← 斋戒卷总目·第三章 这些禁食的次序
这不是译本，是辅读层。中文承载文本本身，并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释，以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文，其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的，不是判断。
这一面每读 2 句，只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来， 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德；标出来，他才知道自己站在哪里。
（续上）「按时」是指星期三前夜与安息日前夜，即星期二晚上与星期五晚上；因为这些时候人不在街上，或是怕星期二夜里游荡的鬼魔，或是因安息日的圣洁。
「按时」是指在星期三的前夜，也就是星期二晚上，以及在安息日的前夜，也就是星期五晚上；因为在这些时候人不在街上，或是由于惧怕被认为在星期二夜里游荡的鬼魔，或是由于安息日的圣洁。
“In their season” means on Wednesday eves, i.e., Tuesday nights, and on Shabbat eves, i.e., Friday nights, because at these times people are not out in the streets, either due to fear of demonic forces that were thought to wander on Tuesday nights or due to the sanctity of Shabbat.
正如在 西缅·本·沙塔赫 的日子，雨总在星期三前夜和安息日前夜降下，以致麦子长得像腰子那么大，大麦像橄榄核，扁豆像金第纳尔。人把这些庄稼捆起一些留给后代作 同类，叫他们知道罪造成多大的损害，如经上说：「你们的罪孽使这些事转离你们；你们的罪恶使你们不能得好处。」
正如我们发现，在 西缅·本·沙塔赫 的日子，雨总是在星期三的前夜和安息日的前夜为他们降下，以致麦子长得像腰子那么大，大麦像橄榄核那么大，扁豆像金第纳尔那么大。
As we found in the days of Shimon ben Shetaḥ that rain invariably fell for them on Wednesday eves and on Shabbat eves, until wheat grew as big as kidneys, and barley as big as olive pits, and lentils as golden dinars.
英译拼作 Shimon ben Shetaḥ，照库中正式写法 西缅·本·沙塔赫 书写。
他们把这些庄稼捆起一些，给后世的人作 同类，好向他们显明罪造成多大的损害，如经上说：「耶和华我们的神，他按时赐雨，就是秋雨春雨，又为我们定收割的节令。
And they tied up some of these crops as an example [dugma] for future generations, to convey to them how much damage sin causes, as it is stated: “The Lord our God, Who gives rain, the former rain and the latter rain, in its season that keeps for us the appointed weeks of the harvest.
和合本 5:24 前有「他们心里也不说：我们应当敬畏」，此处照英译只取所引之句。
你们的罪孽使这些事转离你们；你们的罪恶使你们不能得好处」（耶利米书 5:24–25）。
Your iniquities have turned away these things, and your sins have withheld the good from you” (Jeremiah 5:24–25).
又如在希律的日子，众人忙于建殿，雨只在夜里下；次日风吹云散，太阳照耀，众人出去做工。雨既只在不妨碍工作的时候下，百姓就知道他们手中所做的是天上的工。
我们同样发现，在希律的日子，众人忙于建造圣殿，雨就在夜里降下。
And we likewise found that in the days of Herod that they were occupied in the building of the Temple, and rain would fall at night.
第二天风就吹起，云就散开，太阳就照耀，众人就出去做他们的工。
And the next day the wind would blow, the clouds would disperse, the sun would shine, and the people would go out to their work.
雨既只在不妨碍他们劳作的时候降下，百姓就知道，借他们的手所做的是天上的工。
And as rain would fall only at a time when it would not interfere with their labor, the nation knew that the work of Heaven was being performed by their hands.
密释纳说：有一件事，众人传话给 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔。一条 《巴拉伊塔》 详述此事：有一次亚达月过了大半，雨仍未下。众人传话给他：你祷告，雨就会下。他祷告了，雨却没有下。他就在尘土上画一个圈，站在里面，像先知哈巴谷那样；经上说：「我要站在守望所，立在望楼上观看……」这节经被解作哈巴谷为自己造了一座囚室似的地方，坐在里面。
密释纳教导：有一件事，众人传话给 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔。
§ The mishna taught: An incident occurred in which the people sent a message to Ḥoni HaMe’aggel.
以下这条 《巴拉伊塔》 更详细地讲述了这件事。
This event is related in greater detail in the following baraita.
众贤教导：有一次，亚达月已过了大半，雨却仍未降下。
The Sages taught: Once, most of the month of Adar had passed but rain had still not fallen.
他们传这话给 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔：你祷告吧，雨就会降下。
They sent this message to Ḥoni HaMe’aggel: Pray, and rain will fall.
他祷告了，雨却没有降下。
He prayed, but no rain fell.
