(续上)……如同他在初九日与初十日都禁了食。
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……如同他在初九日与初十日两日都禁了食一样。
as though he fasted on both the ninth and the tenth.
← 岁首卷总目·第一章 四个岁首
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 12 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)……如同他在初九日与初十日都禁了食。
……如同他在初九日与初十日两日都禁了食一样。
as though he fasted on both the ninth and the tenth.
§ 革玛拉续论禧年。众贤在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教:经上说「第五十年,你们要当作圣年,在遍地给一切的居民宣告自由;这年必为你们的禧年」(利未记 25:10)。「必为禧年」教导:虽没把产业归还原主、没吹 羊角号,仍是禧年,禧年的 哈拉哈 照行。人或以为连没释放奴仆也仍是禧年,所以说「必为」,是限定之词:须至少守一条根本的 哈拉哈,不然就不是禧年。这是 拉比犹大 的话。
革玛拉接着论禧年这个题目。
§ The Gemara continues with the topic of the Jubilee Year.
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:经上说:「第五十年,你们要当作圣年,在遍地给一切的居民宣告自由;这年必为你们的禧年」(利未记 25:10)。
The Sages taught in a baraita: The verse states: “And you shall hallow the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty throughout all the land to all its inhabitants; it shall be a Jubilee for you” (Leviticus 25:10).
「必为禧年」这几个字是来教导:虽然他们没有把产业归还原主,虽然他们也没有吹 羊角号,它仍是禧年,禧年的诸条 哈拉哈 仍然适用。
The words “it shall be a Jubilee” come to teach that although they did not release property to its original owners, and although they did not sound the shofar, it is nevertheless a Jubilee Year, and the halakhot of the Jubilee year apply.
人或许会以为:即便他们没有释放奴仆,它也仍是禧年。
One might have thought that although they did not send free the slaves it is also still a Jubilee Year.
所以经上说:「必为」,这是一个限定之词。
Therefore, the verse states: “It shall be,” this being a term of limitation.
这是教导:这一年根本的诸条 哈拉哈 中至少必须守一条,不然它就不是禧年。
This teaches that at least one of the essential halakhot of the year must be observed, and if not, it is not a Jubilee Year.
这是 拉比犹大 的话。
This is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda.
拉比约西 说:「这年必为你们的禧年」——虽没归还产业、没释放奴仆,仍是禧年。人或以为连没吹 羊角号 也仍是禧年,所以说「必为」:须行某件事,在这里就是须吹 羊角号,不然就不是禧年。
拉比约西 说:「这年必为你们的禧年」;虽然他们没有把产业归还原主,虽然他们也没有释放奴仆,它仍是禧年。
Rabbi Yosei says: “It shall be a Jubilee for you”; although they did not release property to its original owners, and although they did not send free the slaves, it is nevertheless a Jubilee Year.
人或许会以为:即便他们没有吹 羊角号,它也仍是禧年。
One might have thought that although they did not sound the shofar, it is also still a Jubilee Year.
所以经上说:「必为。」必须行某个举动。
Therefore, the verse states: “It shall be.” Some act must be performed.
在这情形里,必须吹 羊角号,不然它就不是禧年。
In this case, the shofar must be sounded, otherwise it is not a Jubilee Year.
拉比约西 解释他的立场:既有一节经包括、一节经排除,我凭什么说没释放奴仆仍是禧年,却须吹了 羊角号 才是?因为可能没有释放奴仆的事——或许谁都没有奴仆可放;却不可能没有吹 羊角号 的事——羊角号 总找得到。所以不可或缺的必是吹 羊角号。
拉比约西 解释他的立场:既然一节经包括了禧年有效的情形,另一节经又排除了这样的情形,我凭什么理由说:虽然他们没有释放奴仆,它仍是禧年;却只有他们吹了 羊角号,它才是禧年呢?
Rabbi Yosei explains his position: Since one verse includes situations where the Jubilee is in force, and another verse excludes such situations, for what reason do I say that it is a Jubilee Year although they did not send free the slaves, but it is a Jubilee Year only if they sounded the shofar?
这是因为可能没有释放奴仆这回事,因为或许谁都没有奴仆可以释放;然而不可能没有吹 羊角号 这回事,因为 羊角号 总是找得到的。
This is since it is possible that there would be no sending free of slaves, as perhaps no one has any slaves to release, but it is impossible that there would be no sounding of the shofar, as a shofar can always be found.
