(续上)……因为梅霍扎城里兵丁众多,若叫他们都进来吃,他们会把我所有的食物吃光。
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因为梅霍扎城里兵丁众多,我若叫他们都进来吃,他们会把我所有的食物全吃光。
due to the fact that there are many soldiers in the city of Meḥoza, and if I let them all eat, they will take all the food I own.
← 斋戒卷总目·第三章 这些禁食的次序
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 2 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)……因为梅霍扎城里兵丁众多,若叫他们都进来吃,他们会把我所有的食物吃光。
因为梅霍扎城里兵丁众多,我若叫他们都进来吃,他们会把我所有的食物全吃光。
due to the fact that there are many soldiers in the city of Meḥoza, and if I let them all eat, they will take all the food I own.
革玛拉再记一则与危墙有关的事:伊尔法 与 拉比约哈难 一同研读妥拉,以致十分窘迫。两人商量去经商,好叫「在你们中间没有穷人」一节应在自己身上;他们坐在一堵将倒的墙下吃饼,来了两位服役的天使。
革玛拉再记述一件涉及危墙的事。
§ The Gemara relates another story that involves an unstable wall.
伊尔法 与 拉比约哈难 一同研读妥拉,结果他们的钱财十分窘迫。
Ilfa and Rabbi Yoḥanan studied Torah together, and as a result they became very hard-pressed for money.
他们说:我们起来去做买卖吧,好叫这一节经文应验在我们自己身上:「在你们中间没有穷人了」(申命记 15:4),因为我们就不再是一贫如洗的人了。
They said: Let us get up and go and engage in commerce, and we will fulfill, with regard to ourselves, the verse: “Although there should be no needy among you” (Deuteronomy 15:4), as we will no longer be complete paupers.
和合本申命记 15:4 全句作「你若只留意听从耶和华你神的话……就必在你们中间没有穷人了」,此处只取末句。
他们去坐在一堵将要倒塌的墙下吃饼,这时来了两位服役的天使。
They went and sat under a dilapidated wall and were eating bread, when two ministering angels arrived.
拉比约哈难 听见一位天使要推倒墙压死他们,因他们撇下永生的妥拉去求暂时的生计;另一位说:放过他们,其中一人的显达之时还在前头。同伴却什么也没听见。他问过同伴之后,便推知那将显达的是自己。
拉比约哈难 听见一位天使对另一位说:我们把这堵墙推倒在他们身上,压死他们吧,因为他们撇下研读妥拉的永生,去从事为自己谋生的暂时之生。
Rabbi Yoḥanan heard that one angel said to the other: Let us knock this wall down upon them and kill them, as they abandon eternal life of Torah study and engage in temporal life for their own sustenance.
另一位对他说:放过他们吧,因为他们当中有一人,他显达的时候还在他前头,就是他的时候还没有到。
The other angel said to him: Leave them, as there is one of them whose time of achievement stands before him, i.e., his time has yet to come.
拉比约哈难 听见了这一切,伊尔法 却没有听见天使的对话。
Rabbi Yoḥanan heard all this, but Ilfa did not hear the angels’ conversation.
拉比约哈难 对 伊尔法 说:夫子听见什么了吗?
Rabbi Yoḥanan said to Ilfa: Did the Master hear anything?
伊尔法 对他说:没有。
Ilfa said to him: No.
拉比约哈难 心里说:既然我听见了天使的话,伊尔法 却没有听见,我就可以从中得知,显达之时在前头的就是我。
Rabbi Yoḥanan said to himself: Since I heard the angels and Ilfa did not hear, I can learn from this that it is I whose time of achievement stands before me.
拉比约哈难 于是决意回家,让相反的一节「那地上的穷人永不断绝」应在自己身上。他回到学堂,伊尔法 却去经商;等后者回来,他已被立为学堂之首,家境也好转了。
拉比约哈难 对 伊尔法 说:我要回家去,让相反的那一节经文应验在我自己身上:「原来那地上的穷人永不断绝」(申命记 15:11)。
Rabbi Yoḥanan said to Ilfa: I will return home and fulfill with regard to myself the contrary verse: “For the poor shall never cease out of the land” (Deuteronomy 15:11).
拉比约哈难 回到了学堂,伊尔法 却没有回去,而是去做买卖了。
Rabbi Yoḥanan returned to the study hall, and Ilfa did not return, but went to engage in business instead.
