(续上)我们两样都诵:「称谢的神」和「许多称谢」。
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……我们两样都诵:称谢的神,以及:许多的称谢。
we will recite them both: God of thanksgivings, and: Abundant thanksgivings.
← 斋戒卷总目·第一章 从何时起
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 2 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)我们两样都诵:「称谢的神」和「许多称谢」。
……我们两样都诵:称谢的神,以及:许多的称谢。
we will recite them both: God of thanksgivings, and: Abundant thanksgivings.
§ 革玛拉引称颂降雨的话。拉比阿巴胡 说:降雨之日比死人复活还大——死人复活只使义人得益,雨却使义人与恶人都得益。革玛拉评说:这与 拉夫约瑟 相异,他说:降雨既等同死人复活,众贤就把它定在 《立祷》 的第二道祝祷、死人复活那一祝里诵——照他,降雨等同、而非大过死人复活。
革玛拉引几句称颂降雨的话。
§ The Gemara cites statements in praise of rainfall.
拉比阿巴胡 说:降雨之日比死人复活还大。
Rabbi Abbahu said: The day of rain is greater than the resurrection of the dead.
理由是:死人复活只使义人得益,雨却使义人与恶人都得益。
The reason is that while the resurrection of the dead benefits only the righteous, rain benefits both the righteous and the wicked.
革玛拉评说:这句话与 拉夫约瑟 的意见相异,因为 拉夫约瑟 说:既然降雨等同死人复活,众贤就把提雨的话定在 《立祷》 的第二道祝祷、就是死人复活的那道祝祷里诵。
The Gemara comments: And this statement disagrees with the opinion of Rav Yosef, as Rav Yosef said: Since rainfall is equivalent to the resurrection of the dead, the Sages established its recitation in the second blessing of the Amida, the blessing of the resurrection of the dead.
照 拉夫约瑟,降雨是等同于死人复活,而不是大过它。
According to Rav Yosef, rainfall is the equivalent to, but not superior to, the resurrection of the dead.
同样,拉夫犹大 说:降雨之日如赐妥拉之日一样大,如经上说:「我的教训要淋漓如雨」(申命记 32:2),「教训」无非是妥拉,如经上说:「因我所给你们的是好教训;不可离弃我的法则」(箴言 4:2)。拉瓦 说:降雨比赐妥拉之日还大——经上说「我的教训要淋漓如雨」,作比较时哪一样倚靠哪一样?必是小的倚靠大的;妥拉比作雨,可见雨更大。
同样,拉夫犹大 说:降雨之日如同妥拉被赐下之日一样大,正如经上所说:「我的教训要淋漓如雨」(申命记 32:2),而「教训」无非是指妥拉,正如经上所说:「因我所给你们的是好教训;不可离弃我的法则」(箴言 4:2)。
Similarly, Rav Yehuda said: The day of the rains is as great as the day on which the Torah was given, as it is stated: “My doctrine [likḥi] shall drop as the rain” (Deuteronomy 32:2), and lekaḥ means nothing other than Torah, as it is stated: “For I give you good doctrine [lekaḥ]; do not forsake My Torah” (Proverbs 4:2).
「教训」原文 לִקְחִי/לֶקַח,两节经同字。
拉瓦 说:降雨甚至比妥拉被赐下之日还大,正如经上所说:「我的教训要淋漓如雨」;而人作比较的时候,是哪一样倚靠哪一样呢?
Rava said: Rainfall is even greater than the day on which the Torah was given, as it is stated: “My doctrine shall drop as the rain,” and when one makes a comparison, which object is made dependent upon which?
你必须说:较小的那一样倚靠较大的那一样。
You must say that the lesser object is dependent upon the greater one.
既然妥拉被比作雨,就可推知雨比妥拉更大。
If Torah is compared to rain, it follows that rain is greater than Torah.
