——明白的哈拉哈与明白的教训一同寻不着,乃要众贤中间起了争论。
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——明白的 哈拉哈 与明白的教训一同寻不着,乃要在众贤中间起了争论。
clear halakha and clear teaching together, but rather there will be disputes among the Sages.
← 安息日卷总目·第二十章 悬挂
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 3 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——明白的哈拉哈与明白的教训一同寻不着,乃要众贤中间起了争论。
——明白的 哈拉哈 与明白的教训一同寻不着,乃要在众贤中间起了争论。
clear halakha and clear teaching together, but rather there will be disputes among the Sages.
一条巴拉伊塔教说 拉比约西·本·以利沙 说:你若见一代多有患难临到,就去查以色列的众士师——只怕祸根在他们的罪上;因为凡临到世上的灾,都是因以色列的士师行事乖僻来的,正如经上说(弥迦书 3:9–11)。
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教说 拉比约西·本·以利沙 说:你若见一代多有患难临到,就去查以色列的众士师。
It was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei ben Elisha says: If you see a generation that many troubles are befalling it, go and examine the judges of Israel.
只怕祸根在他们的罪上,因为凡临到世上的灾,都是因以色列的士师行事乖僻来的,正如经上说:「雅各家的首领、以色列家的官长啊,当听我的话!你们厌恶公平,在一切事上屈枉正直;以人血建立锡安,以罪孽建造耶路撒冷。
Perhaps their sins are the cause, as any calamity that comes to the world comes due to the judges of Israel acting corruptly, as it is stated: “Please hear this, heads of the house of Jacob, and officers of the house of Israel, who abhor justice and pervert all equity, who build up Zion with blood, and Jerusalem with iniquity.
首领为贿赂行审判,祭司为雇价施训诲,先知为银钱行占卜;他们却倚赖耶和华,说:耶和华不是在我们中间么?
Their heads they judge for bribes, and their priests teach for hire, and their prophets divine for money; yet they lean upon the Lord, saying: Is not the Lord in our midst?
灾祸必不临到我们」(弥迦书 3:9–11)。
No evil shall befall us” (Micah 3:9–11).
革玛拉 说:他们是恶的,却倚赖那说有就有的全能者;所以圣者照他们所犯的三样过犯,给他们三样灾,正如下一节所说:「所以因你们的缘故,锡安必被耕种像一块田,耶路撒冷必变为乱堆,这殿的山必像丛林的高处」(弥迦书 3:12)。
革玛拉 说:他们是恶的,却把自己的倚靠放在那说有就有的全能者身上。
The Gemara comments: They are wicked, but they placed their trust in the One Who spoke and the world came into being, the Almighty.
所以圣者(愿他称颂)照他们所当负的三样过犯,给他们降下三样灾,正如下一节所说:「所以因你们的缘故,锡安必被耕种像一块田,耶路撒冷必变为乱堆,这殿的山必像丛林的高处」(弥迦书 3:12)。
Therefore, the Holy One, Blessed be He, brings upon them three calamities corresponding to the three transgressions for which they are responsible, as it is stated in the following verse: “Therefore, because of you, Zion shall be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the Temple Mount as the high places of a forest” (Micah 3:12).
圣者也不叫他的临在住在以色列人中间,直等恶的士师与官长从以色列人中除掉,正如经上说:「我必反手加在你身上,炼尽你的渣滓,除净你的杂质。我也必复还你的审判官,像起初一样;复还你的谋士,像起先一般。然后你必称为公义之城、忠信之邑」(以赛亚书 1:25–26)。
圣者(愿他称颂)也不叫他的临在住在以色列人中间,直等恶的士师与官长从以色列人中除掉,正如经上说:「我必反手加在你身上,炼尽你的渣滓,除净你的杂质。
And the Holy One, Blessed be He, will not rest His Divine Presence on the Jewish people until evil judges and officers shall be eliminated from the Jewish people, as it is stated: “And I will turn My hand upon you, and I will purge away your dross as with lye, and I will remove all your alloy.
我也必复还你的审判官,像起初一样;复还你的谋士,像起先一般。然后你必称为公义之城、忠信之邑」(以赛亚书 1:25–26)。
And I will restore your judges as at first, and your counselors as at the beginning; afterward you shall be called the city of righteousness, a faithful city” (Isaiah 1:25–26).
