八肘。
There are eighteen cubits.
照「每三肘周长就有一肘直径」这条原则，外圈周长围着二十四人的那个圆，直径是八肘。
Based on the principle that for every three cubits of circumference there is one cubit of diameter, the diameter of a circle whose outer circumference surrounds twenty-four people is eight cubits.
要算内圈的周长，就从直径里减去两个人所占的地方，他们各坐在直径的一端。
To calculate the circumference of the inner circle, subtract from the diameter the space occupied by two people, each sitting at one end of the diameter.
结果是一个六肘的直径。
The result is a diameter of six cubits.
照上面那条原则，一个直径六肘的圆，周长就是十八肘。
Based on the above principle, a circle with a diameter of six cubits will have a circumference of eighteen cubits.
然而一个十七肘差五分之一肘的周长就该够了。
However, a circumference of seventeen cubits minus one-fifth of a cubit should be sufficient.
革玛拉答：这正是他没有算得精确的情形；而在这情形里，他是在结果从严的时候不精确，因为本该是十六又五分之四，拉比约哈难 却要求了十八肘。
The Gemara answers: This is the case where he was not precise, and in this case he is not precise when the result is a stringency, as instead of sixteen and four-fifths, Rabbi Yoḥanan required eighteen cubits.
该撒利亚的众贤——也有人说是该撒利亚的法官们——说，拉比约哈难 的话可用另一算法解释：内切于正方形的圆，周长比正方形周长少四分之一，（下接 8之间）
该撒利亚的众贤——也有人说是该撒利亚的法官们——说：拉比约哈难 的话可以用另一种算法来解释：一个内切于正方形的圆，它的周长比这正方形的周长少四分之一，
The Sages of Caesarea, and some say that it was the judges of Caesarea, said that Rabbi Yoḥanan’s statement could be explained using a different calculation: The circumference of a circle inscribed in a square is one-quarter less than the perimeter of the square,