乃是把自己的手搭在别人肩上、别人的手搭在自己肩上,把羊羔挂起来剥皮。
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——把自己的手搭在别人肩上,把别人的手搭在自己肩上,就这样把羊羔挂起来剥皮。
his hand on the shoulder of another, and the other’s hand on his shoulder, and suspends the lamb and flays its hide.
← 安息日卷总目·第十七章 凡器皿
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 5 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
乃是把自己的手搭在别人肩上、别人的手搭在自己肩上,把羊羔挂起来剥皮。
——把自己的手搭在别人肩上,把别人的手搭在自己肩上,就这样把羊羔挂起来剥皮。
his hand on the shoulder of another, and the other’s hand on his shoulder, and suspends the lamb and flays its hide.
论门闩粗头的根据,是密释纳所学:门锁上的闩子若顶上有粗头,拉比约书亚 说:可从这门口拖到那门口挂上,却不可用手挪它,因为那算作搁置之物。拉比塔尔丰 说:它同别样器皿一样,在院子里可以挪动。
论门闩粗头的根据,是我们在一条密释纳里所学过的:门锁上所用的闩子,它顶上若有一个粗头,拉比约书亚 说:安息日可把它从这一个门口拖到那一个门口挂上,却不可用手挪它,因为那算作搁置之物。
The source for the thick end of a bolt is as we learned in a mishna: With regard to a bolt used in a door lock which has a thick end at the head of the bolt, Rabbi Yehoshua says: One may drag it from this doorway and hang it in another doorway on Shabbat, but he may not move it with his hands, because it was considered to be set-aside.
拉比塔尔丰 说:它同别样器皿一样,在院子里是可以挪动的。
Rabbi Tarfon says: It is like all the other utensils and may be moved in a courtyard.
论臼的,就是上文所说的那一条。拉巴 说:这断语是从哪里来的呢?其实我可以对你说:那几条密释纳是在「许挪器皿」以后所教的,那几样禁例仍讲得通。论陈设饼的金杆,用它是怕饼坏;那一小段时候到安息日完还坏不了。论木杠,逾越节前一日何以不用呢?因为照 拉比以利亚撒 所说也剥得成,用杠是多余的,所以算搁置之物。
论臼的那一条,就是我们上文所说的。
The case of a mortar is that which we said above.
拉巴 说:这断语是从哪里来的呢?
Rabba said: From what does that conclusion ensue?
只怕其实我可以对你说:那几条 《密释纳》 是在「许挪器皿」以后所教的;纵然如此,那几样禁例仍讲得通。
Perhaps, actually I could say to you that these mishnayot were taught after permission to move utensils on Shabbat was adopted, and nevertheless, the prohibitions can be understood.
论陈设饼所用的金杆,人用它是什么缘故呢?
With regard to the rods for the showbread, what is the reason that they are used?
是怕那饼要坏。
They are used due to concern that the bread will decay.
那一小段时候,到安息日完了,饼还坏不了。
In that brief period until the conclusion of Shabbat it will not decay.
论木杠,逾越节前一日何以不可用呢?
With regard to poles, why may they not be used on Passover eve?
所以禁,是因为照 拉比以利亚撒 所说的法子也剥得成皮。
It is prohibited because it is possible to flay the lamb in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar.
用那杠既是多余的,所以算作搁置之物。
Use of the pole is superfluous, and therefore it is set-aside.
论门闩的粗头,何以不可用手挪呢?那是照 拉比雅奈 的意思——他说:我们所论的是没有作合界的院子。拉比约书亚 以为门洞里算作屋里,那样他就是把屋里的器皿挪到院子里;院子既没有作合界,器皿就不可从屋里挪到院子里。拉比塔尔丰 以为门洞里算作屋外,那样他就是把院里的器皿在院里挪动,那是许的。
论门闩的粗头,何以禁人用手挪它呢?
In the case of the thick end of the bolt in the door, why was it prohibited to move it by hand?
所以禁,是照 拉比雅奈 的意思,因为 拉比雅奈 说:我们所论的,是没有作过 合界 的院子。
It was prohibited in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yanai, as Rabbi Yanai says: We are dealing with a courtyard for which a joining of courtyards [eiruv] was not established.
拉比约书亚 以为门洞里算作屋里;这样,他就是把屋里的器皿挪到院子里去了。
Rabbi Yehoshua holds that inside the doorway is considered to be like inside the house, and therefore, he is moving utensils of the houses in the courtyard.