乌拉 说:耶路撒冷惟藉公义得赎,正如经上说:「锡安必因公平得蒙救赎;其中归正的人必因公义得蒙救赎」(以赛亚书 1:27)。
乌拉 说:耶路撒冷惟有藉着公义得赎,正如经上说:「锡安必因公平得蒙救赎;其中归正的人必因公义得蒙救赎」(以赛亚书 1:27)。
Ulla said: Jerusalem will be redeemed only through righteousness, as it is stated: “Zion will be redeemed with justice and those who return to her with righteousness” (Isaiah 1:27).
拉夫帕帕 说:高傲的人若绝了,波斯拜火的祭司也必绝;诡诈的士师若绝了,王官与督工的也必绝。
拉夫帕帕 说:高傲的人若绝了,波斯拜火的祭司也必绝。
Rav Pappa said: If the arrogant will cease to exist, the Persian fire priests will cease to exist as well.
诡诈的士师若绝了,王官 与督工的也必绝。
If the deceitful judges will cease to exist, the royal officers [gazirpatei] and taskmasters will cease to exist.
他讲说:高傲的绝了,波斯拜火的祭司也必绝,因为经上写着「炼尽你的渣滓〔你的渣滓〕,除净你的杂质〔你的杂质〕」;这是教说:那自高狂傲的(渣滓)既被炼尽,那与敬畏神隔绝的(分别出去的)拜火之祭司也必绝。
他讲说:高傲的人若绝了,波斯拜火的祭司也必绝,因为经上写着:「炼尽你的渣滓〔你的渣滓〕,除净你的杂质〔你的杂质〕。」这是教说:那自高狂傲的、就是 渣滓,既被炼尽,那与敬畏神隔绝的、就是 分别出去的,那些拜火的祭司也必一同绝了。
He explains: If the arrogant will cease, the Persian fire priests will cease, as it is written: “And I will purge away your dross [sigayikh] as with lye, and I will remove all your alloy [bedilayikh].” This teaches that when the conceited and haughty [sigim] are purged, the priests of fire, who are separated [muvdalim] from the fear of God, will also cease.
他说:诡诈的士师若绝了,王官与督工的也必绝,因为经上写着:「耶和华已经除去你的刑罚,赶出你的仇敌」(西番雅书 3:15)。
他说:诡诈的士师若绝了,王官与督工的也必绝,因为经上写着:「耶和华已经除去你的刑罚,赶出你的仇敌」(西番雅书 3:15)。
He said: If the deceitful judges cease, the royal officers and taskmasters will cease, as it is written: “The Lord has removed your judgment, cast out your enemy” (Zephaniah 3:15).
拉比马莱 奉 拉比西缅之子拉比以利亚撒 之名说:经上所写「耶和华折断了恶人的杖、辖制人的圭」(以赛亚书 14:5)是什么意思呢?他讲说:「恶人的杖」指那些作了差役之杖的士师——差役欺压百姓,士师给他们撑腰。「辖制人的圭」指那些与士师同族的学者——他们帮亲族遮掩过失。玛尔祖特拉 说:那是指那些把会众的诸哈拉哈教给不学无术之士师的学者。
拉比马莱 奉 拉比西缅之子拉比以利亚撒 之名说:经上所写「耶和华折断了恶人的杖、辖制人的圭」(以赛亚书 14:5),是什么意思呢?
Rabbi Mallai said in the name of Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon: What is the meaning of that which is written: “The Lord has broken the staff of the wicked, the rod of the rulers” (Isaiah 14:5)?
他讲说:「耶和华折断了恶人的杖」,指的是那些作了自己差役之杖的士师。
He explains: “The Lord has broken the staff of the wicked”; these are the judges who have become staffs for their attendants.
那些差役欺压百姓,那些士师却给差役在律上撑腰、在道理上帮扶。
The attendants abuse people, and the judges provide the attendants with legal backing and moral support.
「辖制人的圭」,指的是那些与士师同族的通托拉的学者。
“The rod of the rulers”; these are the Torah scholars who are members of the families of the judges.
那些学者帮着自己的亲族、就是那些士师遮掩过失。
These Torah scholars assist their relatives, the judges, conceal their faults.
玛尔祖特拉 说:那是指那些把会众的诸条 哈拉哈 教给不学无术之士师的学者。
Mar Zutra said: These are the Torah scholars who teach communal halakhot to ignorant judges.
他们把托拉与行事的样子教给那些无知的士师,教得刚够叫百姓看不出他们何等无知,好叫他们保住职位。
They teach ignorant judges just enough Torah and modes of conduct to prevent the people from realizing how ignorant they are, enabling them to maintain their positions.