革玛拉再引申命记那节经的另一解。拉瓦 提出矛盾:经文开头写「我的教训要淋漓如雨」,口气猛烈;后面却写「我的言语要滴落如露」,口气温和。他这样化解:学者若配得,妥拉在他身上流淌如露;若不配得,妥拉折断他的颈项,如猛烈的雨。
革玛拉引出申命记那节经的另一种讲解。
The Gemara cites another interpretation of the verse from Deuteronomy.
拉瓦 提出一个矛盾:这节经开头写着:「我的教训要淋漓如雨」,是以猛烈的方式;然而经文后面却写着:「我的言语要滴落如露」,是以温和的口气。
Rava raised a contradiction: At the beginning of the verse it is written: “My doctrine shall drop [ya’arof] as the rain,” in a harsh manner, and yet later in the verse, it is written: “My speech shall distill as the dew,” in a gentle tone.
「淋漓」原文 יַעֲרֹף,与下文「折断……颈项」עָרַף 同根。
他这样化解这个表面的矛盾:他若是一位配得的妥拉学者,妥拉就在他身上流淌如露;然而他若不配得,它就折断他的颈项,如猛烈的雨。
He resolves this apparent contradiction as follows: If he is a worthy Torah scholar, the Torah flows through him like the dew, but if he is not worthy, it snaps his neck [orfehu] like the powerful rain.
《巴拉伊塔》 教:拉比贝纳阿 常说:凡为妥拉本身而研读妥拉的,他的妥拉成为他的生命之药,如经上说:「他与持守他的作生命树」(箴言 3:18),又说:「这便医治你的肚脐」(箴言 3:8),又说:「因为寻得我的,就寻得生命」(箴言 8:35)。凡不为妥拉本身、而为自抬身价研读妥拉的,他的妥拉成为他的死亡之药,如经上说「我的教训要淋漓如雨」,「淋漓」无非是杀,如经上说:「在谷中打折母牛的颈项」(申命记 21:4)。
在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导,拉比贝纳阿 常说:凡为妥拉本身而从事妥拉的人,他的妥拉研读就成为他的生命之药,正如经上所说:「他与持守他的作生命树」(箴言 3:18),又说:「这便医治你的肚脐」(箴言 3:8),又说:「因为寻得我的,就寻得生命」(箴言 8:35)。
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Bena’a would say: Anyone who engages in Torah for its own sake, his Torah study will be an elixir of life for him, as it is stated: “It is a tree of life to them who lay hold upon it” (Proverbs 3:18), and it says: “It shall be health to your navel” (Proverbs 3:8), and it says: “For whoever finds Me finds life” (Proverbs 8:35).
而凡不为妥拉本身、例如为抬高自己而从事妥拉的人,他的妥拉就成为他的死亡之药,正如经上所说:「我的教训要淋漓如雨」,而「淋漓」无非是指杀,正如经上所说:「在谷中打折母牛的颈项」(申命记 21:4)。
And anyone who engages in Torah not for its own sake, e.g., for self-aggrandizement, his Torah will be an elixir of death for him, as it is stated: “My doctrine shall drop [ya’arof ] as the rain,” and arifa means nothing other than killing, as it is stated: “And they shall break the heifer’s neck [arefu] there in the valley” (Deuteronomy 21:4).
「淋漓」与「打折……颈项」同根 ערף。和合本申命记 21:4 作「在谷中打折牛的颈项」。
拉比耶利米 对 拉比泽拉 说:请夫子来讲一段 哈拉哈 的讲论。后者说:我心里软弱,不能为这样的讲论费力。前者答:那就请夫子给我们讲一段 阿嘉达,那不须那样费力。他就对他说,拉比约哈难 这样说:经上写着「因为人是田间的树」(申命记 20:19),是什么意思?人真是田间的树吗?
拉比耶利米 有一次对 拉比泽拉 说:请夫子来讲一段 哈拉哈 的讲论。
Rabbi Yirmeya once said to Rabbi Zeira: Let the Master come and teach a halakhic discourse.