他在尘土上画了一个圈，站在里面，正如先知哈巴谷所做的，如经上说：「我要站在守望所，立在望楼上观看，看耶和华对我说什么话，我可用什么话向他诉冤」（哈巴谷书 2:1）。
He drew a circle in the dust and stood inside it, in the manner that the prophet Habakkuk did, as it is stated: “And I will stand upon my watch and set myself upon the tower, and I will look out to see what He will say to me, and what I shall answer when I am reproved” (Habakkuk 2:1).
英译末句作「我受责备时当怎样回答」，此处照和合本。
这节经被解作：哈巴谷为自己造了一种囚室，坐在其中。
This verse is taken to mean that Habakkuk fashioned a kind of prison for himself where he sat.
何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 在神面前说：宇宙的主啊，你的儿女把脸转向我，因我在你面前像你家里的人；我指着你的大名起誓，不从这里挪动，直到你怜悯你的儿女、应允他们求雨的祷告。雨开始滴下，却只是小点。学生对他说：老师，我们见过你能行大奇事，这点雨却不足以保我们不死；看来这点雨只是为让你解除誓言，远不足以救我们。
何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 在神面前说：宇宙的主啊，你的儿女把他们的脸转向了我，因为我在你面前好像你家里的一员。
Ḥoni said before God: Master of the Universe, Your children have turned their faces toward me, as I am like a member of Your household.
所以，我指着你的大名起誓：我必不从这里挪动，直到你怜悯你的儿女，应允他们求雨的祷告。
Therefore, I take an oath by Your great name that I will not move from here until you have mercy upon Your children and answer their prayers for rain.
雨开始滴下，却只是小小的水点。
Rain began to trickle down, but only in small droplets.
他的学生对他说：老师，我们见过你能行大奇事，但这么多的雨不足以保我们不死。
His students said to him: Rabbi, we have seen that you can perform great wonders, but this quantity of rain is not enough to ensure that we will not die.
在我们看来，下这一点雨只是为了让你能解除你的誓言，却远不足以救我们。
It appears to us that a small amount of rain is falling only to enable you to dissolve your oath, but it is not nearly enough to save us.
他对神说：我求的不是这个，而是能灌满蓄水池、沟渠与洞穴的雨。雨就狂暴地下，每一滴都像桶口那么大，众贤估算没有一滴小于一 罗格。学生对他说：老师，我们见过你能求神行神迹，我们也不会死；如今看来，雨下来只是要毁灭世界。
何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 对神说：我所求的不是这个，而是能灌满蓄水池、沟渠与洞穴的雨。
Ḥoni said to God: I did not ask for this, but for rain to fill the cisterns, ditches, and caves.
雨就开始狂暴地降下，以致每一滴都像桶口那么大，众贤估算没有一滴小于一 罗格。
Rain began to fall furiously, until each and every drop was as big as the mouth of a barrel, and the Sages estimated that no drop was less than a log in size.
他的学生对他说：老师，我们见过你能求告神行神迹，我们也就不会死，但如今在我们看来，雨降下只是为了毁灭世界。
His students said to him: Rabbi, we have seen that you can call on God to perform miracles and we will not die, but now it appears to us that rain is falling only to destroy the world.
他又在神面前说：我求的也不是这种有害的雨，而是恩惠、福气与慷慨的雨。此后雨照常下，却使众人都寻高处，因着雨上到圣殿山。他们对他说：老师，你怎样祷告叫雨降下，也照样祷告叫它停止吧。他说：我所领受的传统是，人不为福气太多而祷告。
何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 又在神面前说：我所求的也不是这种有害的雨，而是恩惠、福气与慷慨的雨。
Ḥoni again said before God: I did not ask for this harmful rain either, but for rain of benevolence, blessing, and generosity.
此后，雨照着它们寻常的样子降下，以致所有的百姓都寻找高处，因着雨上到圣殿山。
Subsequently, the rains fell in their standard manner, until all of the people sought higher ground and ascended to the Temple Mount due to the rain.
他们对他说：老师，正如你祷告叫雨降下，照样，也祷告叫它们停止吧。
They said to him: Rabbi, just as you prayed that the rains should fall, so too, pray that they should stop.
他对他们说：我所领受的传统是这样：人不为福气太多而祷告。
He said to them: This is the tradition that I received, that one does not pray over an excess of good.
他接着说：虽然如此，给我牵一头公牛来，我要献它为感谢祭，同时祷告。他们牵来了。他双手按在牛头上，在神面前说：宇宙的主啊，你从埃及领出来的百姓以色列，福太多、罚太多都受不了；你向他们发怒不降雨，他们受不了；你赐他们太多的福，他们也受不了。愿你旨意是雨止住、世界得舒解。立刻风吹云散，太阳照耀，众人都到田里，拾取大雨中长出的松露与蘑菇。
何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 接着说：虽然如此，给我牵一头公牛来。
Ḥoni continued: Nevertheless, bring me a bull.