拉比以利以谢·本·马莱 奉 雷什·拉基什 之名说:经上所写「因你们的手被血沾染,你们的指头被罪孽沾污,你们的嘴唇说谎言,你们的舌头出恶语」(以赛亚书 59:3),是什么意思呢?
拉比以利以谢·本·马莱 奉 雷什·拉基什 之名说:经上所写「因你们的手被血沾染,你们的指头被罪孽沾污;你们的嘴唇说谎言,你们的舌头出恶语」(以赛亚书 59:3),是什么意思呢?
Rabbi Eliezer ben Mallai said in the name of Reish Lakish: What is the meaning of that which is written: “For your hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with iniquity; your lips have spoken lies, your tongue utters wickedness” (Isaiah 59:3)?
他讲说:「你们的手被血沾染」指那些手里受贿的士师;「你们的指头被罪孽沾污」指那些用指头写虚谎的书吏;「你们的嘴唇说谎言」指那些讼师;「你们的舌头出恶语」指那些打官司的人自己。
他讲说:「你们的手被血沾染」,指的是那些手里受贿的士师。
He explains: “For your hands are defiled with blood”; these are the judges who take bribes in their hands.
「你们的指头被罪孽沾污」,指的是士师手下的书吏,他们用指头写虚谎的话。
“And your fingers with iniquity”; these are the scribes of the judges, who write falsehood with their fingers.
「你们的嘴唇说谎言」,指的是那些讼师。
“Your lips have spoken lies”; these are the legal advisors.
「你们的舌头出恶语」,指的是那些打官司的人自己。
“Your tongue utters wickedness”; these are the litigants themselves.
拉比马莱 又奉 米格达的拉比以撒 之名说:约瑟自从与弟兄分别那日起,就不曾尝过酒味,因为经上写着「这些祝福必降在约瑟的头上,临到那与弟兄迥别〔离俗的〕之人的顶上」(创世记 49:26);那字的用法暗指约瑟如拿细耳人一样自禁不喝酒。
拉比马莱 又奉 米格达的拉比以撒 之名说:约瑟自从与弟兄分别那一日起,就不曾尝过酒味,因为经上写着:「这些祝福必降在约瑟的头上,临到那与弟兄迥别〔离俗的〕之人的顶上」(创世记 49:26)。
And Rabbi Mallai said in the name of Rabbi Yitzḥak from Migdal: From the day that Joseph took leave from his brothers, he did not sample a taste of wine, as it is written: “They shall be on the head of Joseph, and on the crown of the head of he who was separated [nezir] from his brothers” (Genesis 49:26).
那一字的用法暗指约瑟如同拿细耳人一样自禁不喝酒。
The language of the verse alludes to the fact that Joseph conducted himself like a nazirite and abstained from wine.
拉比哈尼纳之子拉比约西 说:那些年间约瑟的弟兄也因懊悔不曾尝过酒味,因为经上写着「他们就饮酒,和约瑟一同宴乐」(创世记 43:34)——可推出在此以先并没有宴乐畅饮。另一位夫子、就是 拉比马莱,却执:所无的单是畅饮宴乐;那几年间弟兄们仍是喝酒的。
拉比哈尼纳之子拉比约西 说:那些年间约瑟的弟兄也因懊悔不曾尝过酒味,因为经上写着:「他们就饮酒,和约瑟一同宴乐」(创世记 43:34)。
Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: Joseph’s brothers too did not sample the taste of wine during the intervening period, due to their remorse, as it is written: “And they drank and became drunk with him” (Genesis 43:34).
由此可推:在此以先并没有畅饮宴乐,因为他们自禁不喝。
By inference: Until now there was no drunkenness, as they abstained from drinking.
另一位夫子、就是 拉比马莱,却执:所无的单是畅饮宴乐;那几年间弟兄们仍是喝酒的。
And the other Sage, Rabbi Mallai, holds: It was drunkenness of which there was none; however, there was drinking on the part of the brothers during the intervening years.
拉比马莱 又说:经上说「耶和华向摩西发怒说:不是有你的哥哥利未人亚伦么?我知道他是能言的;现在他出来迎接你,他一见你,心里就欢喜」(出埃及记 4:14)。拉比马莱 教说:亚伦见兄弟摩西高升而不生嫉妒——正如经上说「他一见你,心里就欢喜」——为赏这一层,他就配作大祭司,那决断的胸牌也就配戴在他心上。
拉比马莱 又说:经上说:「耶和华向摩西发怒说:不是有你的哥哥利未人亚伦么?我知道他是能言的;现在他出来迎接你,他一见你,心里就欢喜」(出埃及记 4:14)。
And Rabbi Mallai said: It is stated in the verse: “And the anger of the Lord was kindled against Moses, and He said: Is there not Aaron your brother the Levite, I know that he can surely speak, and also behold, he is coming out to greet you, and he will see you and be glad in his heart” (Exodus 4:14).
