——身上要生疮。他有什么药呢?当多多用煮甜菜的水洗。
-
——身上要生疮。
sores on his flesh.
-
他有什么药可医呢?
What is his remedy?
-
当多多用甜菜水、就是煮过甜菜的水洗。
Let him wash extensively in beet water, in which beets have been boiled.
← 安息日卷总目·第十九章 拉比以利以谢论割礼
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 2 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——身上要生疮。他有什么药呢?当多多用煮甜菜的水洗。
——身上要生疮。
sores on his flesh.
他有什么药可医呢?
What is his remedy?
当多多用甜菜水、就是煮过甜菜的水洗。
Let him wash extensively in beet water, in which beets have been boiled.
密释纳说人若没有在安息日前一日把孜然碾好,就用牙嚼碎敷在行割之处。众贤教说:有几样为割礼预备的事,安息日不可作,节期却可作——譬如为它碾孜然、为它调酒与油。
我们在密释纳里学过:人若没有在安息日前一日把孜然碾好,就用自己的牙把它嚼碎,敷在行割礼之处作药。
We learned in the mishna: If one did not grind the cumin from Shabbat eve, he chews it with his teeth and places it on the place of circumcision as a salve.
众贤教说:有几样为割礼预备的事,安息日不可作,节期却可作。
The Sages taught: There are actions that may not be performed in preparation for a circumcision on Shabbat but may be performed in preparation for it on a Festival.
譬如:为它碾孜然,为它调和酒与油。
For example: One grinds cumin for it, and one mixes wine and oil for it.
阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:孜然有什么不同,以致节期可碾呢?是因为它合作锅里的调料。照这样讲,调好的酒与油安息日也合给病人用,因为一条巴拉伊塔教说:安息日不可为病人调酒与油;拉比西缅·本·以利亚撒 奉 拉比梅伊尔 之名说:安息日连调酒与油也可以。
阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:孜然有什么不同,以致节期许人碾它呢?
Abaye said to Rav Yosef: What is different about cumin that makes it permissible to grind it on a Festival?
是因为它合拿来作锅里的调料。
The fact that it is suitable for use to spice a pot, in cooking.
照这样讲,调好的酒与油安息日也合给病人用,因为一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教说:安息日不可为病人调和酒与油。
Based on that explanation, mixed wine and oil are also suitable for use on Shabbat for a sick person, as it was taught in a baraita: One may not mix wine and oil for a sick person on Shabbat.
拉比西缅·本·以利亚撒 奉 拉比梅伊尔 之名说:安息日连调和酒与油也是可以的。
Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said in the name of Rabbi Meir: One may even mix wine and oil on Shabbat.
拉比西缅·本·以利亚撒 说:有一次 拉比梅伊尔 安息日肠里疼,我们要为他调酒与油作药,他不许我们。我们对他说:你的话要在你自己身上作废么——你原是许人为病人调这两样的。他对我们说:我虽这样说、我的同伴那样说,我也不收回我的话;然而我一生不敢放胆越过同伴的话、照自己的意思行。可见他是严以待己,在众人却是许的。
拉比西缅·本·以利亚撒 说:有一次 拉比梅伊尔 安息日肠里疼,我们要为他调和酒与油作医治,他却不许我们这样行。
Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said: It happened on one occasion that Rabbi Meir had intestinal pain on Shabbat, and we sought to mix wine and oil for him as treatment and he did not let us do so.
我们对他说:你的话要在你自己在世的日子作废么?
We said to him: Will your statement be negated in your lifetime?
你原是许人为病人调这两样的。
You permit mixing these ingredients for a sick person.
他对我们说:我虽这样说、我的同伴们那样说,我也不收回我的话;然而我一生从不敢放胆越过同伴们的话、照自己的意思行。
He said to us: Even though I say this and my colleagues say that, and I do not retract my statement, still, in all my days I have never been so presumptuous as to violate the statements of my colleagues and act in accordance with my opinion.