我要把它献为感谢祭，同时祷告。
I will sacrifice it as a thanks-offering and pray at the same time.
他们给他牵来一头公牛作感谢祭。
They brought him a bull for a thanks-offering.
他把两手按在它的头上，在神面前说：宇宙的主啊，你从埃及领出来的你的百姓以色列，福气太多受不了，刑罚太多也受不了。
He placed his two hands on its head and said before God: Master of the Universe, Your nation Israel, whom You brought out of Egypt, cannot bear either an excess of good or an excess of punishment.
你向他们发怒，不降雨，他们受不了。
You grew angry with them and withheld rain, and they are unable to bear it.
你赐给他们太多的福，他们也受不了。
You bestowed upon them too much good, and they were also unable to bear it.
愿你旨意如此：雨止住，世界得着舒解。
May it be Your will that the rain stop and that there be relief for the world.
立时风就吹起，云就散开，太阳就照耀，人人都出到田间，为自己拾取在大雨中长出的松露与蘑菇。
Immediately, the wind blew, the clouds dispersed, the sun shone, and everyone went out to the fields and gathered for themselves truffles and mushrooms that had sprouted in the strong rain.
西缅·本·沙塔赫 传话给 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔：若换了别人，我必判他受绝罚。若这些年像以利亚的年日——那时雨的钥匙交在以利亚手中，他起誓不降雨——你起誓不下雨就不出圈，岂不使天的名受亵渎？你既发了这誓，你的誓与以利亚的誓必有一个落空。
西缅·本·沙塔赫 传话给 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔：你若不是 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔，我早就判你受绝罚了。
Shimon ben Shetaḥ relayed to Ḥoni HaMe’aggel: If you were not Ḥoni, I would have decreed ostracism upon you.
英译作「你若不是 Ḥoni」，照库中正式写法写全名。
因为若这些年日像以利亚的年日，那时雨的钥匙交在以利亚手中，他起誓天必不降雨，你起誓不降雨就不出这圈，天的名岂不因此受亵渎吗？
For were these years like the years of Elijah, when the keys of rain were entrusted in Elijah’s hands, and he swore it would not rain, wouldn’t the name of Heaven have been desecrated by your oath not to leave the circle until it rained?
你一旦发了这誓，你的誓言与以利亚的誓言，必有一个要落空。
Once you have pronounced this oath, either yours or Elijah’s must be falsified.
然而我能拿你怎样？你向神撒娇，他就照你的意思行，像儿子向父亲撒娇，父亲就照他的意思行。儿子对父亲说：父亲，带我去洗热水澡；用冷水给我冲洗；给我核桃、杏仁、桃子和石榴。父亲都给他。论到你，经上说：「你的父母必欢喜，生你的必快乐。」
然而，我能拿你怎样呢？你向神撒娇，他就照你的意思行，好像一个儿子向父亲撒娇，父亲就照他的意思行。
However, what can I do to you, as you nag God and He does your bidding, like a son who nags his father and his father does his bidding.
那儿子对他父亲说：父亲，带我去用热水洗澡；用冷水给我冲洗；给我核桃、杏仁、桃子和石榴。
And the son says to his father: Father, take me to be bathed in hot water; wash me with cold water; give me nuts, almonds, peaches, and pomegranates.
他父亲就给他。
And his father gives him.
论到你，经上说：「你的父母必欢喜，生你的必快乐」（箴言 23:25）。
About you, the verse states: “Your father and mother will be glad and she who bore you will rejoice” (Proverbs 23:25).
和合本作「你要使父母欢喜，使生你的快乐」；此处照英译读作陈述句，以合所赞之意。
众贤教导：凿石殿的人，即大公会，传了什么话给 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔？论到你，经上说：「你命定一事，必然给你成就；亮光也必照耀你的路。人被降卑，你仍可说：必得高升；谦卑的人，神必拯救。人非无辜，神且要搭救他；他因你手中清洁，必蒙拯救。」
众贤教导：凿石殿的人，就是大公会，传了什么话给 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔？
The Sages taught: What message did the members of the Chamber of the Hewn Stone, the Great Sanhedrin, send to Ḥoni HaMe’aggel?
论到你，经上说：「你命定一事，必然给你成就；亮光也必照耀你的路。
About you, the verse states: “You shall also decree a matter, and it shall be established for you; and the light shall shine upon your ways.