拉比马莱 教说:亚伦见自己的兄弟摩西高升而不生嫉妒——正如经上说「他一见你,心里就欢喜」——为赏这一层,他就配作大祭司,那决断的胸牌也就配戴在他的心上。
Rabbi Mallai taught that as reward for Aaron’s lack of jealousy at seeing his brother Moses rise to greatness, as it is stated: “And he will see you and be glad in his heart,” he merited to become the High Priest, and for the breastplate of judgment to rest on his heart.
革玛拉 转回论帐幔的诸律。巴什卡尔城的人打发人问 利未:安息日张帐幔当怎样断呢?葡萄园里的啤酒花当怎样断——那算不算所禁的杂种呢?人若在节期死了,当怎样断——众人怎样办他的葬事呢?
革玛拉 转回来论帐幔的诸律。
The Gemara returns to the laws of a canopy.
巴什卡尔 城的人打发人问 利未:安息日张帐幔,这条 哈拉哈 当怎样断呢?
The inhabitants of the town of Bashkar sent to Levi: What is the halakha with regard to spreading a canopy on Shabbat?
再者,葡萄园里的啤酒花当怎样断呢?
Additionally, what is the halakha with regard to hops in a vineyard?
那算不算所禁的杂种呢?
Do they constitute a prohibited mixture of diverse kinds?
末了,人若在节期死了,当怎样断呢?
Finally, what is the halakha with regard to one who died on a Festival?
众人怎样办他的葬事呢?
How can the people attend to his burial?
那送信的还在路上,利未 就死了。撒母耳 对 拉夫梅纳西亚 说:你若有智慧回得来,就打发人把答语送给他们。他打发人回他们说:论帐幔,我们把帐幔这一件各面都查过了,寻不出一处可许的。
那送信的还在路上带着那几问走的时候,利未 就死了。
As the messenger was going with the question, Levi died.
撒母耳 对 拉夫梅纳西亚 说:你若有智慧、回得上来,就打发人把他们几问的答语送去。
Shmuel said to Rav Menashya: If you are wise and able to respond, send them answers to their questions.
他打发人回他们说:论帐幔,我们把帐幔这一件各面都查过了,寻不出一处可许的。
He sent them: With regard to a canopy, we reviewed all aspects of the matter of the canopy, and we did not find any permissible aspect.
革玛拉 问:他何不打发人对他们说,照 拉米·巴尔·以西结 的意思是可许的呢?答曰:他不愿把那一层宽处告诉他们,因为他们于托拉不熟,分不出张帐幔哪一样许、哪一样禁。
革玛拉 问:他何不打发人对他们说:照 拉米·巴尔·以西结 的意思,那是可许的呢?
The Gemara asks: And let him send them that it can be permitted in accordance with the opinion of Rami bar Yeḥezkel.
革玛拉 答:他不愿把那一层宽处告诉他们,因为他们于托拉不熟,分不出张帐幔哪一样是许的、哪一样是禁的。
The Gemara answers: He did not want to reveal that leniency to them, because they are not well versed in Torah, and they would not distinguish between permitted and prohibited methods of spreading the canopy.
他又对他们说:葡萄园里的啤酒花算所禁的杂种。革玛拉 问:他何不打发人说照 拉比塔尔丰 的意思是许的呢——《托塞夫塔》教说:论啤酒花,拉比塔尔丰 说那不算葡萄园里所禁的杂种,众拉比说算;而我们所执的是:凡在以色列地论杂种诸律从宽的,纵哈拉哈不依他的意思断,在以色列地以外仍依他的意思断,因为那里杂种诸律不过是众拉比所立的。答曰:他不把这一层宽处告诉他们,因为他们于托拉不熟。
他又对他们说:葡萄园里的啤酒花,算是所禁的杂种。
He also told them: Hops in a vineyard are a forbidden mixture of diverse kinds.
