(续上)人在立了 旁柱 的巷子上加顶盖的,可作 棚 用,合用。
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人若在一条立了 旁柱 的巷子上加了顶盖,它作 棚 用是合用的。
If one placed roofing over an alleyway that has a side post, it is fit for use as a sukka.
← 住棚卷总目·第一章 棚
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 7 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)人在立了 旁柱 的巷子上加顶盖的,可作 棚 用,合用。
人若在一条立了 旁柱 的巷子上加了顶盖,它作 棚 用是合用的。
If one placed roofing over an alleyway that has a side post, it is fit for use as a sukka.
同样,拉瓦 说:人在围着水井而立的竖板上加顶盖的,可作 棚 用,合用。井通常至少宽四掌、深十掌,算 私人区,安息日禁从中打水(那犯从 私人区 搬到公共区之禁);要许打水,须把井周围隔起来成为 私人区。众贤为朝圣客特立宽例:不必在井周围造完整的隔断,井周四角各立一副双板就够。这些象征性的屏障既在安息日的 哈拉哈 上算隔断,在安息日的 棚 哈拉哈 上也算隔断。
同样,拉瓦 说:人若在围着水井而立的竖板上加了顶盖,它作 棚 用是合用的。
And similarly, Rava said: If one placed roofing over upright boards surrounding wells, it is fit for use as a sukka.
一口井通常至少宽四掌、深十掌。
A well is usually at least four handbreadths wide and ten handbreadths deep.
因此它算作 私人区,安息日禁止从中打水,因为那会违犯从私人的领域搬到公众之处的禁令。
Therefore, it is considered a private domain, and it is prohibited to draw water from it on Shabbat, as that would constitute a violation of the prohibition to carry from a private domain into a public one.
为了许人从井里打水,井周围的地方须要隔起来,成为 私人区。
In order to permit drawing water from the well, the surrounding area must be partitioned off and rendered a private domain.
众贤为节期朝圣的人特立了一个宽例:不必为此在井周围造完整的隔断。
For the benefit of Festival pilgrims, the Sages instituted a special leniency that full-fledged partitions need not be constructed around the well for this purpose.
而只要井周围那块地方的四个角上各有一副双板就够了。
Rather, it is sufficient if there are four double posts at the four corners of the area surrounding the well.
既然这些象征性的屏障在安息日的诸条 哈拉哈 上算作隔断,它们在安息日的 棚 诸条 哈拉哈 上也算作隔断。
Since these symbolic barriers are considered partitions for the halakhot of Shabbat, they are considered partitions for the halakhot of sukka on Shabbat as well.
革玛拉评说:拉瓦 须把两种相似的情形各说一遍:若只教巷子里的 棚 合用,人会说那是因为有两面完整的墙;井边的竖板没有两面完整的墙、大部分都破开,就说不,那不算合用的 棚。
革玛拉评说:拉瓦 须要在这两种相似的情形里各说一遍这条 哈拉哈;因为他若只教我们在巷子的情形里 棚 是合用的,人会说那是因为有两面完整的墙;然而在围着水井的竖板的情形,那里并没有两面完整的墙,大部分地方又是破开的,就说不,它不算一座合用的 棚。
The Gemara notes: And it is necessary for Rava to state the halakha in each of the two similar cases, as if he had taught us only that the sukka is fit in the case of the alleyway, one could say that it is due to the fact that there are two full-fledged walls; however, in the case of upright boards surrounding wells, where there are not two full-fledged walls and most of the area is breached, say no, it is not considered a fit sukka.
若只教井边竖板的情形,人会说那是因为它属于有四面墙(虽是虚拟的)的 棚 一类;巷子上加顶盖的,不属于四面墙的 棚 一类,就说不,那不算合用的 棚。
而他若只教我们围着水井之竖板的情形,人会说那是因为在那情形里,它属于有四面墙——尽管是虚拟的墙——的 棚 一类;然而在人于巷子上加顶盖的情形,它并不属于有四面墙的 棚 一类,就说不,它不算一座合用的 棚。
And if he had taught us only the case of upright boards surrounding wells, one could say that it is due to the fact that in that case it is in the category of a sukka with four, albeit virtual, walls; however, in the case where one placed roofing over an alleyway, where it is not in the category of a sukka with four walls, say no, it is not considered a fit sukka.