院子既没有作过合界,人就不可把器皿从屋里挪到院子里。
Since there is no joining of the courtyards, one may not move a vessel from the house to the courtyard.
拉比塔尔丰 却以为门洞里算作屋外;这样,他就是把院里的器皿在院里挪动,那是许的。
And Rabbi Tarfon holds that inside the doorway is considered to be like outside the house, and therefore, he is moving utensils of the courtyard in the courtyard, which is permitted.
论臼,那条哈拉哈是依 拉比尼希米 的意思——他执器皿安息日惟有为它本定的用处才可挪动。
论臼,那条 哈拉哈 是依 拉比尼希米 的意思断的——他执器皿安息日惟有为它本定的用处,才可以挪动。
With regard to a mortar, the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Neḥemya, who holds that a vessel may only be moved on Shabbat for the purpose of its designated use.
密释纳:各样器皿,为着一定的用处可挪,不为一定的用处也可挪。拉比尼希米 说:器皿惟有为着一定的用处才可挪。
各样器皿,人为着一定的用处可挪它,不为一定的用处也可挪它。
All vessels may be moved for a specific purpose and not for a specific purpose.
拉比尼希米 说:器皿惟有为着一定的用处,才可以挪。
Rabbi Neḥemya says: Vessels may only be moved for a specific purpose.
革玛拉 问:「为着一定的用处」是什么意思,「不为一定的用处」又是什么意思呢?
革玛拉 问:「为着一定的用处」是什么意思,「不为一定的用处」又是什么意思呢?
The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of: For a specific purpose, and what is the meaning of: Not for a specific purpose?
拉巴 说:「为着一定的用处」是挪所许之物、为用它本身;「不为一定的用处」是挪所许之物、为用它所在之处;至于所禁之物,为用它本身可以,为用它的地方却不可。拉比尼希米 是要说:连所许之物,为用它本身可以,为用它的地方也不可。拉瓦 对他说:你竟把「为用它所在之处」称作「不为一定的用处」么——那也是有用处的。
拉巴 说:「为着一定的用处」,是说挪那本用在所许之事上的物件,为用那物件本身。
Rabba said: For a specific purpose means: Moving an object whose primary function is for a permitted use for the purpose of utilizing the object itself.
「不为一定的用处」,是说挪那本用在所许之事上的物件,为用它所在之处。
Not for a specific purpose means: Moving an object whose primary function is for a permitted use for the purpose of utilizing its place.
至于那本用在所禁之事上的物件,为用那物件本身,可以;为用它所在之处,不可以。
And an object whose primary function is for a prohibited use, for the purpose of utilizing the object itself, yes, it is permitted; for the purpose of utilizing its place, no, it is prohibited.
拉比尼希米 来是要说:连那本用在所许之事上的物件,为用那物件本身可以,为用它所在之处也不可以。
And Rabbi Neḥemya came to say: And even an object whose primary function is for a permitted use, moving it for the purpose of utilizing the object itself, yes; for the purpose of utilizing its place, no.
拉瓦 对他说:你竟把「为用它所在之处」称作「不为一定的用处」么?
Rava said to him: Do you call for the purpose of utilizing its place, not for a specific purpose?
那也是有用处的。
It is for a purpose.
倒不如说,拉瓦 说:「为着一定的用处」是挪所许之物,为用它本身与为用它的地方都算;「不为一定的用处」是连从日头挪到阴凉处也算。至于所禁之物,为用它本身与为用它的地方都可以,从日头挪到阴凉处却不可。拉比尼希米 是要说:连所许之物,为用它本身与为用它的地方可以,从日头挪到阴凉处却不可。
倒不如说,拉瓦 说:「为着一定的用处」,是说挪那本用在所许之事上的物件,为用那物件本身,或为用它所在之处,都算在内。
Rather, Rava said: For a specific purpose means: Moving an object whose primary function is for a permitted use both for the purpose of utilizing the object itself and for the purpose of utilizing its place.
「不为一定的用处」,是说连把它从日头底下挪到阴凉处也算在内。
Not for a specific purpose means: Moving it even from the sun to the shade.
