(续上)三人若都死在一日,或分四日死去,就不是瘟疫之灾。
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若三个人都死在同一日,或在四日之内死去,这就不是瘟疫之灾。
If all three died on one day or over four days, this is not a plague of pestilence.
← 斋戒卷总目·第三章 这些禁食的次序
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)三人若都死在一日,或分四日死去,就不是瘟疫之灾。
若三个人都死在同一日,或在四日之内死去,这就不是瘟疫之灾。
If all three died on one day or over four days, this is not a plague of pestilence.
为解释一日多死反不算瘟疫这条违反直觉的裁定,革玛拉记述:德罗卡特是能派出五百步兵之城,一日之内抬出三个死人,拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 就为此定了禁食。拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 问:你是照谁的意见定这禁食?必是照 拉比梅伊尔 的意见。
为解释一日之内多人死亡不表明是瘟疫这条违反直觉的裁定,革玛拉记述:德罗卡特是一座能派出五百步兵的城,一日之内从它那里抬出了三个死人。
In explanation of the counterintuitive ruling that many deaths in one day is not indicative of a plague, the Gemara relates: Drokart was a city that sent out five hundred infantrymen, and three dead were removed from it on one day.
拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 因这瘟疫定了一次禁食。
Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda decreed a fast on account of the plague.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:你是照谁的意见宣告这次禁食的?
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: In accordance with whose opinion did you declare this fast?
这必是照 拉比梅伊尔 的意见。
It must be in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir.
这与「已受警戒的牛」的界定相关:拉比梅伊尔 说,众贤认为牛隔日触人、即连续三日各触一次,主人就须全赔;若它在一日之内接连触人,岂不更该算作已受警戒的牛?然而这是少数意见;正如他的推理在牛的事上不被定为 哈拉哈,在瘟疫的事上也同样不被采纳。
这与「已受警戒的牛」的界定有关——就是一头触人次数已足、被视为须严加看管之危险牲畜的牛;因为 拉比梅伊尔 说:若牛的几次触人是彼此隔开的,就是照众贤所主张的那样,它连续三日触了三次,牛的主人须赔偿全部损失。
This is related to the definition of a forewarned ox, an animal that has gored enough times to be considered a dangerous beast that requires careful supervision, as Rabbi Meir said: The owner of an ox is liable to pay full damages if its acts of goring were separated, i.e., if it gored three times on three consecutive days, as claimed by the Rabbis.
若它的几次触人彼此相近,是在一日之内做的,这牲畜岂不更该被归为已受警戒的牛吗?
If its acts of goring were near each other, performed on a single day, is it not all the more so that this animal should be classified as a forewarned ox?
然而,拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 接着说,这代表的是少数的意见。
However, Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak continued, this represents a minority opinion.
正如 拉比梅伊尔 的推理在牛的情形中不被定为 哈拉哈,照样,在瘟疫的事上它也被驳回。
Just as Rabbi Meir’s reasoning is rejected for halakha in the case of an ox, so too it is rejected with regard to a plague.
拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 听了这番论证,请他来做本地的首领。他答:《巴拉伊塔》 早已教导,拉比约西 说:不是人的地方使人尊荣,而是人使他的地方尊荣。正如西奈山:神的临在停在山上时,妥拉说「在山根也不可叫羊群牛群吃草」;神的临在一离开,妥拉就说「到角声拖长的时候,他们才可上山」——可见圣洁不在地方本身。
拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 听了这番精彩的论证,就对 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:请夫子起来,到我们这里来住,做我们会众的首领。
Upon hearing this impressive argument, Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda said to Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: Let the Master arise and come to live with us as our community leader.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 对他说:我们早已在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里学过:拉比约西 说:不是人的地方使他尊荣,而是人使他的地方尊荣,正如我们在西奈山的事上所见:只要神的临在停在山上,妥拉就说:「在山根也不可叫羊群牛群吃草」(出埃及记 34:3)。
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to him: We already learned in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei says: It is not the place of a person that honors him; rather, the person honors his place, as we found with regard to Mount Sinai, that as long as the Divine Presence rested upon it, the Torah said: “Neither let the flocks nor the herds feed before that mount” (Exodus 34:3).