若只教这两种情形——教安息日 哈拉哈 上的隔断就是 棚 哈拉哈 上的隔断——人会说那是因为可以由严(安息日)推宽(棚);由宽推严,就说不。所以须教第三条 哈拉哈:两面寻常意义上的墙加一面一掌之墙的 棚——第三面既在 棚 的 哈拉哈(宽)上算墙,在安息日的 哈拉哈(严)上也算墙。
而他若只教我们这两种情形,来教导安息日诸条 哈拉哈 上的隔断就是 棚 诸条 哈拉哈 上的隔断,人会说那是因为可以从严,就是安息日的诸条 哈拉哈,推到宽,就是 棚 的诸条 哈拉哈,推出一条 哈拉哈;然而从宽推到严,就说不。
And if he had taught us only these two cases, to teach that a partition with regard to the halakhot of Shabbat is a partition with regard to the halakhot of sukka, one could say that it is due to the fact that one can derive a halakha from a stringency, the halakhot of Shabbat, to a leniency, the halakhot of sukka; however, to derive a halakha from a leniency to a stringency, say no.
所以须要教这第三条 哈拉哈,就是论一座由两面寻常意义上的墙和一面量一掌的第三面墙所成的 棚:既然第三面墙在 棚 的诸条 哈拉哈 上——那是宽的——算作一面墙,它在安息日的诸条 哈拉哈 上——那是严的——也算作一面墙。
Therefore, it is necessary to teach the third halakha with regard to a sukka consisting of two walls in the standard sense and a third wall measuring a handbreadth: Since the third wall is considered a wall with regard to the halakhot of sukka, a leniency, it is considered a wall with regard to the halakhot of Shabbat, a stringency.
密释纳续:日光——透过顶盖照进来的日光——多于荫凉的 棚,不合用。
密释纳接着说:一座 棚,它的日光,就是透过顶盖照进来的日光,若多于它的荫凉,就不合用。
§ The mishna continues: And a sukka whose sunlight, i.e., the sunlight that passes through the roofing, is greater than its shade, is unfit.
众贤在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:「日光多于荫凉」指的是因顶盖稀疏而透进来的日光,不是从墙缝进来的日光——棚 可能因日光从侧面而非顶盖进来而日光多于荫凉,那样仍合用。拉比约西亚 说:日光多于荫凉就不合用,即便日光是从墙缝进来的。
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:在「它的日光多于它的荫凉」这句话里,所指的是因顶盖稀疏而透进来的日光,而不是因墙上的缝隙而照进来的日光。
The Sages taught in a baraita that in the statement: Whose sunlight is greater than its shade, the reference is to sunlight that passes through due to sparse roofing, and not to the sunlight entering due to gaps in the walls.
一座 棚 有可能因日光从侧面、而不是从顶盖透进来,而日光多于荫凉;在那情形里,这座 棚 是合用的。
It is possible for a sukka to have more sunlight than shade due to sunlight passing through the sides and not the roofing, in which case the sukka is fit.
拉比约西亚 说:日光若超过荫凉,这座 棚 就不合用,即便日光是因墙上的缝隙而照进来的。
Rabbi Yoshiya says: If the sunlight exceeds the shade the sukka is unfit, even if the sunlight is due to gaps in the walls.
拉夫耶玛尔·巴尔·舍勒姆亚 以 阿巴耶 之名说:拉比约西亚 之言的理由何在?经上说:「用幔子把柜遮掩」(出埃及记 40:3)——幔子是隔断,不是柜上的遮盖,慈悲者却称它为「遮掩」,那与顶盖是同一个字眼。可见隔断的用意须与顶盖的用意相似:顶盖须大半不透日光,隔断也须如此。
拉夫耶玛尔·巴尔·舍勒姆亚 以 阿巴耶 之名说:拉比约西亚 这句话的理由是什么?