等到 伊尔法 经商远行回来的时候,拉比约哈难 已经被立为学堂之首,他的家境也好转了。
By the time that Ilfa came back from his business travels, Rabbi Yoḥanan had been appointed head of the academy, and his financial situation had improved.
同伴对 伊尔法 说:你若坐下研读,岂不也被立为学堂之首?他便把自己吊在船桅上,说:谁若拿 拉比希亚 与 拉比奥沙亚 的 《巴拉伊塔》 问我,而我不能从密释纳给他解答,我就从桅上掉下淹死——要表明经商这些年,他的妥拉学问并未丢失。
他的同伴对 伊尔法 说:夫子若是坐下研读,而不去做买卖,夫子岂不也会被立为学堂之首吗?
His colleagues said to Ilfa: If the Master had sat and studied, instead of going off to his business ventures, wouldn’t the Master have been appointed head of the academy?
伊尔法 就去把自己吊在一条船的桅杆上,说:若有人能拿 拉比希亚 与 拉比奥沙亚 的一条 《巴拉伊塔》 问我一个问题,而我不能从一条密释纳解决他的难题,我就从这船的桅杆上掉下去淹死。
Ilfa went and suspended himself from the mast [askariya] of a ship, saying: If there is anyone who can ask me a question concerning a baraita of Rabbi Ḥiyya and Rabbi Oshaya, and I do not resolve his problem from a mishna, I will fall from the mast of this ship and be drowned.
「桅杆」原文 אַסְקַרְיָא。
伊尔法 是要表明:尽管他在经商上花了许多时间,他仍保有他渊博的妥拉学问。
Ilfa sought to demonstrate that despite the time he had spent in business, he still retained his extensive Torah knowledge.
有一位老人来在他面前念了一条 《巴拉伊塔》:人临终立嘱说「每周给我儿子们一舍客勒」,而照他们的需要,法庭该给他们一 塞拉,就给他们一 塞拉,因为他提舍客勒是指照所需而给;但他若说「只给他们一舍客勒」,法庭就只给一舍客勒。
有一位老人来,在他面前念了一条 《巴拉伊塔》:若有人临终时在遗嘱里说:每周给我的儿子们一舍客勒;而这情形是,照他们的需要,他们适合由法庭给他们一个 塞拉,就是加倍的数目,那么法庭就给他们一个 塞拉。
A certain old man came and taught a baraita before him: If there is a man who, upon his deathbed, says in his will: Give a shekel to my sons every week, but this is a situation where, based on their needs, they are fit for the court to give them a sela, i.e., double the amount, they give them a sela.
那临终的人提到一舍客勒时,他大概是指该照他们实际的需要给他们一笔钱,而不是指那个确切的数目。
When the dying man mentioned a shekel, he presumably meant that they should be given a sum in accordance with their actual requirements, not that specific amount.
但他若说:只给他们一舍客勒,法庭就只给他们一舍客勒,不多给。
But if he said: Give them only a shekel, the court gives them only a shekel and no more.
那 《巴拉伊塔》 又说:他若说「我儿子们若死了,由别人承受他们的份」,不论他说的是「给他们一舍客勒」还是「只给他们一舍客勒」,法庭每周都只给一舍客勒,因他显然有意把大部分财产留给别人。伊尔法 问:这是照谁的意见?他自己答:照 拉比梅伊尔 的意见,即遵行死者之言是一项诫命;整条都可由密释纳里「务要执行死者心愿」的原则解明。
那条 《巴拉伊塔》 又说:若有人说:我的儿子们若死了,由别人代替他们承受他们的份;那么不论他说的是:给他们一舍客勒,还是说的是:只给他们一舍客勒,法庭每周都只给他的儿子们一舍客勒,因为他们的父亲清楚表明,他只愿给他的儿子们一份定额的津贴,而有意把他大部分的财产留给别人。
The baraita further states that if one said: If my sons die, others should inherit their portion in their stead, regardless of whether he said: Give them a shekel, or whether he said: Give them only a shekel, then the court gives his sons only a shekel per week, as their father clearly stated that he wishes to give his sons only a specific stipend and that he intends to leave the bulk of his property to others.
伊尔法 对那老人说:这条裁定是照谁的意见?