神的临在一离开那山,妥拉就说:「到角声拖长的时候,他们才可上山」(出埃及记 19:13)。
Once the Divine Presence departed from the mountain, the Torah said: “When the shofar sounds long they shall come up to the mount” (Exodus 19:13).
和合本作「到角声拖长的时候,他们才可到山根来」;革玛拉取其「上山」之意(原文 יַעֲלוּ בָהָר),照革玛拉读法译。英译「羊角号」和合本作「角声」,此处照和合本。
这表明那圣洁不是那地方本有的,而是因神的临在停在那里。
This indicates that the sanctity was not inherent to the place but was due to the Divine Presence resting there.
会幕也是这样:会幕立起时,妥拉说「要把长大麻风的……都出到营外」;帐幕一卷起、预备启行,漏症者 与长大麻风的就许进入它原先所在之处。那地方本无圣洁,只因神的临在停在那里;所以他认为自己不必为得尊荣而迁居。
我们在旷野里的会幕的事上也同样见到:每当会幕立起来,妥拉就说:「要把长大麻风的……都出到营外」(民数记 5:2)。
And we likewise found with regard to the Tent of Meeting that was in the wilderness, that whenever it was erected, the Torah said: “That they put out of the camp every leper” (Numbers 5:2).
和合本民数记 5:2 全句作「要把长大麻风的、患漏症的、因死尸不洁净的,都出到营外」,英译只引其首尾。
帷幕一卷起来,会幕预备好启行,漏症者 与长大麻风的就被许可进入它原先所在的地方。
Once the curtain was rolled up and the Tent of Meeting was prepared for travel, zavim and lepers were permitted to enter the place where it had stood.
那地方本身没有内在的圣洁;它之所以神圣,只是因为神的临在停在那里。
The place itself had no intrinsic sanctity; rather, it was sacred only because the Divine Presence was there.
因此 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 认为,他没有理由为得尊荣而迁居别处。
Accordingly, Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak maintained that there is no reason for him to move places to receive honor.
拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 说:那么让我去夫子那里学妥拉。他答:宁可「半数之子」的一百第纳尔去就「一百第纳尔之子」的一百第纳尔,不可反过来。意思是:他自己虽是学者,却出身平常,对方是学者之子,所以该是他去就对方。
拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 对 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:若是这样,让我起来到夫子那里去,向你学妥拉。
Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda said to Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: If so, let me arise and come to the Master, to learn Torah from you.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 对他说:宁可「半数之子」的一百第纳尔,就是五十第纳尔之子,去就「一百第纳尔之子」的一百第纳尔;却不可让「一百第纳尔之子」的一百第纳尔,去就「半数之子」的一百第纳尔。
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to him: It is better that one hundred dinars that is the son of a peras, fifty dinars, should come to one hundred dinars that is the son of one hundred dinars; but one hundred dinars that is the son of one hundred dinars, should not come to one hundred dinars that is the son of a peras.
「半数」原文 פְּרָס,意为一半,此处指一百第纳尔的一半,即五十第纳尔;与库里作量名的「半饼」不同义,故写中文。
换句话说,拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 虽然是一位有学问的学者,可比作一百第纳尔,由他去就 拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 却仍然更为合宜。
In other words, although Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak was a learned scholar, comparable to one hundred dinars, it was nevertheless more appropriate for him to come to Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda.
因为 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 是「半数之子」,就是一个平常人的儿子,拉夫希斯达之子拉夫纳赫曼 却是一位学者的儿子。
Whereas Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak was the son of a peras, an ordinary man, Rav Naḥman bar Rav Ḥisda was the son of a scholar.