Rav Yeimar bar Shelemya said in the name of Abaye: What is the rationale for the statement of Rabbi Yoshiya?
正如经上所记:「用幔子把柜遮掩」(出埃及记 40:3)。
It is as it is written: “And you shall screen [vesakkota] the Ark with the curtain” (Exodus 40:3).
「遮掩」原文 vesakkota(וְסַכֹּתָ),与 棚 的顶盖(sekhakh,此处作 sekhakha)同根;论证全在此字,中文不写罗马字。
幔子是一道隔断,而不是柜上的一个遮盖;尽管如此,慈悲者却用「顶盖」的字眼称呼它。
The curtain is a partition and not a covering over the Ark, and nevertheless, the Merciful One calls it roofing [sekhakha].
可见我们要求隔断的用意与顶盖的用意相似:正如顶盖须大半不透日光,隔断也须如此。
Apparently, we require the purpose of a partition to be similar to the purpose of roofing; just as the roofing must be mostly impermeable by sunlight, so must the partition.
与 拉比约西亚 相争的众拉比怎样解「遮掩」?这字教我们把幔子顶端稍稍弯过去,使它看来像柜上的顶盖。
那么与 拉比约西亚 相争的众拉比,又怎样解「遮掩」这个字呢?
And how do the Rabbis, who disagree with Rabbi Yoshiya, interpret the term: And you shall screen [vesakkota]?
这个字教导:我们当把幔子的顶端稍稍弯过去,使它看来像柜上的顶盖。
That term teaches that we should bend the top of the curtain a bit so that it appears as roofing over the Ark.
阿巴耶 说:拉比犹大·哈纳西、拉比约西亚、拉比犹大、拉比西缅、拉班迦玛列、沙迈学派、拉比以利以谢 与 另有人,都以为 棚 须坚固、合乎居住,像一座长久居所。
阿巴耶 说:拉比犹大·哈纳西、拉比约西亚、拉比犹大、拉比西缅、拉班迦玛列、沙迈学派、拉比以利以谢 与 另有人,都认为我们要求 棚 坚固、合乎居住,像一座长久的居所。
Abaye said: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, and Rabbi Yoshiya, and Rabbi Yehuda, and Rabbi Shimon, and Rabban Gamliel, and Beit Shammai, and Rabbi Eliezer, and Aḥerim all hold that we require the sukka to be sturdy and fit for dwelling like a permanent residence.
阿巴耶 引上列诸位 坦拿 的相关之言:拉比犹大·哈纳西 持此见,如 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:拉比犹大·哈纳西 说:凡没有四乘四肘面积的 棚,不合用——那是长久居所的尺寸。
阿巴耶 引上面所列诸位 坦拿 的相关之言。
Abaye cites the relevant statements of the tanna’im listed above.
拉比犹大·哈纳西 持这个意见,正如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:拉比犹大·哈纳西 说:凡没有四肘乘四肘面积的 棚,都不合用。
Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi states this opinion, as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: Any sukka that does not have an area of four cubits by four cubits is unfit.
这是一座长久居所的尺寸。
These are the dimensions of a permanent residence.
拉比约西亚 以为 棚 须是长久居所,可见于我们所说的:墙也须像长久居所的墙那样不透日光。
拉比约西亚 认为 棚 必须是一座长久的居所,这可以从我们所说的看出来:它的墙也须像一座长久居所的墙那样不透日光。
The fact that Rabbi Yoshiya holds that a sukka must be a permanent residence can be seen from that which we stated, that the walls must also be impermeable by sunlight like the walls of a permanent residence.
拉比犹大 也以为 棚 须是长久居所,如密释纳所学:高过二十肘的 棚 不合用;拉比犹大 判它合用。如上所解,搭高过二十肘的 棚,不能使居所成为暂时的,非搭坚固的长久居所不可。
拉比犹大 也认为 棚 必须是一座长久的居所,正如我们在密释纳里所学:一座高过二十肘的 棚 不合用;拉比犹大 判它合用。
Rabbi Yehuda also holds that a sukka must be a permanent residence, as we learned in the mishna: A sukka that is more than twenty cubits high is unfit; Rabbi Yehuda deems it fit.
