——母牛是有涎沫的。
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——母牛是有涎沫的。
which has spittle.
← 安息日卷总目·第二十章 悬挂
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 6 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——母牛是有涎沫的。
——母牛是有涎沫的。
which has spittle.
至于另一条巴拉伊塔所教的「可从口脏的牲口面前取草」,指的是驴。说它口脏,是因为它不拣食,什么都吃。所谓「放在口净的牲口面前」,指的是母牛——母牛是拣了食才吃的。
至于另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的「可从口脏的牲口面前取草」,指的是驴。
And that which was taught in the other baraita: One may take hay from before an animal whose mouth is foul, is referring to a donkey.
说它口脏,是因为它不拣食,什么都吃。
Its mouth is foul because it does not discern between different foods and it eats everything.
所谓「放在口净的牲口面前」,指的是母牛——母牛是拣了食才吃的。
And the statement: One may place it before an animal whose mouth is fine, is referring to a cow, which discerns between different foods and only then it eats.
论到床上的秸:人若要躺在上头,不可用手去挪它、把它铺平,因为那秸是留着引火的、算作搁置之物;只可用身子把它蹭平。用身子挪秸不是平常的样子,所以是许的。那秸若是指定作牲口的食,或是上头放了枕头褥单、显见是为叫人睡在上头才铺的,就不算搁置之物,连用手挪也可以。
论到床上的秸:人若要躺在上头,不可用手去挪它、把它铺平,因为那秸是留着引火的、算作搁置之物;只可用身子把它蹭平。
With regard to straw that is on top of a bed, if a person wishes to lie on it, he may not move it with his hand to smooth it, as the straw is set aside for kindling; rather, he may move it with his body.
用身子挪秸不是平常的样子,所以是许的。
Since moving straw with one’s body is not the usual manner, it is permitted.
那秸若是指定作牲口的食,或是上头放了枕头褥单、显见是为叫人睡在上头才铺的,就不算搁置之物,连用手挪也可以。
And if the straw was designated as animal food, or a pillow or sheet was on it, which would clearly indicate that the straw was placed on the bed so one could sleep on it, the straw is not considered set-aside, and one may move it even with his hand.
密释纳:寻常人家的压衣架,安息日可把它松开。这架子是洗过以后用来晾衣压衣的;松开它,是为把衣裳取出来。只是安息日不可用它压衣。若是漂洗匠的压衣架——那是专为压衣作的,要有手艺才使得——就连碰也不可碰。拉比犹大 说:漂洗匠的架子若在安息日前一日已松开些,安息日可把它全松开,把衣裳取出来。
寻常人家的压衣架,安息日可把它松开。
A press which belongs to a homeowner, one may loosen it on Shabbat.
这架子是洗过以后用来晾衣压衣的。
This press is used to dry and press clothing after laundering.
松开它,是为把衣裳从里头取出来。
One loosens it to remove clothing from it.
只是安息日不可用它压衣。
However, one may not press clothing with it on Shabbat.
若是漂洗匠的压衣架——那是专为压衣作的,要有手艺才使得——就连碰也不可碰。
And in the case of a press that belongs to a launderer, which is made specifically for pressing and requires professional expertise for its operation, one may not touch it.
拉比犹大 说:漂洗匠的架子若在安息日前一日已松开些,安息日可把它全松开,把衣裳取出来。
Rabbi Yehuda says: If the launderer’s press was loosened somewhat on Shabbat eve, he may loosen it completely on Shabbat and remove the garment.
论到挪动搁置之物,革玛拉 引 拉夫纳赫曼 所说的:这埋在土里的萝卜,若是头大的一端朝上、细的一端朝下埋着,安息日把它拔出来是许的——这样埋的,人拔它时并不动着土。若是头大的一端朝下、细的一端朝上埋着,就是禁的。
论到挪动搁置之物,革玛拉 引 拉夫纳赫曼 所说的:这埋在土里的萝卜,若是头大的一端朝上、细的一端朝下埋着,安息日把它拔出来是许的。
With regard to moving items that are set aside, the Gemara cites that which Rav Naḥman said: This radish, which was buried in the earth, if it was buried from top to bottom, with its wide end at the top and its narrow end at the bottom, it is permitted to remove it on Shabbat.