革玛拉再记一则瘟疫之事:苏拉有瘟疫,拉夫 所住的街坊却没有。众人以为是凭他的大功德,梦中却显明:他的功德太大,这事太小,用不着他的功德;那街坊得免,是因为有一个人常把自己的锄头和铲子借给人预备葬地。
革玛拉再记述一件涉及瘟疫的事:有一回苏拉有瘟疫,拉夫 所住的街坊却没有瘟疫。
The Gemara relates another story involving a plague: Once there was a plague of pestilence in Sura, but in the neighborhood of Rav there was no pestilence.
因此众人以为这是由于 拉夫 的大功德。
The people therefore thought that this was due to Rav’s great merit.
然而在梦中向他们显明:拉夫 的功德太大,而这件事太小,用不着 拉夫 的功德。
However, it was revealed to them in a dream that Rav’s merit was too great and this matter too small for the merit of Rav to be involved.
而是,他的街坊得免,是由于某一个人的善行:他会把自己的锄头和铲子借给人,预备葬地。
Rather, his neighborhood was spared due to the acts of kindness of a certain man, who would lend his hoe [mara] and shovel [zevila] to prepare sites for burial.
「锄头」原文 מָרָא,「铲子」原文 זְבִילָא。
类似的事:德罗卡特失火,拉夫胡纳 所住的街坊却没有火。众人以为是凭他的大功德,梦中却显明:这事太小,他的功德用不着;是因为有一个妇人烧热了自己的炉子,就借给邻居用。
革玛拉记述一件类似的事。
The Gemara relates a similar incident.
德罗卡特有一场火灾,拉夫胡纳 所住的街坊却没有火。
In Drokart there was a fire, but in the neighborhood of Rav Huna there was no fire.
因此众人以为这是由于 拉夫胡纳 的大功德。
The people therefore thought that this was due to Rav Huna’s great merit.
在梦中向他们显明:这件事太小,用不着 拉夫胡纳 的功德来起作用。
It was revealed to them in a dream that this matter was too small for the merit of Rav Huna to have played a role.
而是由于某一个妇人:她烧热她的炉子,就把它借给她的邻居,就是让他们使用她的炉子。
Rather, it was due to a certain woman who heats her oven and lends it, i.e., the use of her oven, to her neighbors.
有人告诉 拉夫犹大 蝗虫来了,他就定了禁食。人说:它们没毁坏什么,只吃一点。他说:它们难道带了干粮,另有东西可吃?即使现在不害庄稼,不久也必吃掉。
他们对 拉夫犹大 说:蝗虫来到我们这一带了。
They said to Rav Yehuda: Locusts have come to our region.
拉夫犹大 定了一次禁食。
Rav Yehuda decreed a fast.
他们对他说:它们并没有毁坏什么,因为它们只吃一点。
They said to him: They are not destroying anything, as they are eating only a little.
他对他们说:它们难道随身带了干粮,另有东西可吃吗?
He said to them: Have they brought provisions with them, that they have something else to eat?
即便它们现在没有毁坏你们的庄稼,不久也必定会把庄稼吃掉。
Even if they are not damaging your crops now, they will certainly eat them soon.
又一回,有人告诉 拉夫犹大 猪群中有瘟疫,他也定了禁食。革玛拉问:莫非他认为一种牲畜遭的瘟疫会蔓延到各类?答:不是,别的情形不必担忧;猪却不同,它们的肠脏与人相似,病可能传到人身上。
又有一回,他们对 拉夫犹大 说:猪群中有瘟疫。
On another occasion, they said to Rav Yehuda: There is pestilence among the pigs.
拉夫犹大 定了一次禁食。
Rav Yehuda decreed a fast.
革玛拉问:我们是否可以说,拉夫犹大 认为,侵袭一类牲畜的瘟疫会侵袭所有的种类,所以他定了禁食?
The Gemara asks: Let us say that Rav Yehuda maintains that a plague affecting one species will come to affect all species, and that is why he decreed a fast.