革玛拉 问:他何不打发人对他们说:照 拉比塔尔丰 的意思,那是许的呢?因为《《托塞夫塔》》里教说:论啤酒花,拉比塔尔丰 说:那不算葡萄园里所禁的粮食杂种;众拉比说:那算葡萄园里所禁的粮食杂种。
The Gemara asks: And let him send them the message that it is permitted in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Tarfon, as it was taught in the Tosefta: With regard to hops, Rabbi Tarfon says: They do not constitute a prohibited mixture of food crops in a vineyard, and the Rabbis say: They constitute a forbidden mixture of food crops in a vineyard.
而我们所执的是:凡在以色列地论杂种诸条 哈拉哈 从宽的,纵那 哈拉哈 不依他的意思断,在以色列地以外仍依他的意思断,因为那里杂种的诸条 哈拉哈 不过是众拉比所立的。
And we maintain that anyone who is lenient with regard to the halakhot of diverse kinds in Eretz Yisrael, even if the halakha is not ruled in accordance with his opinion, the halakha is ruled in accordance with his opinion outside of Eretz Yisrael, where the halakhot of diverse kinds apply only by rabbinic law.
革玛拉 讲明:他不把这一层宽处告诉他们,因为他们于托拉不熟。
The Gemara explains: He did not reveal this leniency to them, because they were not well versed in Torah.
论葡萄园里的啤酒花,革玛拉 记说:拉夫 素常宣告说:人要在葡萄园里种啤酒花的,只管种。虔者拉夫暗兰 却为人在葡萄园里种啤酒花而责打他们。
论到葡萄园里的啤酒花,革玛拉 记说:拉夫 素常宣告说:人要在葡萄园里种啤酒花的,只管种。
With regard to the matter of hops in a vineyard, the Gemara relates that Rav would announce: One who seeks to sow hops in a vineyard, let him sow.
虔者拉夫暗兰 却为人在葡萄园里种啤酒花而责打他们。
In contrast, Rav Amram Ḥasida would administer lashes for sowing hops in a vineyard.
革玛拉 记说:拉夫梅沙尔希亚 素常给一个外邦的孩子一 佩鲁塔,那孩子就为他种啤酒花。革玛拉 问:他何不给一个犹太孩子呢——那孩子也不受诸诫所约束。答曰:怕他惯了,成人以后仍犯这禁例。又问:何不给一个成年的外邦人呢?答曰:怕人把他与犹太人混了。
革玛拉 记说:拉夫梅沙尔希亚 素常给一个外邦的孩子一 佩鲁塔,那孩子就为他种啤酒花。
The Gemara relates that Rav Mesharshiya would give a peruta to a gentile child, and the child would sow hops for him.
革玛拉 问:他何不把那 佩鲁塔 给一个犹太孩子呢——那孩子也是不受诸诫所约束的。
The Gemara asks: And let him give the peruta to a Jewish child, who is also not obligated in mitzva observance.
革玛拉 答:怕他惯了这一样,成人以后仍犯这禁例。
The Gemara answers: He may come to continue this habit and violate the prohibition as an adult.
革玛拉 问:他何不把那 佩鲁塔 给一个成年的外邦人呢?
The Gemara asks: And let him give the peruta to an adult gentile.
革玛拉 答:怕人把他与犹太人混作一样。
The Gemara answers: He may come to confuse him with a Jew.
论到人在节期死了,他打发人回他们说:人若在节期死了,不拘犹太人还是亚兰人、就是外邦人,都不可办他的葬事;节期头一日不可,散居之地所守节期的第二日也不可。
论到人在节期死了这一件,他打发人回他们说:人若在节期死了,不拘是犹太人,还是亚兰人、就是外邦人,都不可办他的葬事;节期头一日不可,散居之地所守节期的第二日也不可。
With regard to a person who died on a Festival, he sent them in response: If a person died on a Festival, neither Jews nor Arameans, i.e., gentiles, should attend to his burial, neither on the first day of a Festival, nor on the second day of a Festival observed in the Diaspora.
革玛拉 问:果真如此么?拉夫犹大·巴尔·谢拉特 奉 拉比阿西 之名岂不是说过:曾有一件事出在玛云聚落的会堂里,是在紧接安息日的节期;有人死了——
革玛拉 问:果真如此么?
The Gemara asks: Is that so?
拉夫犹大·巴尔·谢拉特 奉 拉比阿西 之名岂不是说过:曾有一件事出在 玛云 这聚落的会堂里,是在紧接安息日的节期。
Didn’t Rabbi Yehuda bar Sheilat say that Rabbi Asi said: There was an incident in the synagogue of the settlement of Maon on a Festival adjacent to Shabbat.
有一个人死了——
A person died,