拉比泽拉 对他说:我心里软弱,我不能为一段 哈拉哈 的讲论竭力。
Rabbi Zeira said to him: My heart is weak and I cannot strain myself over a halakhic discourse.
拉比耶利米 回答他:既是这样,就请夫子告诉我们一件 阿嘉达 的事,那不需要那么多力气。
Rabbi Yirmeya replied to him: In that case, let the Master tell us a matter of aggada, which does not require as much effort.
拉比泽拉 对他说,拉比约哈难 这样说:经上所写的「因为人是田间的树」(申命记 20:19),是什么意思?
Rabbi Zeira said to him that Rabbi Yoḥanan said as follows: What is the meaning of that which is written: “For man is a tree of the field” (Deuteronomy 20:19)?
和合本申命记 20:19 作问句「田间的树木岂是人,叫你糟蹋吗?」,这里照革玛拉读作陈述句。
人真是田间的树吗?
And is man actually a tree of the field?
其实是因为同一节经前面写着「你可以吃那树上的果子,不可砍伐」,下一节却写着「可以毁坏、砍伐」(申命记 20:20)——表明有些树可砍,有些不可毁坏。怎样呢?妥拉学者若配得,「你可以吃……不可砍伐」;若不配得,「可以毁坏、砍伐」。
其实,这是因为在同一节经的前面写着:「你可以吃那树上的果子,不可砍伐」,而下一节经里写着:「可以毁坏、砍伐」(申命记 20:20)。
Rather, it is because it is written earlier in the same verse: “You may eat of them but you may not cut them down,” and it is written in the next verse: “Them you may destroy and cut down” (Deuteronomy 20:20).
这表明有某些树是可以砍伐的,另一些却不可毁坏。
This indicates that there are certain trees which may be cut down, while others may not be destroyed.
怎样呢?
How so?
一位妥拉学者若是配得的:「你可以吃他的果子,不可砍伐」;然而他若不配得:「他可以毁坏、砍伐」。
If a Torah scholar is worthy: “You may eat of them but you may not cut them down,” but if he is not worthy: “He you may destroy and cut down.”
革玛拉再引几段论研读妥拉的讲解。拉比哈尼纳之子拉比哈玛 说:经上写着「铁磨铁,磨出刃来;朋友相感也是如此」(箴言 27:17),是什么意思?这节经是告诉你:正如这些铁器彼此相磨就互相磨利,妥拉学者一同研读时,也在 哈拉哈 上互相磨利。
革玛拉再引出几段论研读妥拉的讲解。
The Gemara cites other expositions that deal with Torah study.
拉比哈尼纳之子拉比哈玛 说:经上所写的「铁磨铁,磨出刃来;朋友相感也是如此」(箴言 27:17),是什么意思?
Rabbi Ḥama, son of Rabbi Ḥanina, said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Iron sharpens iron, so a man sharpens the countenance of his friend” (Proverbs 27:17)?
「朋友相感」原文直译作「人磨利他朋友的面」。
这节经是来告诉你:正如这些铁器,彼此相擦时一件磨利另一件;同样,妥拉学者一同研读时,他们也在 哈拉哈 上彼此磨利。
This verse comes to tell you that just as with these iron implements, one sharpens the other when they are rubbed against each other, so too, when Torah scholars study together, they sharpen one another in halakha.
拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·哈纳 说:妥拉的话为何比作火,如经上说:「耶和华说:我的话岂不像火?」(耶利米书 23:29)?是告诉你:正如火不在一根孤木上燃起,而在一堆柴上;妥拉的话也不存留在独自研读的孤单学者身上,而在一群贤者之中。
拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·哈纳 说:妥拉的话为什么被比作火,正如经上所说:「耶和华说:我的话岂不像火?」(耶利米书 23:29)
Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: Why are matters of Torah compared to fire, as it is stated: “Is not My word like fire, says the Lord” (Jeremiah 23:29)?