Ilfa said to the old man: In accordance with whose opinion is this ruling?
这是照 拉比梅伊尔 的意见,他说:遵行死者的话是一项诫命。
It is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, who said: It is a mitzva to fulfill the statement of the dead.
英译第 3、4 句当是 伊尔法 自答,英译未标明说话人,照译。
这整条 《巴拉伊塔》 都可以根据一条密释纳里的一项原则来解释:在一切情形中,人都当设法执行死者的心愿。
This entire baraita can be explained based on a principle that appears in a mishna: In all cases, one should try to execute the wishes of the deceased.
革玛拉再记一件与破屋有关的事:人说 甘·佐的拿鸿 双目失明,两臂两腿都被截去,全身长满疮,躺在一间破屋里,床脚放在水桶里,免得蚂蚁爬上他身。门生想先搬床再搬器物,他却叫他们先搬器物,说只要他在屋里,屋子就不会倒;他们照做,床一搬出,屋子立时倒塌。
革玛拉再记述一件涉及一座破旧房屋的事。
§ The Gemara relates another story about a rundown building.
人论到 甘·佐的拿鸿 说:他双目失明,两条手臂被截去,两条腿被截去,全身长满了疮。
They said about Naḥum of Gam Zu that he was blind in both eyes, both his arms were amputated, both his legs were amputated, and his entire body was covered in boils.
英译作 Naḥum of Gam Zu;照库中正式写法作 甘·佐的拿鸿(之间308)。
他躺在一间破屋里,他床的腿放在几桶水里,免得蚂蚁爬到他身上,因为他没有别的法子把它们挡开。
And he was lying in a dilapidated house, and legs of his bed were placed in buckets of water so that ants should not climb onto him, as he was unable to keep them off in any other manner.
有一回,他的门生要把他的床从屋里搬出来,然后再搬出他别的器物。
Once his students sought to remove his bed from the house and afterward remove his other vessels.
他对他们说:孩子们,先搬器物,然后再搬我的床,因为我可以向你们担保:只要我在屋里,这屋子就不会倒。
He said to them: My sons, remove the vessels first, and afterward remove my bed, as I can guarantee you that as long as I am in the house, the house will not fall.
他们果然搬出了器物,然后搬出了他的床,屋子随即就倒塌了。
Indeed they removed the vessels and afterward they removed his bed, and immediately the house collapsed.
门生问:你既是全然的义人,为何遭这些苦?他说:是我自己招来的。他讲述:一回他往岳父家去,驴驮着吃的、喝的与美食,有个穷人拦路求他周济;他叫那人等他卸下驴驮,还没卸完,那人就断了气。
他的门生对他说:老师,既然你显然是一位全然的义人——我们刚才看见,只要你在你屋里,它就没有倒——为什么这些苦难临到你呢?
His students said to him: Rabbi, since you are evidently a wholly righteous man, as we have just seen that as long as you were in your house it did not fall, why has this suffering befallen you?
他对他们说:孩子们,这是我自己招来的。
He said to them: My sons, I brought it upon myself.
甘·佐的拿鸿 对他们讲述了下面的事:有一回,我在往我岳父家去的路上,我带着分驮在三头驴上的货物,一头驮着吃的,一头驮着喝的,一头驮着美食。
Naḥum of Gam Zu related to them the following: As once I was traveling along the road to my father-in-law’s house, and I had with me a load distributed among three donkeys, one of food, one of drink, and one of delicacies.
有一个穷人来,在路上站在我面前,说:我的老师,周济我吧。
A poor person came and stood before me in the road, saying: My rabbi, sustain me.
我对他说:等我把驴上的东西卸下来,然后我就给你一点吃的。
I said to him: Wait until I unload the donkey, after which I will give you something to eat.
然而我还没来得及把驴上的东西卸下来,他的魂就离开了他的身体。
However, I had not managed to unload the donkey before his soul left his body.
他扑在那人脸上,咒自己不怜悯那人的眼、手、腿都该瞎、该截去,直到说出愿全身长疮,心里才安;他祈求以这苦赎他的过失。门生说:看见你这样,我们有祸了。他说:你们若没看见我这样,我才有祸,因这苦为我赎罪。
我就去扑在他脸上,说:愿我那不怜悯你眼睛的眼睛瞎掉;愿我那不怜悯你双手的双手被截去;愿我那不怜悯你双腿的双腿被截去。
I went and fell upon his face and said: May my eyes, which had no compassion on your eyes, be blinded; may my hands, which had no compassion on your hands, be amputated; may my legs, which had no compassion on your legs, be amputated.