所以,那对禧年不可或缺的准则,必是吹 羊角号。
Therefore, it must be that it is the sounding of the shofar that is the indispensable criterion for the Jubilee Year.
另一解:吹 羊角号 是交托给法庭的,法庭有义务吹;释放奴仆却不交托给法庭,而交托给各个奴仆的主人。合理的是:不可或缺的准则在法庭手里,不在个人手里。
另一解:这件事,就是吹 羊角号,是交托给法庭的,法庭有义务吹它。
Alternatively: This, sounding the shofar, is given over to the court, which is obligated to blow it.
然而那件事,就是释放奴仆,不是交托给法庭,而是交托给每一个奴仆的主人。
But that, setting the slaves free, is not given over to the court but to each individual slave owner.
合理的是:那不可或缺的准则,是在法庭手里的那一件,而不是在个人手里的那一件。
It stands to reason that the indispensable criterion is one that is in the hands of the court and not in the hands of individuals.
革玛拉问:拉比约西 何必加「另一解」?前一个解释为何不够?答:有必要——你若说世界尽头也不可能没有一个奴仆的主人,因而不可能有无奴仆可放的时候,你仍可说:吹 羊角号 交托给法庭,释放奴仆却不交托给法庭。
革玛拉问:拉比约西 何必加上「另一解」?
The Gemara asks: What is the need for Rabbi Yosei to add: Alternatively?
他的第一个解释为什么不够?
Why is his first explanation insufficient?
革玛拉答:这是必要的,因为你若说:在世界的尽头也不可能没有至少一个奴仆的主人,所以不可想象会有一个时候没有奴仆被释放,你仍可以说:这件事,就是吹 羊角号,是交托给法庭的;然而那件事,就是释放奴仆,不是交托给法庭的。
The Gemara answers: It is necessary, as, if you say that it is impossible that there should not be at least one slave owner at the end of the world, and therefore it is inconceivable that there will ever be a time when there are no slaves that are set free, you can nevertheless say that this, sounding the shofar, is given over to the court, but that, setting the slaves free, is not given over to the court.
革玛拉问:照 拉比约西,这很清楚;照 拉比犹大,释放奴仆为何是不可或缺的准则?革玛拉解释:经上说「在遍地给一切的居民宣告自由」,紧接着说「这年必为你们的禧年」;他以为经文可就紧挨着的前一分句讲解,不就再前一分句讲解。所以「必为」所含的排除,指的是紧挨着的「宣告自由」,就是释放奴仆,不指再前面的「在赎罪日,要在遍地吹 羊角号」。
革玛拉问:姑且承认,照 拉比约西 这是清楚的,因为他已陈述了他的理由。
The Gemara asks: Granted, this is clear according to Rabbi Yosei, as he has stated his reasoning.
然而照 拉比犹大,释放奴仆是禧年不可或缺之准则的理由是什么?
But according to Rabbi Yehuda, what is the reason that the indispensable criterion for the Jubilee Year is sending free the slaves?
革玛拉解释:经上说:「在遍地给一切的居民宣告自由」,而紧接着它说:「这年必为你们的禧年。」而 拉比犹大 认为:一节经可以就紧挨着的前一分句来讲解,却不可以就再前面的那一分句来讲解。
The Gemara explains: The verse states: “And you shall proclaim liberty [deror] throughout all the land to all its inhabitants,” and immediately afterward it says: “It shall be a Jubilee for you.” And Rabbi Yehuda holds that a verse may be expounded in reference to the immediately preceding clause, but not in reference to the clause before that.
「自由」原文 דְּרוֹר。
所以,「必为」这几个字所含的排除,是指紧挨着的前一分句所说的:「在遍地宣告自由」,就是释放奴仆。
Therefore, the exclusion implied by the words “it shall be,” is referring to what is stated in the immediately preceding clause: “And you shall proclaim liberty throughout all the land,” i.e., the emancipation of slaves.
它并不是指再前面那一分句所说的:「在赎罪日,要在遍地吹 羊角号。」
It is not referring to what is stated in the clause before that: “On Yom Kippur shall you sound the shofar throughout all your land.”
革玛拉问:众人都明白「自由」一词是自由之意,从何推知?答:如 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:这个词只作自由解。拉比犹大 说:它是什么意思?就像一个人住在随便哪一处住所里,在全国各处运货——他想住哪里、在哪里做买卖都可以。
革玛拉问:显然照众人的意见,「自由」这个词是一个表示自由的词。
The Gemara asks: It is clear that according to everyone the term “deror” is a word meaning liberty.