革玛拉答:不,在别的情形中,没有理由担忧。
The Gemara answers: No, in other cases there is no cause for concern.
然而猪是不同的,因为它们的肠脏与人的相似。
However, pigs are different, as their intestines are similar to those of humans.
因此,它们的病可能传到人身上。
Consequently, their disease might spread to people.
有人告诉 撒母耳 离巴比伦颇远的贝·霍扎伊一带有瘟疫,他就定了禁食。人说:那离这里远。他说:这里没有渡口能拦住瘟疫,所以要担忧它会传到我们这里。
他们对 撒母耳 说:贝·霍扎伊一带有瘟疫,那里离巴比伦颇远。
They said to Shmuel: There is pestilence in the region of Bei Ḥozai, which is quite a distance from Babylonia.
「贝·霍扎伊」原文 בֵּי חוֹזָאֵי,即今胡齐斯坦一带。
撒母耳 定了一次禁食。
Shmuel decreed a fast.
他们对他说:可是那里离这里远。
They said to him: But it is far from here.
他说:这里没有渡口能拦住瘟疫,所以要担忧它会传到我们这里。
He said: There is no crossing here that will stop the pestilence, and therefore there is cause for concern that it will reach us.
有人告诉 拉夫纳赫曼 以色列地有瘟疫,他就在巴比伦定了禁食,说:主母以色列地既遭了灾,婢女巴比伦岂不更要遭灾吗?
他们对 拉夫纳赫曼 说:以色列地有瘟疫。
They said to Rav Naḥman: There is pestilence in Eretz Yisrael.
拉夫纳赫曼 在巴比伦定了一次禁食,说:若主母,就是以色列地,遭了灾,婢女,就是巴比伦,岂不更要遭灾吗?
Rav Naḥman decreed a fast in Babylonia, saying: If the lady of the house, i.e., Eretz Yisrael, is afflicted, is it not all the more so that the maidservant, Babylonia, will be afflicted?
革玛拉问:这理由只因以色列地对流散之地是主母、流散之地是婢女;由此推知,婢女对婢女,即流散中的两地,就不必禁食。可是前面 撒母耳 听说贝·霍扎伊有瘟疫,就在尼哈尔德阿定了禁食,而尼哈尔德阿对那里并不算主母。答:那里不同,因为常有商队从贝·霍扎伊往尼哈尔德阿去,瘟疫会随商队而来。
革玛拉问:这条裁定的理由显然只是因为以色列地相对于流散之地是主母,而流散之地被比作婢女。
The Gemara asks: The reason for this ruling is apparently only because Eretz Yisrael is a lady in comparison to the Diaspora, which is likened to a maidservant.
由此可以推知:在婢女与婢女的情形,就是流散之地的两个地方,就没有理由禁食。
It may be inferred from this that in a case involving a maidservant and a maidservant, i.e., two places in the Diaspora, there is no reason to fast.
可是在前面那件事里,他们对 撒母耳 说:贝·霍扎伊一带有瘟疫,他就在尼哈尔德阿定了一次禁食,尽管尼哈尔德阿相对于贝·霍扎伊并不被视为主母。
But in the previous story, when they said to Shmuel: There is pestilence in the region of Bei Ḥozai, he decreed a fast in Neharde’a, despite the fact that Neharde’a is not considered a lady with respect to Bei Ḥozai.
革玛拉答:那里是不同的。
The Gemara answers: It is different there.
既然有商队经常从贝·霍扎伊往尼哈尔德阿去,瘟疫就会附着在商队里,随它们一同而来。
Since there are caravans that regularly travel from Bei Ḥozai to Neharde’a, the pestilence will join and accompany them in the caravans.