我的心不得安宁,直到我说:愿我全身长满了疮。
And my mind did not rest until I said: May my whole body be covered in boils.
甘·佐的拿鸿 祈求让他的苦难为他的过失赎罪。
Naḥum of Gam Zu prayed that his suffering might atone for his failure.
他的门生对他说:即便如此,我们看见你这个样子,我们有祸了。
His students said to him: Even so, woe to us that we have seen you in this state.
他对他们说:你们若没有看见我这个样子,我才有祸了,因为这苦难为我赎罪。
He said to them: Woe is me if you had not seen me in this state, as this suffering atones for me.
他为何叫 甘·佐的拿鸿?因为遇见任何事,他都说:这也是为好。一回犹太人要给皇帝送礼,派惯见神迹的他去,带着一箱珠宝。他夜宿客店,店里的人偷去珠宝,填满泥土;次日他见了,仍说:这也是为好。
革玛拉问:人为什么称他为 甘·佐的拿鸿?
The Gemara inquires: And why did they call him Naḥum of Gam Zu?
理由是:遇到他身上的任何事,他都会说:这也是为好。
The reason is that with regard to any matter that occurred to him, he would say: This too is for the good [gam zu letova].
「这也是为好」原文 גַּם זוּ לְטוֹבָה,与他的名号 גַּם זוּ 谐音。
有一回,犹太人想送一份礼物到皇帝的宫里去。
Once, the Jews wished to send a gift [doron] to the house of the emperor.
「礼物」原文 דּוֹרוֹן。
他们说:谁该去献上这份礼物?
They said: Who should go and present this gift?
让 甘·佐的拿鸿 去吧,因为他惯见神迹。
Let Naḥum of Gam Zu go, as he is accustomed to miracles.
他们差他带着一只装满珠宝与珍珠的箱子去,他去了,在某一家客店里过夜。
They sent with him a chest [sifta] full of jewels and pearls, and he went and spent the night in a certain inn.
「箱子」原文 סִפְטָא。
夜里,客店里这些住客起来,把箱里所有贵重的珠宝和珍珠都拿走,又往里面填满了泥土。
During the night, these residents of the inn arose and took all of the precious jewels and pearls from the chest, and filled it with earth.
第二天,甘·佐的拿鸿 看见发生的事,就说:这也是为好。
The next day, when he saw what had happened, Naḥum of Gam Zu said: This too is for the good.
到了王宫,箱子一开,满是泥土,王要处死犹太使者,说他们戏弄他;他仍说:这也是为好。先知 以利亚 扮作王的一位大臣显现,说:这土或许出自他们祖先 亚伯拉罕 的土——撒土成刀,撒碎秸成箭,正如经上所说「把他们如灰尘交与他的刀,如风吹的碎秸交与他的弓」。
他到了那里,就是到了君王的宫中,他们打开箱子,看见里面装满了泥土。
When he arrived there, at the ruler’s palace, they opened the chest and saw that it was filled with earth.
王想要把所有犹太使者都处死。
The king wished to put all the Jewish emissaries to death.
他说:犹太人戏弄我。
He said: The Jews are mocking me.
甘·佐的拿鸿 说:这也是为好。
Naḥum of Gam Zu said: This too is for the good.
先知 以利亚 来了,扮作王的一位大臣,在王面前显现。
Elijah the Prophet came and appeared before the ruler as one of his ministers.
他对王说:这土或许是出自他们祖先 亚伯拉罕 的土。
He said to the ruler: Perhaps this earth is from the earth of their father Abraham.
因为他撒土,土就变成刀剑;他撒碎秸,碎秸就变成箭,正如一段预言里所写的——众贤将这节经文解作指 亚伯拉罕 说——:「把他们如灰尘交与他的刀,如风吹的碎秸交与他的弓」(以赛亚书 41:2)。
As when he threw earth, it turned into swords, and when he threw stubble, it turned into arrows, as it is written in a prophecy that the Sages interpreted this verse as a reference to Abraham: “His sword makes them as the dust, his bow as the driven stubble” (Isaiah 41:2).