和合本 22:28 作「你定意要做何事，必然给你成就」；下段讲论系于「命定」一字，故照英译。
人被降卑，你仍可说：必得高升；谦卑的人，神必拯救。
When they cast down, you will say: There is lifting up, for He saves the humble person.
和合本作「人使你降卑，你仍可说：必得高升」；此处照英译「人被降卑」，以合下段「被降卑的世代」之解。
人非无辜，神且要搭救他；他因你手中清洁，必蒙拯救」（约伯记 22:28–30）。
He will deliver the one who is not innocent and he will be delivered through the cleanness of your hands” (Job 22:28–30).
他们解释：「你命定一事」——你在下面命定，圣者在上面成就你的话。「亮光也必照耀你的路」——那在黑暗中的世代，你用你的祷告照亮了它。
他们解释说：「你命定一事」，就是你 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 在下面命定，那圣者，愿他受称颂，在上面成就你的话。
They interpreted: “You shall also decree a matter”; you, Ḥoni, decree from below, and the Holy One, Blessed be He, fulfills your statement from above.
「亮光也必照耀你的路」，就是一个在黑暗中的世代，你用你的祷告照亮了它。
“And the light shall shine upon your ways”; a generation that was in darkness, you have illuminated it with your prayer.
「人被降卑，你仍可说：必得高升」——被降卑的世代，你用祷告把它举起。「谦卑的人，神必拯救」——在罪中卑下的世代，你用祷告救了它。「人非无辜，神且要搭救他」——不无辜的世代，你用祷告搭救了它。「他因你手中清洁，必蒙拯救」——你借你手中清洁的工，搭救了不配的世代。
「人被降卑，你仍可说：必得高升」，就是一个被降卑的世代，你用你的祷告把它举起。
“When they cast down, you will say: There is lifting up”; a generation that was cast down, you lifted it up with your prayer.
「谦卑的人，神必拯救」，就是一个在罪中卑下的世代，你借你的祷告拯救了它。
“For He saves the humble person”; a generation that was humble in its transgression, you saved it through your prayer.
「人非无辜，神且要搭救他」，就是一个不无辜的世代，你借你的祷告搭救了它。
“He will deliver the one who is not innocent”; a generation that was not innocent, you have delivered it through your prayer.
「他因你手中清洁，必蒙拯救」，就是你借你手中清洁的工，搭救了一个不配的世代。
“And he will be delivered through the cleanness of your hands”; you have delivered an undeserving generation through the clean work of your hands.
革玛拉再讲 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 的一件事。拉比约哈难 说：这位义人一生都为一节经困惑：「上行之诗。当耶和华将那些被掳的带回锡安的时候，我们好像做梦的人。」他心想：真有人能睡着做梦七十年吗？巴比伦七十年之掳怎能比作一场梦？
革玛拉再讲述 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 的另一件事。
§ The Gemara relates another story about Ḥoni HaMe’aggel.
拉比约哈难 说：那位义人一生的日子，都为这节经的意思困惑：「上行之诗。当耶和华将那些被掳的带回锡安的时候，我们好像做梦的人」（诗篇 126:1）。
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: All the days of the life of that righteous man, Ḥoni, he was distressed over the meaning of this verse: “A song of Ascents: When the Lord brought back those who returned to Zion, we were like those who dream” (Psalms 126:1).
英译作「那些归回锡安的人」，此处照和合本。
他心里说：真有人能睡着、做梦做七十年吗？
He said to himself: Is there really a person who can sleep and dream for seventy years?
怎能把在巴比伦被掳的七十年比作一场梦呢？
How is it possible to compare the seventy-year exile in Babylonia to a dream?
有一天他在路上走，见一个人在种角豆树，就问他：这树要多少年才结果？那人说：要过七十年才结果。他说：你确知自己能活七十年、享用这树吗？那人说：我自己来到世上，就见世界满是角豆树；我的先人怎样为我栽种，我也照样为我的子孙栽种。
有一天，他正在路上走，看见一个人在种角豆树。何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 对他说：这棵树要过多少年才结果子？
One day, he was walking along the road when he saw a certain man planting a carob tree. Ḥoni said to him: This tree, after how many years will it bear fruit?
那人对他说：要过了七十年，它才结果子。何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 对他说：你很清楚自己能活七十年，以致指望享用这棵树吗？
The man said to him: It will not produce fruit until seventy years have passed. Ḥoni said to him: Is it obvious to you that you will live seventy years, that you expect to benefit from this tree?
他对他说：我这个人自己来到世上，就见世界满是角豆树。
He said to him: That man himself found a world full of carob trees.