是要告诉你:正如火不在一根孤单的木头上燃起,而是在一堆引火之柴上;同样,妥拉的话也不被一位独自研读的孤单学者存留、正确领会,而是被一群贤者所存留。
To tell you: Just as fire does not ignite in a lone stick of wood but in a pile of kindling, so too, matters of Torah are not retained and understood properly by a lone scholar who studies by himself, but by a group of Sages.
这也就是 拉比约西·巴尔·哈尼纳 所说:经上写着「有刀剑临到矜夸的人,他们就成为愚昧」(耶利米书 50:36),是什么意思?可以这样讲:有刀剑临到妥拉学者的仇敌——这是婉称学者本身——他们各自独坐研读妥拉;不但如此,独自研读的人还因孤身研读而变得愚昧,如经上说「他们就成为愚昧」。
这也就是 拉比约西·巴尔·哈尼纳 所说的:经上所写的「有刀剑临到矜夸的人,他们就成为愚昧」(耶利米书 50:36),是什么意思?
And this is what Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “A sword is upon the boasters [habaddim], and they shall become fools [noalu]” (Jeremiah 50:36)?
这节经可以这样讲:有刀剑临到妥拉学者的仇敌——这是对妥拉学者本身的婉称——他们各自独坐,研读妥拉。
This verse can be interpreted homiletically: There is a sword upon the enemies of Torah scholars, a euphemism for Torah scholars themselves, who sit alone [bad bevad] and study Torah.
「矜夸的人」原文 הַבַּדִּים,读作「各自独坐」בַּד בְּבַד。
不但如此,那些独自研读的人还因他们孤身的妥拉研读而变得愚昧,正如经上所说:「他们就成为愚昧」。
And not only that, but those who study by themselves grow foolish from their solitary Torah study, as it is stated: “And they shall become fools.”
不但如此,他们还犯罪:这里写着「他们就成为愚昧」,那里写着「因我们愚昧犯罪」(民数记 12:11)。你若愿意,也可说是从这里推出:「琐安的首领都变为愚昧……使埃及人走错了路」(以赛亚书 19:13)。
不但如此,他们还犯罪,因为这里写着:「他们就成为愚昧」,而那里写着:「求你不要因我们愚昧犯罪」(民数记 12:11)。
And not only that, but they sin, as it is written here: “And they shall become fools,” and it is written there: “For that we have done foolishly [noalnu] and for that we have sinned” (Numbers 12:11).
你若愿意,也可以说是从这里推出的:「琐安的首领都变为愚昧……使埃及人走错了路」(以赛亚书 19:13)。
And if you wish, say instead that it is derived from here: “The princes of Zoan have become fools [noalu]…they have caused Egypt to go astray” (Isaiah 19:13).
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:妥拉的话为何比作树,如经上说「他与持守他的作生命树」(箴言 3:18)?是告诉你:正如小木块能点燃大木块,小学者也能磨利大学者,使他们在研读上长进。这也就是 拉比哈尼纳 所说:我从老师学了许多,从同伴学的更多,从学生学的比他们所有的都多。
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:妥拉的事为什么被比作树,正如经上所说:「他与持守他的作生命树」(箴言 3:18)?
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Why are Torah matters likened to a tree, as it is stated: “It is a tree of life to them who lay hold upon it” (Proverbs 3:18)?
这节经是来告诉你:正如一小块木头能点燃一大块木头,同样,年少的妥拉学者也能磨利伟大的妥拉学者,使他们在研读上长进。
This verse comes to tell you that just as a small piece of wood can ignite a large piece, so too, minor Torah scholars can sharpen great Torah scholars and enable them to advance in their studies.
这也就是 拉比哈尼纳 所说的:我从我的老师们学了许多,从我的同伴们学的更多,然而从我的学生们,我学的比从他们所有人学的都多。
And this is what Rabbi Ḥanina said: I have learned much from my teachers and even more from my friends, but from my students I have learned more than from all of them.