有一个省,罗马人一直攻不下;他们取这土试着撒向敌人,就攻下了那省。王见这土果有神效,臣仆便进库房,把珠宝珍珠装满他的箱子,极尊荣地送他回去。
有一个省,罗马人一直无法攻取。
There was one province that the Romans were unable to conquer.
他们取了些这土,撒向他们的敌人试验它,就攻取了那个省。
They took some of this earth, tested it by throwing it at their enemies, and conquered that province.
王看见这土果真有神奇的效力,他的臣仆就进了他的库房,用贵重的珠宝和珍珠装满 甘·佐的拿鸿 的箱子,极其尊荣地送他走了。
When the ruler saw that this earth indeed had miraculous powers, his servants entered his treasury and filled Naḥum of Gam Zu’s chest with precious jewels and pearls and sent him off with great honor.
他又宿在那家客店,店里的人问他给皇帝带了什么,竟得这般尊荣。他说:我从这里拿的,就带到了那里。他们以为自家房下的土有神效,便拆了客店,把地下的土送到王宫,说那土原出自他们的产业。其实神迹只是凭他的功德而行;皇帝在战场上试这土,毫无效力,就把他们处死了。
甘·佐的拿鸿 来到同一家客店过夜时,住客对他说:你给皇帝带了什么去,他竟赐你这样大的尊荣?
When Naḥum of Gam Zu came to spend the night at that same inn, the residents said to him: What did you bring with you to the emperor that he bestowed upon you such great honor?
他对他们说:我从这里拿的,就带到了那里。
He said to them: That which I took from here, I brought there.
客店的住客听见这话,就以为他们房子所在的土有神奇的效力。
When they heard this, the residents of the inn thought that the soil upon which their house stood had miraculous powers.
他们拆毁了他们的客店,把底下的土送到王宫。
They tore down their inn and brought the soil underneath to the king’s palace.
他们对王说:先前送到这里来的那土,原是出自我们的产业。
They said to him: That earth that was brought here was from our property.
那神迹只是凭 甘·佐的拿鸿 的功德才行出来的。
The miracle had been performed only in the merit of Naḥum of Gam Zu.
皇帝在战阵中试验客店的土,发现它并没有神奇的效力,就把客店这些住客处死了。
The emperor tested the inn’s soil in battle, and it was not found to have miraculous powers, and he had these residents of the inn put to death.
革玛拉回到密释纳:怎样算是瘟疫之灾?密释纳说能派出五百步兵之城连续三日各抬出一个死人即是。众贤又教导:能派出一千五百步兵之城,如阿科村,连续三日抬出九个死人,每日三个,就算是瘟疫之灾。
密释纳教导:怎样的算是瘟疫之灾?
§ The mishna taught: What is considered a plague of pestilence?
若一座能派出五百步兵的城,连续三日从它那里抬出三个死人,每日一个,这就是瘟疫之灾。
If it is a city that sends out five hundred infantrymen, and three dead are removed from it on three consecutive days, one dead per day, this is a plague of pestilence.
众贤教导:若一座能派出一千五百步兵的城,就是至少有一千五百男丁人口的城,例如阿科村,连续三日从它那里抬出九个死人,就是每日三个,这就算是瘟疫之灾。
The Sages taught: If a city that sends out fifteen hundred infantrymen, i.e., one that has a population of at least fifteen hundred men, e.g., the village of Akko, and nine dead are removed from it on three consecutive days, i.e., three dead per day, this is considered a plague of pestilence.
「阿科村」原文 כְּפַר עַכּוֹ。
九人若都死在一日,别的日子无人死,或九人分四日死去,就不是瘟疫之灾。能派出五百步兵之城,如阿米科村,连续三日抬出三个死人,这是瘟疫之灾。
若九个人都死在同一日,其余的日子没有人死,或者九个人在四日之内死去,这就不是瘟疫之灾。
If all nine died on a single day, while none died on the other days, or if the nine died over a period of four days, this is not a plague of pestilence.
一座能派出五百步兵的城,例如阿米科村,连续三日从它那里抬出三个死人,这就是瘟疫之灾。
And a city that sends out five hundred infantrymen, for example, the village of Amiko, and three dead are removed from it on three consecutive days, this is a plague of pestilence.
「阿米科村」原文 כְּפַר עֲמִיקוּ。