「自由」原文 דְּרוֹר。
从哪里可以推出这一点?
From where may this be inferred?
革玛拉答:正如在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教:这个词是一个只表示自由的词。
The Gemara answers: As it is taught in a baraita: The word deror is a term meaning only liberty.
拉比犹大 说:这个词是什么意思?
Rabbi Yehuda said: What is the meaning of the word deror?
它就像一个人住在随便哪一处住所里,并在全国各处运送货物,就是说,他想住在哪里、在哪里做买卖都可以。
It is like a man who dwells [medayyer] in any dwelling [dayyara] and moves merchandise around the entire country, i.e., he can live and do business wherever he wants.
拉比犹大 把 דְּרוֹר 与「住」(מְדַיֵּיר)、「住所」(דַּיָּירָא)音近相训。
拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 以 拉比约哈难 之名说:这是 拉比犹大 与 拉比约西 的话;众拉比却说三样都不可或缺——归还产业、吹 羊角号、释放奴仆。他们以为经文可就紧挨的前一分句、再前一分句、也可就后一分句讲解,这些 哈拉哈 都在这一段里提到,「必为」所含的排除适用于全部。
拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 以 拉比约哈难 之名说:这是 拉比犹大 与 拉比约西 的话;然而众拉比说:这三样对禧年都是不可或缺的:归还产业、吹 羊角号、释放奴仆。
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: This is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Yosei, but the Rabbis say: All three of them are indispensable for the Jubilee Year: Releasing property, sounding the shofar, and liberating the slaves.
他们认为:一节经可以就紧挨着的前一分句来讲解,也可以就再前面的那一分句来讲解,还可以就它后面的那一分句来讲解,因为所有这些 哈拉哈 都在这一段里提到,「必为」这几个字所含的排除适用于它们全部。
They hold that a verse may be interpreted in reference to the immediately preceding clause, in reference to the clause before that, and it may also be interpreted in reference to the clause following it, as all of these halakhot are mentioned in this section, and the exclusion implied by the words “it shall be” applies to all of them.
革玛拉问:经上岂不是写着「禧年」,这是包括之词,应抵消「必为」的排除作用?答:「禧年」一词是教导禧年的诫命连在以色列地以外也适用。革玛拉诘难:经上岂不是写着「在遍地」,暗示只在以色列地适用?答:「在遍地」是教导:在以色列地施行释放时,以色列地以外也施行;以色列地不施行时,以外也不施行。
革玛拉问:然而经上岂不是写着「禧年」吗?这是一个包括之词,应当抵消「必为」这几个字的排除作用。
The Gemara asks: But isn’t it written “Jubilee Year,” which is a term of inclusion that should counter the exclusionary function of the words: “It shall be”?
革玛拉答:「禧年」这一语是来教导:禧年的诫命即便在以色列地以外也适用。
The Gemara answers: That term “Jubilee Year” comes to teach that the mitzva of the Jubilee applies even outside of Eretz Yisrael.
革玛拉提出诘难:然而经上岂不是写着「在遍地」,暗示它只在以色列地适用吗?
The Gemara challenges: But isn’t it written: “Throughout the land,” implying that it applies only in Eretz Yisrael?
革玛拉答:「在遍地」这一语是来教导:当释放在以色列地适用时,它在以色列地以外也适用;而当释放在以色列地不适用时,它在以色列地以外也不适用。
The Gemara answers: That term, “throughout the land,” comes to teach that when liberation applies in Eretz Yisrael, it applies outside of Eretz Yisrael as well, and when liberation does not apply in Eretz Yisrael, it does not apply outside of Eretz Yisrael either.
§ 密释纳教:提斯利月初一是栽种的岁首,定 三年果禁 的年数——树栽下后三年内果子禁吃。从何推出?经上写着「三年之久,你们要以所结的果子如 未受割礼的 一样,是不可吃的」(利未记 19:23),下一节写着「但第四年所结的果子全要成为圣,用以赞美耶和华」(利未记 19:24);借「年」与「年」的同辞类推,知道这里的年从提斯利月起,因论提斯利月经上写着「从岁首」(申命记 11:12)。
密释纳教导:提斯利月初一是栽种的岁首。
§ The mishna teaches: And the first of Tishrei is the New Year for planting.