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕 提出矛盾:一节经写「拿水来,送给口渴的」(以赛亚书 21:14),表明有水的人须把水送给口渴的;另一处写「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来」(以赛亚书 55:1),可推知口渴的人须自己去寻水。他化解说:学生若配得,老师须去寻他;学生若不配得,他须自己去寻老师。
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕 提出一个矛盾。
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa raised a contradiction.
一节经里写着:「拿水来,送给口渴的」(以赛亚书 21:14),表明有水的人必须把水送给口渴的人;而别处写着:「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来」(以赛亚书 55:1),由此可推知口渴的人必须自己去寻水。
In one verse it is written: “To him who is thirsty bring water” (Isaiah 21:14), which indicates that the one who has water must bring it to the thirsty person, and it is written elsewhere: “Ho, everyone who thirsts, come for water” (Isaiah 55:1), from which it may be inferred that the thirsty person must seek out water himself.
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·帕帕 这样化解这个表面的矛盾:他若是一个配得的学生,老师必须去寻他,如「拿水来,送给口渴的」;然而学生若不配得,那就是「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来」,就是说,这学生必须自己去寻一位老师。
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Pappa resolves this apparent contradiction by explaining that if he is a worthy student the teacher must seek him out, as in “to him who is thirsty bring water,” but if the student is not worthy, then “Ho, everyone who thirsts, come for water,” i.e., this student must seek out a teacher himself.
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·哈马 提出另一矛盾:一节经写「你的泉源涨溢在外」(箴言 5:16),下一节却写「惟独归你一人」(箴言 5:17)。他解释:坐在你面前的学生若配得,就「泉源涨溢在外」,你当教他;若不配得,就「惟独归你一人」。
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·哈马 提出另一个矛盾。
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Ḥama raised another contradiction.
一节经里写着:「你的泉源涨溢在外」(箴言 5:16),而在下一节经里写着:「惟独归你一人」(箴言 5:17)。
In one verse it is written: “Let your springs be dispersed abroad” (Proverbs 5:16), whereas in the next verse it is written: “Let them be your own” (Proverbs 5:17).
和合本箴言 5:16 作问句「你的泉源岂可涨溢在外?」,这里照革玛拉读作陈述句。
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·哈马 解释:坐在你面前的学生若是配得的,那就「你的泉源涨溢在外」,你当教导他;然而他若不配得,那就「惟独归你一人」。
Rabbi Ḥanina bar Ḥama explains: If the student sitting before you is worthy, then “Let your springs be dispersed abroad,” as you should teach him, but if he is not worthy, then “Let them be your own.”
拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·伊迪 说:妥拉的话为何比作水,如经上写着「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来」(以赛亚书 55:1)?是告诉你:正如水离开高处流往低处,妥拉的话也只存留在心灵谦卑的人身上。
而 拉比哈尼纳·巴尔·伊迪 说:妥拉的事为什么被比作水,正如经上所记:「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来」(以赛亚书 55:1)?
And Rabbi Ḥanina bar Idi said: Why are matters of Torah likened to water, as it is written: “Ho, everyone who thirsts, come for water” (Isaiah 55:1)?
这节经是来告诉你:正如水离开高处、流到低处,同样,妥拉的事也只被心灵谦卑的人、就是谦逊的人所存留。
This verse comes to tell you: Just as water leaves a high place and flows to a low place, so too, Torah matters are retained only by one whose spirit is lowly, i.e., a humble person.
拉比奥沙亚 说:妥拉的话为何比作水、酒、奶这三样?经上论水写着「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来」,同节又写着「你们都来,买了吃;不用银钱,不用价值,也来买酒和奶」。是告诉你:正如这三样液体只能存在最卑微的器皿、如陶罐里,而不在金银器皿里——否则就坏了;妥拉的话也只存留在心灵谦卑的人身上。
而 拉比奥沙亚 说:妥拉的事为什么被比作这三种液体:水、酒与奶?