正如我的先人为我栽种，我也为我的子孙栽种。
Just as my ancestors planted for me, I too am planting for my descendants.
他坐下吃饼，困倦袭来，就睡着了；四周生出一道岩壁，把他遮得无人看见，他就睡了七十年。醒来时，见一人从那树上摘角豆，他问：是你种了这树吗？那人说：我是种树人的孙子。他说：可见我睡了七十年；他又见自己的驴在这些年里已繁衍成了几群。
何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 坐下吃饼。
Ḥoni sat and ate bread.
困倦袭来，他就睡着了。
Sleep overcame him and he slept.
四周生出一道岩壁围住他，他就从人眼前隐没，睡了七十年。
A cliff formed around him, and he disappeared from sight and slept for seventy years.
他醒来的时候，看见一个人从那棵树上摘角豆。何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 对他说：种这棵树的就是你吗？
When he awoke, he saw a certain man gathering carobs from that tree. Ḥoni said to him: Are you the one who planted this tree?
那人对他说：我是他儿子的儿子。何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 对他说：由此我可以知道，我已睡了七十年；他果然看见，他的驴在这许多年间已繁衍出了好几群。
The man said to him: I am his son’s son. Ḥoni said to him: I can learn from this that I have slept for seventy years, and indeed he saw that his donkey had sired several herds during those many years.
他回家问家里的人：何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 的儿子还在吗？他们说：他儿子已不在了，他儿子的儿子还在。他说：我就是那人。他们不信他。他到学堂去，听见众贤称赞一位学者：他的 哈拉哈 明澈，如同那人在世的年日——那时他一进学堂，就为众贤解开一切难题。他说：我就是他。他们却不信，也不给他应有的尊荣。他极其难过，求怜悯而死。拉瓦 说：这就是俗话「要么有伴，要么就死」的由来。
何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 回到家里，对家里的人说：何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 的儿子还活着吗？
Ḥoni went home and said to the members of the household: Is the son of Ḥoni HaMe’aggel alive?
他们对他说：他的儿子已经不在我们中间了，他儿子的儿子还活着。
They said to him: His son is no longer with us, but his son’s son is alive.
他对他们说：我就是 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔。
He said to them: I am Ḥoni HaMe’aggel.
他们不信他。
They did not believe him.
他到学堂去，在那里听见众贤论到一位学者说：他的 哈拉哈 明澈清晰，如同 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 在世的年日，因为那时他一进学堂，就为众贤解开他们的一切难题。他对他们说：我就是他；他们却不信他，也不给他应有的尊荣。他极其难过，求神怜悯，就死了。
He went to the study hall, where he heard the Sages say about one scholar: His halakhot are as enlightening and as clear as in the years of Ḥoni HaMe’aggel, for when Ḥoni HaMe’aggel would enter the study hall he would resolve for the Sages any difficulty they had. Ḥoni said to them: I am he, but they did not believe him and did not pay him proper respect. Ḥoni became very upset, prayed for mercy, and died.
拉瓦 说：这就解释了人们常说的那句俗话：要么有伴，要么就死；因为没有朋友的人，不如死了。
Rava said: This explains the folk saying that people say: Either friendship or death, as one who has no friends is better off dead.
「要么有伴，要么就死」原文 אוֹ חַבְרוּתָא אוֹ מִיתוּתָא。
革玛拉再讲 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 的后人，他们也以义行著名。他儿子的儿子 阿巴·希勒基亚，世上需雨时，众贤就派人去找他，他求怜悯，雨就降下。有一次世上需雨，众贤派了两位学者去找他；他们到他家没找着，到田里见他在锄地，就向他问安（下接 23之间）……
革玛拉再讲述一件事，这次是关于 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 的后人，他们也以义行闻名。
§ The Gemara relates another story, this time about Ḥoni HaMe’aggel’s descendants, who were also renowned for their righteous deeds.
阿巴·希勒基亚 是 何尼·哈梅阿盖尔 儿子的儿子。
Abba Ḥilkiyya was the son of Ḥoni HaMe’aggel’s son.
每逢世上需要雨，他们就派众贤去找他，他就求神怜悯，雨就降下。
And when the world was in need of rain they would send Sages to him, and he would pray for mercy, and rain would fall.
有一次，世上需要雨，众贤派了两位学者去找他，好叫他求神怜悯，使雨降下。
Once the world was in need of rain, and the Sages sent a pair of Sages to him so that he would pray for mercy and rain would fall.
他们到他家里去，却没有在那里找到他。
They went to his house but they did not find him there.
他们到田里去，看见他正在锄地。
They went to the field and found him hoeing the ground.
他们向他问安……
They greeted him,