它决定 三年果禁 的年数,就是一棵树从栽下之时起的三年期间,那期间它的果子是被禁止的。
It determines the years of orla, the three-year period from when a tree has been planted during which time its fruit is forbidden.
革玛拉问:我们从哪里推出这一点?
The Gemara asks: From where do we derive this?
正如经上所记:「三年之久,你们要以所结的果子如 未受割礼的 一样,是不可吃的」(利未记 19:23),而在下一节经里写着:「但第四年所结的果子全要成为圣,用以赞美耶和华」(利未记 19:24)。
As it is written: “Three years shall it be prohibited [arelim] to you; it shall not be eaten” (Leviticus 19:23), and it is written in the following verse: “And in the fourth year all its fruit will be sacred for giving praise to the Lord” (Leviticus 19:24).
和合本即作此义;原文 עֲרֵלִים,与 三年果禁 同根。
而借着「年」这个词的一次出现与另一次出现之间的同辞类推,推出为这个目的,一年是从提斯利月开始的,正如论提斯利月所记:「从岁首」(申命记 11:12)。
And it is derived by way of a verbal analogy between one instance of the word “year” and another instance of the word “year” that for this purpose the year begins from Tishrei, as it is written with regard to Tishrei: “From the beginning of the year” (Deuteronomy 11:12).
革玛拉诘难:何不借「年」与「年」的同辞类推,推出这里的年从尼散月起?论尼散月经上写着「为一年之首」(出埃及记 12:2)。答:众贤由没有提月份的申命记之「年」推论 三年果禁 那节同样没有提月份的「年」,不由提了月份的推。
革玛拉提出诘难:然而就让我们借着「年」这个词的一次出现与另一次出现之间的同辞类推,推出为这个目的,一年是从尼散月开始的吧,正如论尼散月所记:「你们要以本月为正月,为一年之首」(出埃及记 12:2)。
The Gemara asks: But let us derive by way of a verbal analogy between one instance of the word “year” and another instance of the word “year” that for this purpose the year begins from Nisan, as it is written with regard to Nisan: “It shall be the first month of the year to you” (Exodus 12:2).
革玛拉答:众贤是从上面申命记那节经里——那里也没有同时提到月份——的「年」这个词,推出论 三年果禁 那节经里——那里没有同时提到月份——的「年」这个词的意思。
The Gemara answers: The Sages derive the meaning of the word “year” as it appears in the verse about the orla, where months are not mentioned with it, from the word “year” as it appears in the verse in Deuteronomy above, where months are also not mentioned with it.
而他们不从提到了月份的那节经,就是「你们要以本月为正月,为一年之首」里的「年」这个词,推出没有提到月份之处的「年」这个词的意思。
And they do not derive the meaning of the word “year” where months are not mentioned with it from the word “year” as it appears in the verse where months are mentioned with it, i.e., “It shall be the first month of the year for you.”
众贤在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教:人在安息年前夕、岁首日 前三十日栽树、压条或嫁接,岁首一到就给他算一年——这三十日论 三年果禁 算作整年,安息年里也许保养这株,因它不算新生长的;若在岁首前不到三十日做这些,到时就不给他算一年,安息年里也禁保养新生长的。
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:若人在安息年的前夕、岁首日 前三十日栽一棵树,或把一根葡萄枝压进土里、使它生根,或把一根枝子嫁接到一棵树上,一旦 岁首日 来到,就给他算一年。
The Sages taught in a baraita: If one plants a tree, or layers a vine shoot into the ground so that it may take root, or grafts a branch onto a tree on the eve of the Sabbatical Year thirty days before Rosh HaShana, as soon as Rosh HaShana arrives, a year is counted for him.
论 三年果禁 之禁,这三十日算作整整一年,而在安息年里保养这株植物是许可的,因为这不算新的生长。
The thirty days count as a full year with regard to the prohibition of orla, and it is permitted to preserve the plant during the Sabbatical Year, as this is not considered new growth.
然而若人在 岁首日 前不到三十日做了这些举动,那么当 岁首日 来到时,论 三年果禁 就不给他算一年,而在安息年里保养这新的生长是被禁止的。
However, if one performed these actions less than thirty days before Rosh HaShana, then when Rosh HaShana arrives, a year is not counted for him for orla, and it is prohibited to preserve the new growth during the Sabbatical Year.