可见那是他严以待己;在众人却是许的。
Apparently, it was he who was stringent with regard to himself, but for everyone it is permitted.
革玛拉 答:两处是有分别的——那里为医治所用的,不必打匀;这里为割礼所用的,须打匀。诘曰:这里也调而不打就是了。答曰:本来正是这样行的,密释纳所教也正是这意思——他把这一样单独敷上、那一样单独敷上,就是说他可以调,却不可打匀。
革玛拉 答:两处是有分别的——那里为医治所用的,不必打匀;这里为割礼所用的,却须打匀。
The Gemara answers that there is a distinction between the cases: There, for medicinal purposes, it need not be beaten, whereas here, for circumcision, it must be beaten.
革玛拉 问:这里也调好而不打匀就是了。
The Gemara asks: Here too, let us prepare the mixture but not beat it.
革玛拉 答:本来正是这样行的;密释纳所教的也正是这意思——他把这一样单独敷上,把那一样单独敷上,就是说他可以调,却不可打匀。
The Gemara answers: That is in fact the custom, and that is what the mishna teaches: He places this by itself and that by itself, meaning that he may mix the wine and oil, but he may not beat them.
众贤论节期作工教说:不可拿滤器滤芥末,也不可拿炭把它弄甜。阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:这与我们在一条密释纳里所学的「安息日可把鸡蛋放在滤芥末的器里」有什么分别呢?
众贤论节期作工教说:不可拿滤芥末的滤器滤芥末,也不可拿炭把它弄甜。
The Sages taught with regard to labor on a Festival: One may not strain mustard in its strainer, and one may not sweeten it with coal.
阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:这与我们在一条密释纳里所学的有什么分别呢——那里说:安息日可把鸡蛋放在滤芥末的器里。
Abaye said to Rav Yosef: In what way is this different from that which we learned in a mishna: One may place an egg in a mustard strainer on Shabbat?
拉夫约瑟 对他说:两处是有分别的——那里论鸡蛋,那举动看着不像拣择;这里论芥末,那举动看着像拣择。滤鸡蛋并不真把它分作几分,滤芥末却是分的。
拉夫约瑟 对他说:两处是有分别的——那里论鸡蛋,那举动看着不像拣择;这里论芥末,那举动看着像拣择。
Rav Yosef said to him: There is a distinction between the cases, that there, in the case of the egg, the act does not appear like selecting, whereas here, in the case of the mustard, the act appears like selecting.
滤鸡蛋并不真把它分作各样成分。
Straining an egg does not actually separate it into its component parts.
滤芥末却是分的。
Straining mustard does.
我们学过不可拿炭把芥末弄甜。革玛拉 问:一条巴拉伊塔岂不是教说可拿炭把它弄甜么?答曰:这不难,两处是有分别的——那许的一条,是指金属的炭说的,因为熄灭金属之炭本不是托拉所禁的;这禁的一条,是指木炭说的。
我们学过:不可拿炭把那芥末弄甜。
We learned that one may not sweeten the mustard with coal.
革玛拉 问:一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里岂不是教说:可拿炭把它弄甜么?
The Gemara asks: Wasn’t it taught in a baraita: One may sweeten it with coal.
革玛拉 答:这不难,两处是有分别的——那许人这样行的一条,是指金属的炭说的,因为熄灭金属的炭本不是托拉所禁的;这禁人这样行的一条,是指木炭说的。
The Gemara answers: This is not difficult, as there is a distinction: There, where it is permitted, it is referring to the case of a metal coal, as extinguishing metal coals is not prohibited by Torah law, whereas here, where it is prohibited, it is referring to the case of a wooden coal.
阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:把芥末放在炭上是禁的,把肉放在炭上却是许的——纵那炭被肉上滴下的血浇灭也可;这两样有什么分别呢?拉夫约瑟 对 阿巴耶 说:这两件不相类——那里论肉,别无他法可成;这里论芥末,却另有法子可成。
阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:把芥末放在炭上是禁的,把肉放在炭上却是许的——纵那炭被肉上滴下的血浇灭也可;这两样有什么分别呢?
Abaye said to Rav Yosef: In what way is mustard placed on coals, which is prohibited, different from meat placed on coals, which is permitted even if the coals are extinguished by the blood dripping from the meat?
拉夫约瑟 对 阿巴耶 说:这两件是不相类的——那里论肉,别无他法可成;这里论芥末,却另有法子可成。
Rav Yosef said to Abaye: The two cases are not similar, as there, with regard to meat, it is not possible to accomplish this in any other way, but here, with regard to mustard, it is possible to accomplish this in another way.
阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:节期作乳酪,这条哈拉哈当怎样断呢?他说:是禁的。阿巴耶 问:这与节期许人揉面有什么分别呢?拉夫约瑟 说:那里论面,节期以先烤不成,因为隔宿的饼不如新烤的好;这里论乳酪,节期以先作得成,也一点不坏。
阿巴耶 对 拉夫约瑟 说:节期作乳酪,这条 哈拉哈 当怎样断呢?
Abaye said to Rav Yosef: What is the halakha with regard to whether it is permissible to curdle cheese on a Festival?
他对他说:那是禁的。
He said to him: It is prohibited.
阿巴耶 问:这与节期所许的揉面有什么分别呢?
Abaye asked: In what way is this different from kneading dough, which is permitted on a Festival?
拉夫约瑟 对他说:那里论面,节期以先是烤不成的,因为隔了一日的饼不如新烤的好。
Rav Yosef said to him: There, with regard to dough, it is not possible to bake bread before a Festival, as day-old bread is inferior to fresh bread.
所以节期揉面烤饼是许的。
Therefore, kneading dough to bake bread on a Festival is permitted.
这里论乳酪,节期以先作得成,也一点不坏。
Here, with regard to cheese, it is possible to curdle cheese before a Festival and it will not deteriorate in any way.
阿巴耶 驳这分别说:尼哈尔德阿的众贤岂不是说过隔一日的乳酪极好么?那么节期作乳酪也当许了。拉夫约瑟 回说:他们所说的是——隔一日的乳酪固然好,陈些的却更好;所以他们不许节期作乳酪,因为那不是节期所需的。
阿巴耶 驳这分别说:尼哈尔德阿 的众贤岂不是说过:隔了一日的乳酪极好么?
Abaye challenged this distinction: Didn’t the Sages of Neharde’a say that one-day-old cheese is excellent?
那么节期作乳酪也当许了。
Curdling cheese on a Festival should be permitted?
拉夫约瑟 回说:他们所说的是这意思——隔了一日的乳酪固然好,陈得久些的却更好。
Rav Yosef responded: This is what they are saying: Even one-day-old cheese is excellent; however, cheese that aged longer is better.
所以他们不许人节期作乳酪,因为那不是节期所需的。
Therefore, they did not permit curdling cheese on a Festival, as it is not necessary for the Festival.
密释纳说安息日不可按理另作一个小袋罩在行割之处。阿巴耶 说:我母亲——其实是养他的乳母——对我说:那罩在婴孩割处的小袋,当把有线头的一面放在底下、光的一面朝上,免得线头黏在割处,使那孩子成了尿道断绝的人。阿巴耶 的母亲素常作那小袋,只罩住割处的一半,免得袋边的线头擦坏那处。阿巴耶 说:那婴孩若没有小袋可罩,就取一件带边的旧衣,把那边折在底下,再把衣折过来,免得旧衣的线头黏在伤处。
我们在密释纳里学过:安息日不可按理另作一个小袋罩在行割礼之处作裹伤之用。
We learned in the mishna: And on Shabbat one may not make a pouch to place over the circumcision as a bandage ab initio.
阿巴耶 说:我母亲——其实是养他的那位乳母——对我说:那罩在婴孩割处的小袋,当把光的一面朝上、把有线头的一面放在底下,免得袋上的线头黏在行割礼之处,使那孩子成了尿道断绝的人。
Abaye said: My mother, actually his foster mother who was the nursemaid who raised him, told me: With regard to that pouch, placed as a bandage over the circumcision of a baby, let one place it on the upper side with the threads below, lest a thread from it stick to the place of circumcision and cause the baby to become one with a severed urethra.
革玛拉 记说:阿巴耶 的母亲素常作那小袋,只罩住行割礼之处的一半,免得袋边露出的线头擦坏了那处。
The Gemara relates that Abaye’s mother would make a pouch that covered half the place of circumcision so that it would not be damaged through contact with the threads emerging from the edge of the pouch.
阿巴耶 说:这婴孩若没有小袋可罩在行割礼之处,就当取一件带边的旧衣来,把那边折在底下,再把那衣折过来,免得旧衣上的线头黏在伤处。
Abaye said: If this baby does not have a pouch to put on the place of the circumcision, let one bring a worn-out garment with a hem, and wrap the hem under, and fold the garment over, so that the threads from the worn-out garment will not adhere to the wound.
阿巴耶 又说:我母亲对我说:婴孩的下窍被皮遮住、看不出在哪里的,当拿油抹他,立他在日光前;那处透亮之处,就拿一粒大麦横着竖着划开,却不可拿铁器划,因为铁器要使它发炎肿起来。又说:婴孩不肯吃奶的,是口冷吃不成;有什么药呢?当拿一杯炭放在他口旁,口一暖他就吃了。又说:婴孩不撒尿的,当把他放在筛里摇他,他就撒尿了。
阿巴耶 又说:我母亲对我说:婴孩的下窍被皮遮住、看不出在哪里的,当拿油抹他,立他在日光前。
And Abaye also said: My mother told me: In the case of a baby the location of whose exit, i.e., anus, is unknown, as it is obscured by skin, let one rub it with oil and stand it before the light of the day.
那处透亮的地方,就拿一粒大麦横着划开、又竖着划开。
And where it appears transparent, let one tear it with a barley grain widthwise and lengthwise.
却不可拿铁器划,因为铁器要使它发炎肿起来。
However, one may not tear it with a metal implement because it causes infection and swelling.
阿巴耶 又说:我母亲对我说:婴孩不肯吃奶的,是因为他口里冷,吃不成。
And Abaye said that my mother told me: If a baby refuses to nurse, that is because its mouth is cold and it is unable to nurse.
他有什么药可医呢?
What is his remedy?
当拿一杯炭放在他口旁,好叫他的口暖起来,他就吃奶了。
They should bring a cup of coals and place it near his mouth, so that his mouth will warm and he will nurse.
阿巴耶 又说:我母亲对我说:婴孩不撒尿的,当把他放在筛子里摇他,他就撒尿了。
And Abaye said that my mother told me: A baby that does not urinate, let one place him in a sieve and shake him, and he will urinate.
阿巴耶 又说:我的乳母对我说:婴孩不呼吸的,当把他母亲的胎衣拿来放在他身上,他就呼吸了。又说:婴孩太小的,当拿他母亲的胎衣,从窄的一头往宽的一头擦他;那孩子若太壮大,就从宽的一头往窄的一头擦。又说:婴孩发红的,是血还没有在他里头收住,当等他的血收住了再给他行割礼;照样,婴孩发白、血还没有进到他里头的,当等他的血进来了再给他行割礼。
阿巴耶 又说:我的乳母对我说:婴孩不呼吸的,当把他母亲的胎衣拿来,放在他身上,那婴孩就呼吸了。
And Abaye said: My nurse told me: If a baby is not breathing, let them bring his mother’s placenta and place the placenta on him, and the baby will breathe.
阿巴耶 又说:我母亲对我说:婴孩太小的,当把他母亲的胎衣拿来,从胎衣窄的一头往宽的一头擦他。
And Abaye said that my mother told me: If a baby is too small, let them bring his mother’s placenta and rub the baby with it from the narrow end to the wide end of the placenta.
那婴孩若太壮大,就从胎衣宽的一头往窄的一头擦他。
And if the baby is strong, i.e., too large, let them rub the baby from the wide end of the placenta to the narrow end.
阿巴耶 又说:我母亲对我说:婴孩发红的,是因为血还没有在他里头收住。
And Abaye said that my mother told me: If a baby is red, that is because the blood has not yet been absorbed in him.
那样的,当等他的血收住了,再给他行割礼。
In that case, let them wait until his blood is absorbed and then circumcise him.
照样,婴孩发白、血还没有进到他里头的,当等他的血进来了,再给他行割礼。
Likewise, if a baby is pale and his blood has not yet entered him, let them wait until his blood enters him and then circumcise him.
正如一条巴拉伊塔所教,拉比拿单 说:有一次我到沿海诸城去,有一个妇人到我面前来——她给头一个儿子行了割礼,那孩子死了;给第二个行了割礼,那孩子也死了;她怕第三个也死,就把他带到我面前。我见他发红,就对她说:等他的血收在里头。她等到他的血收住了才给他行割礼,那孩子就活了。人就照我的名称他作「巴比伦人拿单」。
正如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教,拉比拿单 说:有一次我到沿海的诸城去,有一个妇人到我面前来——她给头一个儿子行了割礼,那孩子死了;她给第二个儿子行了割礼,那孩子也死了;她怕给第三个行割礼、恐怕他也死,就把他带到我面前来。
As it was taught in a baraita, Rabbi Natan said: On one occasion, I went to the coastal cities, and one woman came before me who circumcised her first son and he died, and she circumcised her second son and he died, and since she feared circumcising the third due to concern that he might die as well, she brought him before me.
我见那孩子发红。
I saw that he was red.
我就对她说:等他的血收在他里头。
I said to her: Wait until his blood is absorbed into him.
她等到他的血收在他里头了,才给他行割礼;那孩子就活了。
She waited until his blood was absorbed into him and then circumcised him, and he lived.
人就照我的名,称他作「巴比伦人拿单」。
And they would call him Natan the Babylonian after my name.
拉比拿单 又说:又一次我到加帕多家省去,有一个妇人到我面前来——她给头一个儿子行了割礼,那孩子死了;给第二个行了割礼,那孩子也死了;她怕第三个也死,就把他带到我面前。我见他发白,细看他,看不出立约之血,就是他血亏。我对她说:等血进到他里头。她等了才给他行割礼,那孩子就活了。人就照我的名,称他的名作「巴比伦人拿单」。
拉比拿单 又说:又一次我到 加帕多家 省去,有一个妇人到我面前来——她给头一个儿子行了割礼,那孩子死了;她给第二个儿子行了割礼,那孩子也死了。
Rabbi Natan further related: On another occasion I went to the state of Cappadocia, and a woman came before me who circumcised her first son and he died, and she circumcised her second son and he died.
她怕给第三个行割礼、恐怕他也死,就把他带到我面前来。
Since she feared circumcising the third due to concern that he might die as well, she brought him before me.
我见那孩子发白。
I saw that he was pale.
我细看他,在他身上看不出立约之血来,就是他身上血亏。
I looked at him and I could not see in him the blood of the covenant, i.e., he had a blood deficiency.
我就对她说:等血进到他里头。
I said to her: Wait until blood enters him.
她等了,才给他行割礼;那孩子就活了。
And she waited and then circumcised him, and he lived.
人就照我的名,称他的名作「巴比伦人拿单」。
And they would call his name Natan the Babylonian after my name.