正如上面所解释的,搭一座高过二十肘的 棚,人不能使他的居所成为一个暂时的居所,而非搭一座坚固的长久居所不可。
As explained above, in constructing a sukka more than twenty cubits high, one cannot render his residence a temporary residence; rather, he must construct a sturdy permanent residence.
拉比西缅 也同意,如 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:棚 的规格是两面寻常意义上的墙、第三面连一掌也可;拉比西缅 说:三面须是寻常意义上的墙,还须有第四面,连一掌也可。可见 棚 须像长久居所那样四面围着。
拉比西缅 也同意,正如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:棚 的规格,是两面寻常意义上的墙,和一面即便只量一掌的第三面墙;拉比西缅 说:它的墙里须有三面是寻常意义上的墙,还须有一面即便只量一掌的第四面墙。
Rabbi Shimon agrees, as it is taught in a baraita: The dimensions of a sukka are two walls in the standard sense, and a third wall that measures even a handbreadth; Rabbi Shimon says: Three of the walls must be walls in the standard sense, and a fourth wall is required that measures even a handbreadth.
可见 棚 必须像一座长久的居所那样,四面都围着。
Apparently, a sukka must be surrounded on four sides like a permanent residence.
拉班迦玛列 以为 棚 须是长久居所,如 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:把 棚 搭在车上或船上的,拉班迦玛列 判不合用——可移动的结构不是长久居所;拉比阿奇瓦 判合用。可见 拉班迦玛列 要求 棚 是长久居所。
拉班迦玛列 认为 棚 必须是一座长久的居所,正如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:论把他的 棚 搭在一辆车上或一条船上的人,拉班迦玛列 判它不合用;一个可移动的结构不是一座长久的居所。
Rabban Gamliel holds that a sukka must be a permanent residence, as it is taught in a baraita: In the case of one who establishes his sukka atop a wagon or atop a boat, Rabban Gamliel deems it unfit; a mobile structure is not a permanent residence.
拉比阿奇瓦 判它合用。
Rabbi Akiva deems it fit.
可见 拉班迦玛列 要求 棚 是一座长久的居所。
Apparently, Rabban Gamliel requires that a sukka be a permanent residence.
沙迈学派 也同意,如密释纳所学:人的头与身体大半在 棚 里、桌子在屋里的,沙迈学派 判 棚 不合用——小的 棚 不合用,不能借它尽 棚 之诫;希列学派 判合用。可见 沙迈学派 要求 棚 与长久的结构相似。
沙迈学派 也同意,正如我们在一条密释纳里所学:论一个人,他的头与他身体的大半在 棚 里,他的桌子却在屋里,沙迈学派 判这座 棚 不合用,因为一座小 棚 不合用,人不能借它尽 棚 这条诫命。
Beit Shammai agree, as we learned in a mishna: In the case of one whose head and most of his body were in the sukka and his table was in the house, Beit Shammai deem the sukka unfit, since a small sukka is unfit for use and one cannot fulfill the mitzva of sukka with it.
而 希列学派 判它合用。
And Beit Hillel deem it fit.
可见 沙迈学派 要求 棚 与一个长久的结构相似。
Apparently, Beit Shammai require that the sukka be similar to a permanent structure.