至于那本用在所禁之事上的物件,为用那物件本身与为用它所在之处,都可以;把它从日头底下挪到阴凉处,却不可以。
And an object whose primary function is for a prohibited use, both for the purpose of utilizing the object itself and for the purpose of utilizing its place, yes, it is permitted; moving it from the sun to the shade, no, it is prohibited.
拉比尼希米 来是要说:连那本用在所许之事上的物件,为用那物件本身与为用它所在之处,可以;把它从日头底下挪到阴凉处,却不可以。
And Rabbi Neḥemya came to say: Even an object whose primary function is for a permitted use, moving it for the purpose of utilizing the object itself and for the purpose of utilizing its place, yes, it is permitted; moving it from the sun to the shade, no, it is prohibited.
有话说:拉夫萨夫拉、拉夫阿哈·巴尔·胡纳 与 拉夫胡纳·巴尔·哈尼纳 同坐议论说:依 拉巴 照 拉比尼希米 所讲,所许之物为用它的地方也不可挪;那么这些空碗我们怎么端呢?拉夫萨夫拉 对他们说:可以挪,正如盛秽物的盆因可厌而可挪一样。
有话说:拉夫萨夫拉、拉夫阿哈·巴尔·胡纳 与 拉夫胡纳·巴尔·哈尼纳 同坐着议论说:依 拉巴 照 拉比尼希米 所讲的,挪那本用在所许之事上的物件、为用它所在之处是禁的;那么这些空碗,我们怎么端它们呢?
It is told that Rav Safra and Rav Aḥa bar Huna and Rav Huna bar Ḥanina sat together and they sat and they said: According to Rabba’s explanation in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Neḥemya that it is prohibited to move an object whose primary function is for a permitted use for the purpose of utilizing its place, these empty bowls, how do we carry them?
拉夫萨夫拉 对他们说:你们可以挪它们,正如那盛秽物的盆因是可厌之物而可挪一样。
Rav Safra said to them: You may move them, just as is the case of a chamber pot containing waste that may be moved because it is disgusting.
阿巴耶 也把这同一件对 拉巴 说:依夫子照 拉比尼希米 所讲的,这些空碗我们怎么端呢?他对他说:我们的同伴 拉夫萨夫拉 已经讲明了——正如盛秽物的盆一样。
阿巴耶 也把这同一件对 拉巴 说:依夫子照 拉比尼希米 所讲的,这些空碗,我们怎么端它们呢?
Abaye said this same matter to Rabba: According to the Master’s explanation in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Neḥemya, these empty bowls, how do we carry them?
他对他说:我们的同伴 拉夫萨夫拉 已经讲明了:正如那盛秽物的盆一样。
He said to him: Our colleague Rav Safra interpreted it: Just as is the case of a chamber pot.
阿巴耶 据所教向 拉瓦 驳道:臼里有蒜可挪,没有就不可挪——依 拉瓦 说各样器皿都可挪,何以禁呢?拉瓦 答:这里论的是从日头挪到阴凉处。阿巴耶 又驳:两家都认在杵上切过节期的肉以后就不可再挪。拉瓦 答:这里也是论从日头挪到阴凉处。
阿巴耶 据所教的向 拉瓦 的意思举出相驳之处:臼里若有蒜,安息日可挪它;若没有,安息日就不可挪它。
Abaye raised an objection to Rava’s opinion from that which was taught: With regard to a mortar, if it has garlic in it, one may move it on Shabbat, and if not, one may not move it on Shabbat.
依 拉瓦 所说各样器皿都可挪,何以挪那臼是禁的呢?
According to Rava’s opinion that all utensils may be moved, why is it prohibited to move the mortar?
拉瓦 回说:我们这里所论的是哪一样呢?
Rava responded: With what we are dealing here?
我们所论的,是把那臼从日头底下挪到阴凉处的情形——那是 拉瓦 所禁的。
We are dealing with a case of moving the mortar from the sun to the shade, which Rava prohibited.
阿巴耶 又据所教的向 拉瓦 的意思举出相驳之处:沙迈学派 与 希列学派 都认:人若已为节期在那杵上切过肉,就不可再挪它了,因为节期再用不着它。
Abaye raised an objection to Rava’s opinion from that which was taught: Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel agree that if one cut meat on it for the purpose of the Festival that it is then prohibited to move it because there is no further need for it on the Festival.
依 拉瓦 所说,各样器皿都是可挪的。
According to Rava’s opinion, all utensils may be moved.