说到平常人的功德,革玛拉记述:放血者阿巴 每日都从天上的学堂得问安,拉瓦 只在每年赎罪日前夕得一次,阿巴耶 则每逢安息日前夕得问安,并为此忧闷,不明白放血的人为何比他更得尊荣;天上对他说:那人所行的,你行不来。
既然上文的几件事论到平常人的功德,革玛拉就记述:放血者阿巴 每日都会从天上的学堂得到问安,阿巴耶 每逢安息日前夕得到这样的问安,拉瓦 却只在每年一次、在赎罪日前夕得到问安。
§ Apropos the above stories that deal with the merits of ordinary people, the Gemara relates: Abba the Bloodletter would receive greetings from the yeshiva on High every day, and Abaye would receive these greetings every Shabbat eve, and Rava would receive greetings only once a year on Yom Kippur eve.
阿巴耶 因 放血者阿巴 的缘故而忧闷,因为他不明白为什么 放血者阿巴 所得的尊荣比他大。
Abaye was distressed due to Abba the Bloodletter, as he did not understand why Abba received greater honor than he did.
他们对他说:他所行的,你行不来,所以你不配得同样的尊荣。
They said to him: You are unable to perform what he does, and therefore you do not merit the same honor.
他的义行是什么?放血时他让男人与女人分开进来,以守端庄;他备有一件在切口处开缝的衣服,女人来了就叫她穿上,免得看见她露体;他又设一处隐蔽的地方,让人把报酬的钱投在那里,有钱的就投,没有钱的也不致羞愧。
革玛拉问:放血者阿巴 这些义行是什么呢?
The Gemara asks: And what were these righteous deeds of Abba the Bloodletter?
革玛拉解释:他行放血这事的时候,会让男人与女人分开进来,是为端庄的缘故。
The Gemara explains that when he would perform a matter of bloodletting, he would bring in men separately from women, for reasons of modesty.
他有一件特制的衣服,在切口之处有一条缝,放血的器具就从那里伸进去。
And he had a special garment that had a slit in the place of the incision [kusilta] where the bloodletting instrument was inserted.
「切口」原文 כּוּסִילְתָּא。
有女人来到他那里,他就让她穿上那件衣服,好叫自己不看见她露体。
When a woman came to him, he would have her dress in that garment, so that he would not see her exposed.
此外,他在工作之处有一个隐蔽的地方,顾客会把钱放在那里,那就是他所收的报酬。
And furthermore, he had a hidden place where he worked, where customers would place the coins [peshitei] that he would take as his fee.
「钱」原文 פְּשִׁיטֵי,泛指小钱,非特指库里那种钱币,故写中文。
这样,有钱的人会把钱投在那里,而没有钱的人也不致羞愧。
In this manner, one who had money would throw it there, while one who did not have money was not embarrassed.
妥拉学者来放血,他分文不取,学者起身后还给他钱,叫他去买吃的调养。一日,阿巴耶 差两位贤哲去察看他义行到何等地步;他请他们坐下,给他们吃喝,夜里又铺开毯子让他们睡。(下接 22a)
有妥拉学者来找他放血,他就一文不取;学者起身之后,放血者阿巴 还会给他钱,对他说:去用这钱买吃的,调养你自己,因为放血之后吃有益的食物是要紧的。
When a Torah scholar came to him for bloodletting, he would take no pay from him, and after the scholar arose, Abba would give him money and say to him: Go and purchase food with this money to heal yourself, as it is important to eat healthy food after bloodletting.
有一日,阿巴耶 差了两位贤哲去察看 放血者阿巴 的义行到了何等地步。
One day, Abaye sent a pair of Sages to investigate the extent of Abba the Bloodletter’s righteousness.
放血者阿巴 请他们坐下,给他们吃,又给他们喝。
Abba the Bloodletter sat them down, and gave them food to eat, and gave them something to drink.
到了夜里,他为他们铺开毯子,让他们睡在上面。
And at night he spread out mats [bistarkei] for them to sleep on.
「毯子」原文 בִּיסְתַּרְקֵי,英译此处作 mats,下段作 rugs,统一译「毯子」。