拉比以利以谢 以为 棚 须是长久居所,如密释纳所学:把 棚 搭成一种圆锥形小屋、墙从中心斜下、没有屋顶的,或把 棚 斜靠在墙上——拿长枝条一头着地、一头倚墙、成一个没有屋顶之结构的——拉比以利以谢 判不合用,因为没有屋顶;众拉比判合用。长久居所是有屋顶的。
拉比以利以谢 认为 棚 必须是一座长久的居所,正如我们在一条密释纳里所学:论把他的 棚 搭成一种圆锥形小屋的人,那小屋的墙从中心向下斜,没有屋顶;或论把 棚 斜靠在墙上的人,他拿长枝条,一头放在地上,另一头倚在墙上,搭成一个没有屋顶的结构,拉比以利以谢 判它不合用,因为它没有屋顶;而众拉比判它合用。
Rabbi Eliezer holds that a sukka must be a permanent residence, as we learned in a mishna: In the case of one who establishes his sukka like a type of circular hut whose walls slope down from the center and has no roof, or one who rested the sukka against the wall, taking long branches and placing one end on the ground and leaning the other end against the wall, establishing a structure with no roof, Rabbi Eliezer deems it unfit because it does not have a roof, and the Rabbis deem it fit.
一座长久的居所是有屋顶的。
A permanent residence has a roof.
另有人 也同意,如 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:另有人 说:搭成圆形如鸽舍的 棚 不合用,因为没有角;长久居所是有角的。
另有人 也同意,正如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:另有人 说:一座搭成圆形、像鸽舍的 棚,不合用,因为它没有角;而一座长久的居所是有角的。
Aḥerim agree, as it is taught in a baraita that Aḥerim say: A sukka built in a circular shape like a dovecote is unfit, because it does not have corners, and a permanent residence is one with corners.
拉比约哈难 说:形如火炉、全然圆形的 棚,其周长若够二十四人坐在里面,就合用;不然,不合用。
拉比约哈难 说:论一座形状像火炉、全然是圆形的 棚,它的周长若有足够的地方让二十四个人坐在里面,它就合用;若不然,它就不合用。
§ Rabbi Yoḥanan said: With regard to a sukka that is shaped like a furnace and is completely round, if its circumference has sufficient space for twenty-four people to sit in it, it is fit, and if not, it is unfit.
革玛拉问:拉比约哈难 要 棚 这么宽,是照谁的意见?答:必是照 拉比犹大·哈纳西——凡没有四乘四肘面积的 棚 不合用;他所要求的最小尺寸最大,拉比约哈难 必是照他。
革玛拉问:拉比约哈难 裁定 棚 必须那样宽,是照谁的意见?
The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion did Rabbi Yoḥanan rule that the sukka must be so expansive?
革玛拉答:无疑是照 拉比犹大·哈纳西 的意见;他说:凡没有四肘乘四肘面积的 棚,都不合用。
The Gemara answers: It is undoubtedly in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, who said: Any sukka that does not have an area of four cubits by four cubits is unfit.
既然他所要求的 棚 最小尺寸最大,拉比约哈难 必是照他的意见。
Since he requires the sukka with the largest minimum dimensions, Rabbi Yoḥanan must hold in accordance with his opinion.
然而即便他照 拉比犹大·哈纳西,问题仍在:人坐着占一肘之地,拉比约哈难 所要求的周长就是二十四肘;可是按数算,圆每三掌周长约有一掌直径;那么容十二人的 棚 就够了——周长十二肘的 棚 直径约四肘。拉比约哈难 何以要求加倍的周长?
然而即便他是照 拉比犹大·哈纳西 的意见,问题仍然出来:既然人坐着时占一肘的地方,拉比约哈难 为这座 棚 所要求的周长就是二十四肘。
However, even if he holds in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, the question arises: Now, since when a person sits, he occupies one cubit of space, the circumference required by Rabbi Yoḥanan for the sukka is twenty-four cubits.
然而照数算,一个圆每三掌的周长,约有一掌的直径。
However, mathematically, for every three handbreadths circumference in a circle, there is a diameter of approximately one handbreadth.
因此,与其要求一座容得下二十四人的 棚,一座只容得下十二人的 棚 就该够了,因为一座周长十二肘的 棚,直径约有四肘。
Consequently, rather than requiring a sukka that holds twenty-four people, a sukka that holds merely twelve people should suffice, since a sukka with a circumference of twelve cubits has a diameter of approximately four.
既然如此,拉比约哈难 为什么要求这座 棚 有所须周长的两倍呢?
In that case, why does Rabbi Yoḥanan require the sukka to have double the necessary circumference?