他回他说:这里也是一样——我们所论的,是把它从日头底下挪到阴凉处的情形。
He answered him: Here, too, we are dealing with a case of moving the mortar from the sun to the shade.
阿巴耶 又据密释纳驳道:不可拿木柴支锅,也不可拿木柴支门。节期的木柴岂不是所许之物么——点炉子既可挪它。可见有人执所许之物为用它本身与为用它的地方都禁,而依 拉巴,连 拉比尼希米 也不执那样。拉瓦 答:那里所以禁,是因为在安息日木柴是所禁之物;众贤就因安息日的缘故,把节期挪它也禁了。
阿巴耶 又据我们在一条密释纳里所学的举出相驳之处:不可拿一块木柴支锅,照样也不可拿一块木柴支门。
And Abaye raised another objection with regard to that which we learned in a mishna: One may not prop a pot with a piece of wood, and so too, one may not prop a door on a piece of wood.
节期的木柴岂不是那本用在所许之事上的物件么——因为点炉子的时候挪它原是许的。
Isn’t a piece of wood on a Festival an object whose primary function is for a permitted use, since it is permitted to move it to light an oven?
可见有人执:挪那本用在所许之事上的物件,为用那物件本身与为用它所在之处,都是禁的;而依 拉巴 所讲,连 拉比尼希米 也不执那样。
Apparently, there is an opinion that moving an object whose primary function is for a permitted use, both for the purpose of utilizing the object itself and for the purpose of utilizing its place is prohibited, and according to Rabba, even Rabbi Neḥemya does not hold that this is so.
拉瓦 答说:那里所以禁,是什么缘故呢?
Rava answers: There, what is the reason for the prohibition?
是因为在安息日,木柴是那本用在所禁之事上的物件。
It is because on Shabbat it is an object whose primary function is for a prohibited use.
木柴既在安息日搁置不用,众贤就因安息日的缘故,把节期挪它也禁了。
Since the wood is set aside from use on Shabbat, the Sages issued a decree prohibiting moving it on a Festival, due to Shabbat.
你若说:安息日本身也该许挪那木柴,因为所禁之物为用它本身与为用它的地方都可——这话是驳得回的:那许人挪所禁之物的断法,单指那物还算作器皿的情形;不算器皿的,就不可挪。
你若说:安息日本身也该许人挪那木柴,因为那本用在所禁之事上的物件,为用它本身与为用它所在之处都是许的——这话是驳得回的。
And if you say: Moving the wood should be permitted on Shabbat itself because an object whose primary function is for a prohibited use is permitted both for the purpose of utilizing the object itself and for the purpose of utilizing its place, that assertion is rejected.
那许人挪本用在所禁之事上之物的断法,单指那物还算作器皿的情形;那物若不算作器皿,就不可挪。
This ruling, which permits moving an object whose primary use is prohibited, applies only in a case where the status of a vessel applies to it; in a case where the status of a vessel does not apply to it, no, it is prohibited.
革玛拉 问:我们竟因安息日的缘故,在节期上立禁例么?密释纳岂不是说:节期可从屋顶的天窗把果子放下去,安息日却不可。可见众贤并不把安息日所禁的一概搬到节期上。
革玛拉 问:我们竟因安息日的缘故,在节期上立禁例么?
The Gemara asks: And do we issue decrees prohibiting actions on Festivals due to the fact that they are prohibited on Shabbat?
我们在一条密释纳里岂不是学过:节期可从屋顶的天窗把果子放下去,安息日却不可么?
Didn’t we learn in a mishna: One may drop fruits from the roof through a skylight on a Festival, but not on Shabbat.
可见众贤并不把安息日所禁的事一概搬到节期上。
Apparently, the Sages do not prohibit on a Festival all of the actions that are prohibited on Shabbat.
革玛拉 反问:我们竟不因安息日的缘故在节期上立禁例么?密释纳岂不是说:节期与安息日所差的,单在预备食物这一层。别样事上,众贤所定安息日与节期的诸律是一样的。
革玛拉 反问:我们竟不因安息日的缘故,在节期上立禁例么?
The Gemara asks on the contrary: And do we not issue decrees on a Festival due to Shabbat?
我们在一条密释纳里岂不是学过:节期与安息日所差的,单在预备食物这一层么?
Didn’t we learn in a mishna: The only difference between a Festival and Shabbat is with regard to the preparation of food alone.