萝卜这样埋着,人拔它的时候并不动着土。
When the radish is buried in that manner, one does not move the earth when he removes the radish.
若是头大的一端朝下、细的一端朝上埋在土里,就是禁的。
However, if the radish was buried in the earth from bottom to top, with the wide end at the bottom, it is prohibited.
拉夫阿达·巴尔·阿巴 说:拉夫 门下的人说,我们在密释纳里早已学得,哈拉哈不依 拉夫纳赫曼 的意思——论床上的秸,不可用手挪它,只可用身子挪;那秸若是牲口的食,或上头放了枕头褥单,连用手挪也可以。从这里可断定:照非常的样子挪物,不算作挪动。革玛拉 断说:果然可从这里这样断定。
拉夫阿达·巴尔·阿巴 说:拉夫 门下的人说,我们在密释纳里早已学得,这条 哈拉哈 不依 拉夫纳赫曼 的意思——论床上的秸,不可用手挪它,只可用身子挪。
Rav Adda bar Abba said: They say in the school of Rav: We already learned in the mishna that the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rav Naḥman: With regard to straw on top of a bed, one may not move it with his hand, but he may move it with his body.
那秸若是牲口的食,或是上头放了枕头褥单,连用手挪也可以。
And if it is animal food, or a pillow or sheet is on it, he may move it even with his hand.
从这里可断定:照非常的样子挪物,不算作挪动。
Conclude from here that moving an item in an atypical manner is not considered moving.
革玛拉 末了说:果然可从这里这样断定。
The Gemara concludes: Indeed, conclude from here that this is indeed the case.
革玛拉 又引一件相类的:拉夫犹大 说,这几粒胡椒,用刀柄逐粒地压是许的;一次压两粒就是禁的,因为那看着像作了禁工。拉瓦 说:他既已改了行事的样子,纵一次压许多粒也是许的。
革玛拉 又引一件相类的。
The Gemara cites a somewhat similar case.
拉夫犹大 说:这几粒胡椒,用刀柄逐粒地压是许的。
Rav Yehuda said: In the case of these peppers, crushing them one by one with the handle of a knife is permitted.
一次压两粒就是禁的,因为那看着像作了禁工。
However, crushing two at a time is prohibited, because it appears to be a prohibited labor.
拉瓦 说:他既已改了行事的样子,纵一次压许多粒也是许的。
Rava said: Since he alters the manner in which he performs this activity, even crushing many at a time is also permitted.
拉夫犹大 又说:人在水里洗浴的,出水时当先把身上擦干,然后再上岸,免得他把身上余下的水珠在 区间区 里带过四肘去。
拉夫犹大 又说:人在水里洗浴的,出水时当先把身上擦干,然后再上岸,免得他把身上余下的水珠在 区间区 里带过四肘去。
Rav Yehuda also said: One who bathes in water should first dry himself immediately upon exiting, and then ascend to the coast, lest he come to carry the remaining drops of water on his body four cubits in a karmelit.
革玛拉 问:若是这样,既怕带水,那么人下水的时候也当怕才是——他下去时,他的力把水推出四肘去,岂不也当禁么?答曰:论在 区间区 里因人之力而动的,众贤没有立这一禁。人并不是直接推那水,水动不过是随着他身子的势;那河又是 区间区,在那里搬运本只是众拉比所立的律,所以众贤没有为下水的人立禁。
革玛拉 问:若是这样,既怕带水,那么人下水的时候也当怕才是。
The Gemara asks: If so, if there is a concern about carrying water, there should be concern when one descends into the water as well.
他下去的时候,他的力把水推出四肘去,岂不也当禁么?
In that case, his force propels water four cubits into the river, and it should be prohibited.
革玛拉 答:论在 区间区 里因人之力而动的,众贤没有立这一禁。
The Gemara answers: With regard to movement that results from his force in a karmelit, the Sages did not issue a decree.
人并不是直接推那水,水动不过是随着他身子的势;那河又是 区间区,在那里搬运本只是众拉比所立的律,所以众贤没有为下水的人立这一禁。
Since one does not directly propel the water, but the water moves only as an extension of his motion, and since the river is a karmelit, and the prohibition to carry there is only a rabbinic law, the Sages did not issue a decree for one who descends into the water.
另有一条相类的禁:阿巴耶 说,也有人说是 拉夫犹大 说的——人脚上若沾了泥,安息日可在地上蹭去,却不可在墙上蹭。
另有一条相类的禁:阿巴耶 说,也有人说是 拉夫犹大 说的——人脚上若沾了泥,安息日可在地上蹭去,却不可在墙上蹭。
In a similar decree, Abaye said, and some say that it was stated by Rav Yehuda: If one has mud on his foot, he may wipe it on the ground on Shabbat, but he may not wipe it on a wall.
拉瓦 说:不可在墙上蹭,是什么缘故呢?是因为那看着像建造、如同给墙添泥么?那不过是种田人的建造,算不得真建造。这一层不必挂虑,因为人给那样的建造添泥,并没有作出建造那一样禁工来。
拉瓦 说:不可在墙上蹭,是什么缘故呢?
Rava said: What is the reason that he may not wipe it off on a wall?
是因为那看着像建造、如同给墙添泥么?
Is it because it appears like building, as he is adding plaster to the wall?
那不过是种田人的建造,算不得真建造。
That is the building of a field laborer, which is not an actual building.
这一层不必挂虑,因为人给那样的建造添泥,并没有作出建造那一样禁工来。
There is no concern in that case because in adding plaster to that building, one does not perform the prohibited labor of building.
所以 拉瓦 说:倒要反过来——可在墙上蹭,却不可在地上蹭;怕的是他蹭脚的时候,把地上的坑洼填平了。
所以 拉瓦 说:倒要反过来——可在墙上蹭,却不可在地上蹭。
Rather, Rava said: On the contrary, He may wipe it on a wall, but he may not wipe it on the ground.
怕的是他蹭脚的时候,把地上的坑洼填平了。
This is due to the concern lest one come to level holes in the ground while wiping his foot.
有话传下来说,别的众阿摩拉也争这一件:玛尔·巴尔·拉维纳 说,在墙上蹭泥也罢、在地上蹭泥也罢,两样都禁;拉夫帕帕 却说两样都许。
有话传下来说,别的众 阿摩拉 也争这一件。
It is stated that other amora’im disputed this issue.
玛尔·巴尔·拉维纳 说:在墙上蹭泥也罢、在地上蹭泥也罢,两样都是禁的。
Mar, son of Ravina, said: Both this, wiping the mud on a wall, and that, wiping the mud on the ground, are prohibited.
拉夫帕帕 却说:两样都是许的。
Rav Pappa said: Both this and that are permitted.
革玛拉 问:照 玛尔·巴尔·拉维纳 的意思,人拿什么蹭脚呢?答曰:纵照他的意思,也还有一样许的洗脚之法——在地上的一根梁木上蹭。
革玛拉 问:照 玛尔·巴尔·拉维纳 的意思,人拿什么蹭脚呢?
The Gemara asks: According to the opinion of Mar, son of Ravina, with what may he wipe his foot?
革玛拉 答:纵照他的意思,也还有一样许的法子可以蹭净脚——在地上的一根梁木上蹭。
The Gemara answers: Even according to his opinion, there is a permitted manner to clean his foot; he wipes it on a beam on the ground.
拉瓦 说:安息日人不当正坐在合了界的巷道口上——那里立着一根旁柱,作了象征的隔断,好叫人在巷道里搬运。缘故是:物件或滚到公共区去,他就要去取;因为巷内巷外之间没有显然的分界。
拉瓦 说:安息日人不当正坐在合了界的巷道口上——那里立着一根旁柱,作了象征的隔断,好叫人在巷道里搬运。
Rava said: A person should not sit on Shabbat right at the entrance to a closed alleyway where a side post is placed as a symbolic partition enabling one to carry inside the alleyway.
缘故是:物件或滚到公共区去,他就要去取;因为巷内巷外之间没有显然的分界。
The reason for this is that perhaps an object will roll into the public domain and one will come to get it, as there is no conspicuous demarcation between inside and outside the alleyway.
拉瓦 又立一条相类的禁说:人不当把瓮安在土地上,怕的是他抹平那安瓮之处的时候,把地上的坑洼填平了。
拉瓦 又立一条相类的禁说:人不当把瓮安在土地上,怕的是他抹平那安瓮之处的时候,把地上的坑洼填平了。
And Rava also said a similar decree: A person may not position a barrel on a dirt floor, lest he come to level holes in the ground while smoothing the surface upon which he is positioning the barrel.
拉瓦 又说:安息日人不当把布塞进 细颈瓶 的口里,怕的是他犯了从布上拧出水来的那一禁。
拉瓦 又说:安息日人不当把布塞进 细颈瓶 的口里,怕的是他犯了从布上拧出水来的那一禁。
And furthermore, Rava said: A person may not stuff a rag into the mouth of a jug [shisha] on Shabbat, lest he come to violate the prohibition of squeezing liquid from the cloth.
拉夫卡哈纳 说:安息日衣裳上若沾了灰泥,可从里面搓去,却不可从外面搓,因为那与洗濯那一样禁工相似。
拉夫卡哈纳 说:安息日衣裳上若沾了灰泥,可从里面搓去,却不可从外面搓,因为那与洗濯那一样禁工相似。
Rav Kahana said: With regard to mortar that is on one’s garment on Shabbat, one may rub it off from the inside, but one may not rub it off from the outside, because that is comparable to the prohibited labor of laundering.
革玛拉 据所学的举出相驳之处:鞋上若沾了灰泥,可用刀背刮去——那是与平常刮的样子有别。衣裳上若沾了灰泥,可用指甲刮去,只要不搓它。革玛拉 问:这岂不是说全然不可搓么?革玛拉 却把那前提推开说:不是的,说的是不可从外面搓,只可从里面搓。
革玛拉 据所学的举出相驳之处:鞋上若沾了灰泥,可用刀背刮去——那是与平常刮的样子有别。
The Gemara raises an objection from that which we learned: With regard to mortar that is on one’s shoe, he may scrape it off with the back of a knife as a departure from the typical manner of scraping.
衣裳上若沾了灰泥,可用指甲刮去,只要不搓它。
And mortar which is on one’s clothes, he may scrape off with his fingernail, as long as he does not rub it.
革玛拉 问:这岂不是说全然不可搓么?
The Gemara asks: What, is it not saying that he may not rub it at all?
革玛拉 把那前提推开说:不是的,说的是不可从外面搓,只可从里面搓。
The Gemara rejects that premise: No, it is saying that he may not rub it from the outside, rather from the inside.
拉比阿巴胡 说 拉比以利亚撒 说 拉比雅奈 说:安息日可把泥从新鞋上刮去,却不可从旧鞋上刮,因为那要刮去鞋面的一层,就成了磨光那一样禁工。
拉比阿巴胡 说 拉比以利亚撒 说 拉比雅奈 说:安息日可把泥从新鞋上刮去,却不可从旧鞋上刮,因为那要刮去鞋面的一层,就成了磨光那一样禁工。
Rabbi Abbahu said that Rabbi Elazar said that Rabbi Yannai said: One may scrape mud off of a new shoe on Shabbat, but not off of an old shoe, because a layer of the shoe will be removed, which constitutes the prohibited labor of smoothing.