And Rabbi Oshaya said: Why are matters of Torah likened to these three liquids: To water, wine and milk?
正如论水所记:「你们一切干渴的都当就近水来」,而同一节经里写着:「你们都来,买了吃;不用银钱,不用价值,也来买酒和奶」。这节经是来告诉你:正如这三种液体只能存在最卑微的器皿里,例如陶罐,而不能存在金银的器皿里,因为它们会变坏;同样,妥拉的事也只被心灵谦卑的人所存留。
As it is written with regard to water: “Ho, everyone who thirsts, come for water,” and it is written in the same verse: “Come, buy and eat; yea, come, buy wine and milk without money and without price.” This verse comes to tell you: Just as these three liquids can be retained only in the least of vessels, e.g., clay pots, but not vessels of silver and gold, as they will spoil, so too, matters of Torah are retained only by one whose spirit is lowly.
革玛拉引一件相关的事:罗马皇帝的女儿对貌丑的 拉比约书亚·本·哈拿尼雅 说:你这样荣美的智慧,竟装在丑陋的器皿里,真可惜!他看似答非所问:你父亲把酒存在粗陋的陶器里吗?她说:不然,该存在什么里?他说:你们这样尊贵,该存在金银器皿里。
革玛拉引出一件相关的事:这就像罗马皇帝的女儿对 拉比约书亚·本·哈拿尼雅 所说的——他是一个貌丑的人:可惜啊,像你这样荣美的智慧,竟装在一个丑陋的器皿里。
The Gemara cites a related incident: This is as the daughter of the Roman emperor said to Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya, who was an ugly man: Woe to glorious wisdom such as yours, which is contained in an ugly vessel.
拉比约书亚·本·哈拿尼雅 以一句看似无关的话回答她:你父亲把他的酒存在粗陋的陶器里吗?
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya said to her, in a seemingly unrelated response: Does your father keep his wine in simple clay vessels?
皇帝的女儿对他说:不然,那他该把它存在什么里面呢?
The emperor’s daughter said to him: Rather, in what, then, should he keep it?
拉比约书亚·本·哈拿尼雅 对她说:你们这样尊贵,应当把它存在金银的器皿里。
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya said to her: You, who are so important, should put it in vessels of gold and silver.
皇帝的女儿去对她父亲说了,他就把酒放在金银器皿里,酒变酸了。臣仆来告诉皇帝,他问女儿:谁叫你这样做?她答:拉比约书亚·本·哈拿尼雅。皇帝召他来问:你为何对她这样说?他说:她怎样对我说,我就怎样对她说——要向她表明,上好之物最宜存在最卑微的器皿里。皇帝对他说:可是也有俊美的人是有学问的。
皇帝的女儿去把这话告诉了她父亲。
The emperor’s daughter went and said this to her father.
他把酒放在金银的器皿里,酒就变酸了。
He put the wine in vessels of gold and silver and it turned sour.
他的谋士来告诉皇帝酒变酸了,他就对他的女儿说:谁叫你这样做的?
When his advisors came and told the emperor that the wine had turned sour, he said to his daughter: Who told you to do this?
他的女儿回答:拉比约书亚·本·哈拿尼雅。
His daughter responded: Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya.
皇帝召他来,对他说:你为什么对她说这话?
The emperor summoned him and said to him: Why did you say this to her?
拉比约书亚·本·哈拿尼雅 对他说:她怎样对我说,我就怎样对她说,为要向她表明:上好的东西最宜保存在最卑微的器皿里。
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya said to him: Just as she said to me, so I said say to her, to demonstrate to her that fine material is best preserved in the least of vessels.
皇帝对他说:可是也有俊美的人是有学问的。
The emperor said to him: But there are handsome people who are learned.