别样的事上,众贤所定安息日与节期的诸条 哈拉哈 是一样的。
In all other matters the Sages established that the halakhot of Shabbat and Festivals are the same.
拉夫约瑟 说:这不难——那禁的一条依 拉比以利以谢,那许的一条依 拉比约书亚。因为一条巴拉伊塔教说:母子二牲不可同日宰(利未记 22:28);两只落坑的,拉比以利以谢 说提上头一只来宰,第二只在坑里喂养;拉比约书亚 说提上头一只要宰又可改意,作假说要宰那一只,把第二只也提上来。可见 拉比约书亚 为顾惜财物而许几样事,不立禁例。
拉夫约瑟 说:这不难。
Rav Yosef says: This is not difficult.
那断作禁的一条密释纳,是依 拉比以利以谢 的意思;那断作许的一条密释纳,是依 拉比约书亚 的意思。
This mishna, which rules that it is prohibited, is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer; that mishna, which rules that it is permitted, is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua.
因为一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教说:母与子不可同日宰,正如经上所说:「无论是母牛是母羊,不可同日宰母和子」(利未记 22:28)。
As it was taught in a baraita: It is prohibited to slaughter a mother animal and its offspring on the same day, as it is stated: “You shall not slaughter it and its offspring both in one day” (Leviticus 22:28).
母子两只牲畜节期落在坑里,拉比以利以谢 说:可把头一只提上来,为的是宰牠,就把牠宰了;至于第二只,可在坑里就地喂养牠,免得牠死了。
With regard to it and its offspring that fell into a pit on a Festival, Rabbi Eliezer says: One may raise the first in order to slaughter it, and then slaughter it; and with regard to the second one, one may provide it sustenance in its place in the pit so that it will not die.
拉比约书亚 说:可把头一只提上来,为的是宰牠,随后又可改了意不宰;他也可以作假,说自己改了意要宰那一只,就把第二只也提上来。
Rabbi Yehoshua says: One may raise the first in order to slaughter it, and then reconsider and not slaughter it, and then employ artifice and say that he reconsidered and wants to slaughter the other, and raise the second.
他愿意宰这一只,就宰这一只;愿意宰那一只,就宰那一只。
If he so desires, he slaughters this one; if he so desires, he slaughters that one.
可见 拉比约书亚 为顾惜财物的缘故,在节期上许几样事,不在那几样上立禁例。
Apparently, Rabbi Yehoshua permits certain actions on a Festival due to financial considerations, and does not issue decrees in those cases.
革玛拉 驳这断法:这断语是从哪里来的呢?只怕 拉比以利以谢 单在那里说不可把第二只提上来,因为那里还可以在坑里喂养牠;若不能在坑里喂养保住牠,他或者就许人提上来了。
革玛拉 驳这断法:这断语是从哪里来的呢?
The Gemara rejects this: From what does that conclusion ensue?
只怕 拉比以利以谢 单在那里说不可把第二只提上来,因为那里还可以在坑里喂养牠、把牠保住;若不能在坑里喂养保住牠,他或者就许人把牠提上来了。
Perhaps Rabbi Eliezer only stated that he may not raise the second animal there, in a case where it is possible to save the animal by feeding it in the pit; however, in a case where it is impossible to save it by feeding it in the pit, no, he would permit raising the animal.
或者说:拉比约书亚 单在可以作假的时候说可把第二只提上来;不能作假的时候,他或者就不许了。
或者说:拉比约书亚 单在可以作假的时候,才说可把第二只提上来;不能作假的时候,他或者就不许这样行了。
Alternatively, Rabbi Yehoshua only said that he may raise the second animal in a case where it is possible to employ artifice; however, in a case where it is not possible to employ artifice, no, he would not permit doing so.
倒不如说,拉夫帕帕 说:这不难——这一条密释纳依 沙迈学派 的意思,那一条依 希列学派 的意思。因为我们在一条密释纳里学过 沙迈学派 说——
倒不如说,拉夫帕帕 说:这不难。
Rather Rav Pappa said: This is not difficult.
这一条密释纳是依 沙迈学派 的意思,那一条密释纳是依 希列学派 的意思。
This mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Beit Shammai, and that mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Beit Hillel.
因为我们在一条密释纳里学过 沙迈学派 说——
As we learned in a mishna that Beit Shammai say: