32b.1
引证
革玛拉举例说明哪些以刑罚为主题的经节不可用于岁首的祷告。王权经节,例如:「主耶和华说:我指着我的永生起誓,我总要作王,用大能的手和伸出来的膀臂,并倾出来的忿怒,治理你们」(以西结书 20:33)。拉夫纳赫曼 虽论这节经说:凡这样的怒气,愿圣者把它倾在我们身上而救赎我们;这节经既是在怒中说的,就不收入,因岁首不提怒气。
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革玛拉举例说明那些因论刑罚而不可用于岁首祷告的经节。
The Gemara cites examples of verses that may not be used in Rosh HaShana prayers because they deal with punishment.
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论王权经节,例如:「主耶和华说:我指着我的永生起誓,我总要作王,用大能的手和伸出来的膀臂,并倾出来的忿怒,治理你们」(以西结书 20:33)。
With regard to verses of Kingship, for example: “As I live, says the Lord God, surely with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with fury poured out, will I be King over you” (Ezekiel 20:33).
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而尽管 拉夫纳赫曼 论这节经说:凡像这样的怒气,愿圣者——愿他受称颂——把那怒气发在我们身上而救赎我们,若那是救赎所必经的过程;然而既然这节经是在怒中说的,它就不被收入,因为人在岁首不提怒气。
And although Rav Naḥman said about this verse: With regard to any anger like this, let the Holy One, blessed be He, express that anger upon us and let Him redeem us, if that is the process necessary for redemption, since the verse was said with anger it is not included, as one does not mention anger on Rosh HaShana.
32b.2
引证
同样,论刑罚的纪念经节也不可用,例如:「他想到他们不过是血气,是一阵去而不返的风」(诗篇 78:39);论灾祸的 羊角号 经节也不可用,例如:「你们当在基比亚吹 羊角号,在拉玛吹号,在伯亚文吹出大声,说:便雅悯哪,有仇敌在你后头」(何西阿书 5:8)。
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同样,论刑罚的纪念经节不可用于岁首的祷告,例如:「他想到他们不过是血气,是一阵去而不返的风」(诗篇 78:39)。
Similarly, verses of remembrance that speak of a punishment may not be used in Rosh HaShana prayers, for example: “So He remembered that they were but flesh, a wind that passes away, and does not come again” (Psalms 78:39).
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论灾祸的 羊角号 经节也不可用,例如:「你们当在基比亚吹 羊角号,在拉玛吹号,在伯亚文吹出大声,说:便雅悯哪,有仇敌在你后头」(何西阿书 5:8)。
Nor verses of shofar, which refer to calamity, for example: “Sound the shofar in Giva, and the trumpet in Rama; sound an alarm at Beit Aven, behind you, O Benjamin” (Hosea 5:8).
朱和合本何西阿书 5:8 作「你们当在基比亚吹角」;英译作 基比亚。「角」原文即 שׁוֹפָר,此处照注入的术语写 羊角号。
32b.3
解答
革玛拉限定密释纳的裁定:论外邦人受刑罚的王权、纪念与 羊角号 经节,可以诵。王权例如「耶和华作王,万民当战抖」(诗篇 99:1)、「耶和华永永远远为王;外邦人从他的地已经灭绝了」(诗篇 10:16);纪念例如「耶路撒冷遭难的日子,以东人说:拆毁!拆毁!直拆到根基!耶和华啊,求你记念这仇」(诗篇 137:7);羊角号 例如「主耶和华必吹 羊角号,乘南方的旋风而行」(撒迦利亚书 9:14),又写着「万军之耶和华必保护他们」(撒迦利亚书 9:15)——神必保护以色列民抵挡仇敌。
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革玛拉限定这条密释纳的裁定。
The Gemara qualifies the mishna’s ruling.
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然而人若要诵以外邦人受刑罚为主题的王权、纪念与 羊角号 经节,就可以诵。
However, if one comes to recite verses of Kingship, remembrance, and shofar with a theme of the punishment of gentiles, one may recite them.
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革玛拉举出这些经节的例子:论王权经节,例如:「耶和华作王,万民当战抖」(诗篇 99:1),又例如:「耶和华永永远远为王;外邦人从他的地已经灭绝了」(诗篇 10:16)。
The Gemara offers examples of these verses: With regard to the verses of Kingship, for example: “The Lord reigns, let the peoples tremble” (Psalms 99:1), and, for example: “The Lord is King for ever and ever; the nations are perished out of His land” (Psalms 10:16).
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论纪念,例如:「耶路撒冷遭难的日子,以东人说:拆毁!拆毁!直拆到根基!耶和华啊,求你记念这仇」(诗篇 137:7)。
With regard to remembrance, for example: “Remember, O Lord, against the children of Edom the day of Jerusalem, who said: Raze it, raze it, to its very foundation” (Psalms 137:7).
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论 羊角号 经节,例如:「主耶和华必吹 羊角号,乘南方的旋风而行」(撒迦利亚书 9:14),又写着:「万军之耶和华必保护他们」(撒迦利亚书 9:15),就是说,神必保护以色列民抵挡他们的仇敌。
With regard to the verses of shofar, for example: “And the Lord God will sound the shofar, and will go with whirlwinds of the south” (Zechariah 9:14), and it is written: “The Lord of hosts will defend them” (Zechariah 9:15), i.e., God will defend the Jewish people against their enemies.
朱和合本撒迦利亚书 9:14 作「主耶和华必吹角」;「角」原文即 שׁוֹפָר,此处照注入的术语写 羊角号。
32b.4
推论
革玛拉说:不诵论个人之纪念的经节,即便是为好,例如:「耶和华啊,你用恩惠待你的百姓,求你也用这恩惠记念我」(诗篇 106:4),又如:「我的神啊,求你记念我……施恩与我」(尼希米记 5:19)。
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革玛拉说:人不诵论一个人之纪念的经节,即便是为好的,例如:「耶和华啊,你用恩惠待你的百姓,求你也用这恩惠记念我」(诗篇 106:4),又例如:「我的神啊,求你记念我……施恩与我」(尼希米记 5:19)。
The Gemara states: One does not recite a verse dealing with the remembrance of an individual, even if it is for good, for example: “Remember me, O Lord, when You show favor to Your people” (Psalms 106:4), and, for example: “Remember me, my God, for good” (Nehemiah 5:19).
32b.5
引证
提到神「眷顾」的经节,等同纪念经节,可算在十节之内,例如「耶和华……眷顾撒拉」(创世记 21:1)、「我实在眷顾了你们」(出埃及记 3:16)——这是 拉比约西 的话。拉比犹大 说:它们不等同纪念经节。
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提到神的眷顾的经节,等同于纪念经节,所以它们可以算在十节之内。
Verses that mention God’s revisitings [pikdonot] are equivalent to verses of remembrances [zikhronot], and therefore they may be counted in the ten verses.
朱「眷顾」原文 פִּקְדוֹנוֹת,「纪念」原文 זִכְרוֹנוֹת;下引「眷顾」原文 פָּקַד、פָּקֹד פָּקַדְתִּי,同根。
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例如:「耶和华……眷顾撒拉」(创世记 21:1),又例如:「我实在眷顾了你们」(出埃及记 3:16)。
For example: “And the Lord revisited [pakad] Sarah” (Genesis 21:1), and, for example: “I have surely revisited [pakadeti] you” (Exodus 3:16).
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这是 拉比约西 的话。
This is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
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拉比犹大 说:它们不等同于纪念经节。
Rabbi Yehuda says: They are not equivalent to verses of remembrances.
32b.6
解答
革玛拉问:照 拉比约西,眷顾经节虽等同纪念经节,他所举的「耶和华眷顾撒拉」却是对一个人的眷顾。答:上文虽说纪念须论众人,然而撒拉生出许多后裔,是以色列民之母,算作众人;所以这节经实际上是论全以色列民的纪念。
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革玛拉问:而照 拉比约西 的意见,论神眷顾人的经节虽然等同于纪念经节,他却举这节经为例:「耶和华眷顾撒拉」,这是对一个人的眷顾。
The Gemara asks: And according to the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, although verses that speak of God revisiting man are equivalent to verses of remembrances, he cites the following verse as an example: “And the Lord revisited Sarah,” which is a revisiting of an individual.
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尽管上面说过纪念必须是论众人的,然而既然许多后裔出于她,撒拉是以色列民之母,她就被看作如同众人。
Despite the fact that it was stated above that a remembrance must refer to the collective, since many descendants came from her, as Sarah is the mother of the Jewish people, she is considered like many.
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所以,这节经实际上是论全以色列民的纪念。
Therefore, this verse is effectively dealing with the remembrance of the entire Jewish people.
32b.7
引证
革玛拉论诗篇的几节经:「众城门哪,你们要抬起头来!永久的门户,你们要被举起!那荣耀的王将要进来!荣耀的王是谁呢?就是有力有能的耶和华,在战场上有能的耶和华!」(诗篇 24:7–8)又说:「众城门哪,你们要抬起头来!永久的门户,你们要把头抬起!那荣耀的王将要进来!荣耀的王是谁呢?万军之耶和华,他是荣耀的王!」(诗篇 24:9–10)前一段算两节王权经节,因「王」提了两次;后一段算三节——这是 拉比约西 的话。
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革玛拉论诗篇里的几节经。
The Gemara discusses several verses from Psalms.
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「众城门哪,你们要抬起头来!永久的门户,你们要被举起!那荣耀的王将要进来!
“Lift up your heads, O you gates, and be lifted up, you everlasting doors, that the King of glory may come in.
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荣耀的王是谁呢?
Who is the King of glory?
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就是有力有能的耶和华,在战场上有能的耶和华!」(诗篇 24:7–8)。
The Lord strong and mighty, the Lord mighty in battle” (Psalms 24:7–8).
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这篇诗接着说:「众城门哪,你们要抬起头来!永久的门户,你们要把头抬起!那荣耀的王将要进来!
The psalm continues: “Lift up your heads, O you gates, and lift them up, you everlasting doors; that the King of glory may come in.
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荣耀的王是谁呢?
Who then is the King of glory?
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万军之耶和华,他是荣耀的王!」(诗篇 24:9–10)。
The Lord of hosts, He is the King of glory, Selah” (Psalms 24:9–10).
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前一段算作两节王权经节,因为「王」一词提了两次;而后一段算作三节王权经节。这是 拉比约西 的话。
The first section is counted as two verses of Kingship, as the term king is mentioned twice, while the second section is counted as three verses of Kingship; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
32b.8
解答
拉比犹大 说:前一段只算一节王权经节,因「荣耀的王是谁呢」这一问不算王权经节;照同理,后一段只算两节。
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拉比犹大 说:前一段只算作一节王权经节,因为「荣耀的王是谁呢」这一问不被看作一节王权经节。
Rabbi Yehuda says: The first section is counted as only one verse of Kingship, as the question: “Who is the King of glory,” is not considered a verse of Kingship.
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照同样的推理,后一段只算作两节王权经节。
By the same reasoning, the second section is counted as only two verses of Kingship.
32b.9
引证
同样论这几节:「你们要向神歌颂,歌颂!向我们王歌颂,歌颂!因为神是全地的王;你们要用悟性歌颂」(诗篇 47:6–7)——算两节王权经节,这是 拉比约西 的话;拉比犹大 说只算一节,因「向我们王歌颂」是称神为以色列民的王,不是全世界的王。两人都同意「神作王治理万国;神坐在他的圣宝座上」(诗篇 47:8)只算一节,因「坐在他的圣宝座上」没有明称神为王。
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同样,革玛拉论以下的经节:「你们要向神歌颂,歌颂!向我们王歌颂,歌颂!
Similarly, the Gemara discusses the following verses: “Sing praises to God, sing praises, sing praises to our King, sing praises.
朱英译作诗篇 47:7–8、47:9,照和合本节数改为 47:6–7、47:8。
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因为神是全地的王;你们要用悟性歌颂」(诗篇 47:6–7)。
For God is the King of all the earth; sing praises in a skillful song” (Psalms 47:7–8).
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这些算作两节王权经节;这是 拉比约西 的话。
These are counted as two verses of Kingship; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
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拉比犹大 说:它们只算作一节王权经节,因为「向我们王歌颂」一语是称神为以色列民的王,而不是全世界的王。
Rabbi Yehuda says: They count as only one verse of Kingship, as the phrase: “Sing praises to our King,” is referring to God as the King of the Jewish people, not the King of the entire world.
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而两人都同意,论这节经:「神作王治理万国;神坐在他的圣宝座上」(诗篇 47:8),它只算作一节王权经节,因为「坐在他的圣宝座上」一语并没有明明地称神为王。
And they both agree with regard to the verse: “God reigns over the nations, God sits upon His sacred throne” (Psalms 47:9), that it is considered as only one verse of Kingship, as the phrase: “Sits upon His sacred throne,” is not referring to God explicitly as King.
32b.10
引证
一节纪念经节同时提到吹角的,例如「你们要守为安息日,要吹角作纪念,当有圣会」(利未记 23:24),可与纪念经节一同诵,也可与 羊角号 经节一同诵——这是 拉比约西 的话。拉比犹大 说:只可与纪念经节一同诵,因它没有明提 羊角号。
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论一节同时提到吹角的纪念经节,例如:「你们要守为安息日,要吹角作纪念,当有圣会」(利未记 23:24),人可以把它与纪念经节一同诵,也可以把它与 羊角号 经节一同诵;这是 拉比约西 的话。
With regard to a verse of remembrance that also has a mention of sounding the shofar, for example: “A solemn rest, a memorial of blasts, a sacred convocation” (Leviticus 23:24), one may recite it with the verses of remembrances, and one may also recite it with the verses of shofarot; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
朱「吹角」原文 תְּרוּעָה(角声),经文没有 שׁוֹפָר 一字,所以 拉比犹大 说它没有明提 羊角号。
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拉比犹大 说:人只可以把它与纪念经节一同诵,因为它没有明明地提到 羊角号。
Rabbi Yehuda says: One may recite it only with the verses of remembrances alone, as it does not explicitly mention a shofar.
32b.11
引证
一节王权经节同时提到吹角的,例如「耶和华他的神和他同在;有欢呼王的声音在他们中间」(民数记 23:21),可与王权经节一同诵,也可与 羊角号 经节一同诵——这是 拉比约西 的话。拉比犹大 说:只可与王权经节一同诵。
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论一节同时提到吹角的王权经节,例如:「耶和华他的神和他同在;有欢呼王的声音在他们中间」(民数记 23:21),人可以把它与王权经节一同诵,也可以把它与 羊角号 经节一同诵;这是 拉比约西 的话。
With regard to a verse of Kingship that also has a mention of sounding the shofar, for example: “The Lord his God is with him, and the sounding of a king is among them” (Numbers 23:21), one may recite it with the verses of Kingship and one may also recite it with the verses of shofarot; This is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
朱「欢呼」原文 תְּרוּעַת(角声、吹角之声),故可算作吹角的经节。
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拉比犹大 说:人只可以把它与王权经节一同诵。
Rabbi Yehuda says: One may recite it only with the verses of Kingship.
32b.12
引证
一节只提吹角、别无他事的经节——没有纪念、王权,也没有明提 羊角号——例如「是你们当吹角的日子」(民数记 29:1),可与 羊角号 经节一同诵,这是 拉比约西 的话。拉比犹大 说:全然不可诵,因它没有明提 羊角号。
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论一节提到吹角、而别无他事的经节,就是没有提到纪念、王权,也没有提到真正的 羊角号,例如:「是你们当吹角的日子」(民数记 29:1),人可以把它与 羊角号 经节一同诵;这是 拉比约西 的话。
With regard to a verse that mentions sounding the shofar that has nothing else with it, i.e., no mention of remembrances, Kingship, or an actual shofar, for example: “It is a day of sounding the shofar to you” (Numbers 29:1), one may recite it with the verses of shofarot; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
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拉比犹大 说:人全然不可诵它,因为它没有明明地提到 羊角号。
Rabbi Yehuda says: One may not recite it at all, as it contains no explicit mention of a shofar.
32b.13
反驳
§ 密释纳所教:诵十节时以妥拉开头、以先知书结尾;拉比约西 说:若以妥拉结尾也尽了本分。革玛拉评说:他说「若以……结尾」,表明事后尽了本分,按理 却不该这样。可是 《巴拉伊塔》 里他岂不是说:以妥拉的经节结尾的,值得称赞?答:密释纳当改读为:他说:人以妥拉的经节结尾——就是 按理 当这样行。
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§ 这条密释纳教导:诵这十节经时,人以妥拉的经节开头,以先知书的经节结尾。
§ The mishna taught: When reciting the ten verses, one begins with verses from the Torah and concludes with verses from the Prophets.
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拉比约西 说:他若以妥拉的一节经结尾,就尽了他的义务。
Rabbi Yosei says: If he concluded with a verse from the Torah, he has fulfilled his obligation.
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革玛拉评说:拉比约西 的说法「他若结尾」,表明事后,是,他尽了他的义务;按理,不,他没有尽他诵所须经节的义务。
The Gemara notes that Rabbi Yosei’s formulation: If he concluded, indicates that after the fact, yes, he has fulfilled his obligation; ab initio, no, he has not fulfilled his obligation to recite the necessary verses.
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革玛拉问:可是一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里岂不是教导:拉比约西 说:以妥拉的一节经结束这一串经节的人,是值得称赞的吗?
The Gemara asks: But isn’t it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei says: One who concludes the series of verses with a verse from the Torah is praiseworthy?
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革玛拉答:就说这条密释纳的文本必须改动,读作:拉比约西 说:他以妥拉的一节经结尾,就是说,人应当 按理 这样行。
The Gemara answers: Say that the text of the mishna must be modified so that it reads: Rabbi Yosei says: He concludes with a verse from the Torah, i.e., one should do so ab initio.
32b.14
解答
革玛拉提出难处:密释纳岂不是教「他若结尾」,表明事后尽了本分、按理 不可?答:密释纳的意思是:以妥拉开头,以先知书的一节经结尾;拉比约西 说:以妥拉的一节经结尾,若以先知书的一节经结尾也尽了本分。《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教。拉比约西之子拉比以利亚撒 说:笃行者——行诫命一丝不苟的人——以妥拉的一节经结束,想来他是照他父亲的意见。
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革玛拉提出一个难处。
The Gemara raises a difficulty.
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这条密释纳岂不是教导:「他若结尾」吗?
Doesn’t the mishna teach: If he concluded?
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这表明事后,是,人尽了他的义务;按理,不,他没有尽他的义务。
This indicates that after the fact, yes, one has fulfilled his obligation; ab initio, no, he has not fulfilled his obligation.
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革玛拉答:这条密释纳所说的是这样:人以妥拉的经节开头,以先知书的一节经结尾。
The Gemara answers that this is what the mishna is saying: One begins with verses from the Torah and concludes with a single verse from the Prophets.
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拉比约西 说:人以妥拉的一节经结尾,而他若以先知书的一节经结尾,就尽了他的义务。
Rabbi Yosei says: One concludes with a single verse from the Torah, and if he concluded with a single verse from the Prophets he has fulfilled his obligation.
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这也在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导过。
This is also taught in a baraita.
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拉比约西之子拉比以利亚撒 说:笃行者,就是那些在行诸诫命上一丝不苟的人,会以妥拉的一节经结束这一串经节。
Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Yosei, said: Pious individuals [vatikin], who were scrupulous in their performance of mitzvot, would conclude the series with a single verse from the Torah.
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想来,拉比以利亚撒 是照他父亲 拉比约西 的意见。
Presumably, Rabbi Elazar followed the opinion of his father, Rabbi Yosei.
32b.15
提问
革玛拉问:纪念与 羊角号 的经节,妥拉里很多,以妥拉结尾不难;然而王权经节妥拉里只有三节:「耶和华他的神和他同在;有欢呼王的声音在他们中间」(民数记 23:21)、「耶和华在耶书仑中为王」(申命记 33:5)、「耶和华必作王,直到永永远远」(出埃及记 15:18)。我们要十节,照 拉比约西 须从妥拉诵四节——开头三节与结尾一节——就不够了。
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革玛拉问:诚然,以妥拉的一节经来结束纪念与 羊角号 的经节是可能的,因为这类经节很多。
The Gemara asks: Granted, it is possible to conclude Remembrances and Shofarot with a verse from the Torah, as there are many such verses.
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然而论王权,只有三节:「耶和华他的神和他同在;有欢呼王的声音在他们中间」(民数记 23:21);「耶和华在耶书仑中为王」(申命记 33:5);以及:「耶和华必作王,直到永永远远」(出埃及记 15:18)。
However, with regard to Kingship, there are only three: “The Lord his God is with him, and the sounding of a king is among them” (Numbers 23:21); “And he was king in Jeshurun” (Deuteronomy 33:5); and: “The Lord shall reign for ever and ever” (Exodus 15:18).
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而我们须要十节经,照 拉比约西 的意见就不够了,因为他以为人应当从妥拉诵四节经,就是开头三节与结尾一节。
And we require ten verses, and according to Rabbi Yosei there are not enough, as he maintains that one should recite four verses from the Torah, the first three and the concluding one.
32b.16
解答
拉夫胡纳 说:请来听 《托塞夫塔》(2:11)所教的解答:「以色列啊,你要听!耶和华我们神是独一的主」(申命记 6:4)是一节王权经节,这是 拉比约西 的话;拉比犹大 说:它不是王权经节。
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拉夫胡纳 说:请来听一个解答,出于 《托塞夫塔》(2:11)所教的:这节经:「以色列啊,你要听!耶和华我们神是独一的主」(申命记 6:4),是一节王权经节;这是 拉比约西 的话。
Rav Huna said: Come and hear a solution from that which was taught in the Tosefta (2:11): The verse: “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one” (Deuteronomy 6:4), is a verse of Kingship; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
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拉比犹大 说:它不是一节王权经节。
Rabbi Yehuda says: It is not a verse of Kingship.
32b.17
解答
「所以今日你要知道,也要记在心上,天上地下惟有耶和华他是神,除他以外,再无别神」(申命记 4:39)是王权经节,这是 拉比约西 的话;拉比犹大 说不是。「这是显给你看,要使你知道惟有耶和华他是神,除他以外,再无别神」(申命记 4:35)是王权经节,前者这样说;后者说不是。可见照前者,妥拉里的王权经节足够开头诵三节、结尾诵一节。
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「所以今日你要知道,也要记在心上,天上地下惟有耶和华他是神,除他以外,再无别神」(申命记 4:39),是一节王权经节;这是 拉比约西 的话。
“Know this day, and lay it to your heart, that the Lord, He is God in heaven above, and upon the earth beneath; there is none else” (Deuteronomy 4:39), is a verse of Kingship; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
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拉比犹大 说:它不是一节王权经节。
Rabbi Yehuda says: It is not a verse of Kingship.
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「这是显给你看,要使你知道惟有耶和华他是神,除他以外,再无别神」(申命记 4:35),是一节王权经节;这是 拉比约西 的话。
“To you it was shown, that you might know that the Lord, He is God; there is none else beside Him” (Deuteronomy 4:35), is a verse of Kingship; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei.
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拉比犹大 说:它不是一节王权经节。
Rabbi Yehuda says: It is not a verse of Kingship.
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这表明照 拉比约西 的意见,妥拉里有足够的王权经节,可以在开头诵三节、在结尾诵一节。
This shows that according to the opinion of Rabbi Yosei there are sufficient verses of Kingship in the Torah to recite three at the beginning and one at the end.
32b.18
引密释纳
密释纳:在岁首节日作领祷人、在约柜前经过的,是第二位领祷人,即领附加祷的,为会众吹 羊角号;诵 《赞祷》 的日子,是第一位领祷人,即领晨祷的,为会众诵 《赞祷》。
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论在岁首节日作领祷人、在约柜前经过的人,是第二位领祷人,就是领附加祷的那一位,为会众吹 羊角号。
With regard to one who is passing before the ark, as prayer leader, on the festival of Rosh HaShana, it is the second prayer leader, i.e., the one who leads the additional prayer, who sounds the shofar on behalf of the congregation.
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而在诵 《赞祷》 的日子,是第一位领祷人,就是领晨祷的那一位,为会众诵 《赞祷》。
And on a day when the hallel is recited, the first prayer leader, i.e., the one who leads the morning prayer, recites the hallel on behalf of the congregation.
32b.19
反驳
革玛拉问:第二位领祷人有何不同,要在附加祷里吹 羊角号?是因「帝王荣耀在乎民多」(箴言 14:28)——到附加祷时会众都到齐了吗?若是这样,《赞祷》 也该照这原则由第二位领祷人诵。
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革玛拉问:第二位领祷人有什么不同,以致他在附加祷里吹 羊角号?
The Gemara asks: What is different about the second prayer leader, that he sounds the shofar during the additional prayer?
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是因为「帝王荣耀在乎民多」(箴言 14:28)这条原则吗?
Is it due to the principle that: “The splendor of the King is in the multitude of the people” (Proverbs 14:28)?
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就是说,在附加祷里吹 羊角号,是因为到那时会众都已到齐了吗?
In other words, is the shofar sounded during the additional prayer because all of the congregants will have arrived by then?
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若是这样,论 《赞祷》 也一样,让我们说它应当由第二位领祷人诵,因为「帝王荣耀在乎民多」这条原则。
If so, with regard to hallel too, let us say that it should be read by the second prayer leader, due to the principle that “The splendor of the King is in the multitude of the people.”
32b.20
反驳
其实,《赞祷》 有何不同,要由第一位领祷人诵?是因勤谨的人行诫命要趁早。这也有难处:吹 羊角号 也该照这原则由第一位领祷人行。
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其实,《赞祷》 有什么不同,以致它由第一位领祷人诵?
Rather, what is different about hallel that it is recited by the first prayer leader?
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是因为勤谨的人在行诸诫命上要趁早这条原则。
It is due to the principle that the vigilant are early in the performance of mitzvot.
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这也有难处。
This is also difficult.
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论吹 羊角号 也一样,让我们借第一位领祷人来行它,因为勤谨的人在行诸诫命上要趁早这条原则。
With regard to the sounding of the shofar, too, let us perform it by means of the first prayer leader, due to the principle that the vigilant are early in the performance of mitzvot.
32b.21
解答
拉比约哈难 说:在附加祷里吹 羊角号 这条 哈拉哈,是在宗教逼迫的时期教的:外邦当局禁吹 羊角号,早晨派守卫查看犹太人是否遵从;众贤就把吹 羊角号 推迟到守卫离去以后。诵 《赞祷》 没有类似的禁令,所以仍在晨祷里趁早诵。
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拉比约哈难 说:他们是在宗教逼迫的时期,教导在附加祷里吹 羊角号 这条 哈拉哈 的。
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: They taught the halakha that the shofar is sounded during the additional prayer in a time of religious persecution.
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外邦的当局禁止吹 羊角号,并在早晨派了守卫,确保犹太人遵从。
The gentile authorities prohibited sounding the shofar and appointed guards during the morning to ensure that the Jews comply.
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所以,众贤把吹 羊角号 推迟到守卫离去以后。
Therefore, the Sages delayed the sounding of the shofar until after the guards had left.
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诵 《赞祷》 并没有被颁下类似的禁令,所以它在晨祷里、在最早可能的时候诵。
A similar decree was not imposed against the recitation of hallel, and therefore it was recited during the morning prayer, at the earliest possible time.
32b.22
解答
§ 革玛拉评说:密释纳说「诵 《赞祷》 的日子」,可推知岁首不诵 《赞祷》。何故?拉比阿巴胡 说:服役的天使在圣者面前说:宇宙的主啊,以色列民为何不在岁首与赎罪日在你面前唱赞美之歌?他对他们说:王坐在审判的宝座上,生命册与死亡册在他面前展开,以色列民岂能唱欢乐的赞美之歌?
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§ 革玛拉评说:从这条密释纳说「在诵 《赞祷》 的日子」这一事实,可以推知在岁首不诵 《赞祷》。
§ The Gemara comments: From the fact that the mishna states: When hallel is recited, one can conclude by inference that on Rosh HaShana there is no recitation of hallel.
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在岁首略去 《赞祷》 的理由是什么?
What is the reason that hallel is omitted on Rosh HaShana?
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拉比阿巴胡 说:服役的天使在圣者——愿他受称颂——面前说:宇宙的主啊,以色列民为什么不在岁首与赎罪日在你面前唱赞美之歌,就是 《赞祷》?
Rabbi Abbahu said: The ministering angels said before the Holy One, Blessed be He: Master of the Universe, for what reason don’t the Jewish people recite songs of praise, i.e., hallel, before You on Rosh HaShana and on Yom Kippur?
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他对他们说:王正坐在审判的宝座上,生命之册与死亡之册在他面前展开,以色列民岂能唱欢乐的赞美之歌呢?
He said to them: Is it possible that while the King is sitting on the throne of judgment and the books of life and the books of death are open before Him, the Jewish people are reciting joyous songs of praise?
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岁首与赎罪日是肃穆的审判之日,它们的气氛与诵 《赞祷》 不相合。
Rosh HaShana and Yom Kippur are somber days of judgment whose mood is incompatible with the recitation of hallel.
32b.23
引密释纳
密释纳:为岁首的 羊角号,不可越过安息日界限去听,不可清开一堆瓦砾掘出埋着的 羊角号;不可爬树、骑牲口、游水去找 羊角号 来吹;不可切削 羊角号 使它合用,无论用拉比之令所禁的物,还是妥拉之律所禁的物。然而人若要在岁首往 羊角号 里注水或酒使它声音清亮,可以注,因这不算被禁之工。
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论岁首的 羊角号,人不可为它越过安息日界限,就是去听它;也不可清开一堆瓦砾,去掘出一支埋着的 羊角号。
With regard to the shofar of Rosh HaShana, one may not pass the Shabbat limit for it, i.e., to go and hear it, nor may one clear a pile of rubble to uncover a buried shofar.
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人不可爬树,也不可骑牲口,也不可在水里游,为要找一支 羊角号 来吹。
One may not climb a tree, nor may one ride on an animal, nor may one swim in water, in order to find a shofar to sound.
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而人不可切削 羊角号 来预备它使用,无论是用一件因拉比之令而被禁的物件,还是用一件因妥拉之律而被禁的物件。
And one may not cut the shofar to prepare it for use, neither with an object that is prohibited due to a rabbinic decree nor with an object that may not be used due to a prohibition by Torah law.
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然而人若要在岁首往 羊角号 里注水或酒,使它发出清亮的声音,他可以注,因为这不构成被禁止的工。
However, if one wishes to place water or wine into the shofar on Rosh HaShana so that it emits a clear sound, he may place it, as this does not constitute a prohibited labor.
32b.24
引密释纳
密释纳续:不必阻止孩子们在岁首吹 羊角号,虽然他们不负诫命;反倒陪着他们、鼓励教导,直到他们学会好好吹。无心而吹、不存行诫命之意的,没有尽本分;听无心者吹的,也没有尽本分。
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人不必阻止孩子们在岁首吹 羊角号,尽管他们不负诸诫命的义务。
One need not prevent children from sounding the shofar on Rosh HaShana, despite the fact that they are not obligated in mitzvot.
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其实,人要陪着他们,鼓励并指点他们,直到他们学会怎样好好地吹。
Rather, one occupies himself with them, encouraging and instructing them, until they learn how to sound it properly.
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这条密释纳又说:无心而行、吹 羊角号 而毫无行诫命之意的人,没有尽他的义务。
The mishna adds: One who acts unawares and sounds the shofar without any intention to perform the mitzva has not fulfilled his obligation.
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同样,从一个无心而行的人听见 羊角号 角声的人,也没有尽他的义务。
And, similarly, one who hears the shofar blasts from one who acts unawares has not fulfilled his obligation.
32b.25
解答
革玛拉问:有原则说积极诫命压过禁令;为何不可在岁首做被禁之工来成全吹 羊角号 这积极诫命?答:吹 羊角号 是积极诫命,而在节日做被禁之工,既违犯歇息的积极诫命,又违犯禁工的禁令;积极诫命不能压过同时兼有禁令与积极诫命的。
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革玛拉问:有一条原则:积极诫命压过禁令。
The Gemara asks: There is a principle that a positive mitzva overrides a negative mitzva.
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有这原则在心,人不可在岁首做被禁止的工来成全吹 羊角号 这条积极诫命,理由是什么?
With this in mind, what is the reason that one may not perform a prohibited labor on Rosh HaShana to fulfill the positive mitzva of sounding the shofar?
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革玛拉答:吹 羊角号 是一条积极诫命,然而在节日做被禁止的工,既违犯歇息的积极诫命,又违犯禁止做被禁之工的禁令;而一条积极诫命不能同时压过一条禁令与一条积极诫命。
The Gemara answers: Sounding the shofar is a positive mitzva, but performing prohibited labor on a Festival violates both the positive mitzva to rest and the prohibition against performing prohibited labor, and a positive mitzva does not override both a prohibition and a positive mitzva.
32b.26
推论
§ 密释纳所教:不可越过安息日界限去听,不可清开瓦砾掘出 羊角号;不可爬树、骑牲口去找 羊角号。革玛拉质疑这次序:既已说为吹 羊角号 连拉比之律所禁之举(越界、清瓦砾)都不可行,何必再说可能引致妥拉之律所禁之举(爬树、骑牲口)也不可?答:密释纳用「这一件,那一件更不必说」的句式,先讲较新的情形,再讲较显然的。
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§ 这条密释纳教导:人不可为它越过安息日界限,就是去听它;也不可清开一堆瓦砾,去掘出一支埋着的 羊角号。
§ The mishna taught: One may not pass the Shabbat limit for it, i.e., to go and hear it, nor may one clear a pile of rubble to uncover a buried shofar.
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人不可爬树,也不可骑牲口,为要找一支 羊角号 来吹。
One may not climb a tree, nor may one ride on an animal to find a shofar to sound.
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革玛拉质疑这些禁令的次序:你既已说过,为吹 羊角号,人不可做一件按拉比之律被禁的举动,就是越过安息日界限或清开一堆瓦砾,还须要说人不可做一件可能导致按妥拉之律被禁之举的举动,就是爬树或骑牲口吗?
The Gemara questions the order of these prohibitions: Now that you have said that to sound the shofar one may not perform an action that is prohibited by rabbinic law, i.e., passing the Shabbat limit or clearing a pile of rubble, is it necessary to say that one may not perform an action that could lead to an act prohibited by Torah law, i.e., climbing a tree or riding an animal?
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革玛拉答:这条密释纳是用这样的句式教的:这一件,而那一件更不必说。
The Gemara answers: The mishna teaches employing the style: This, and it is unnecessary to say that.
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它先从较新的情形开始,然后再讲较显然的那一件。
It begins with the more novel case before moving on to the more straightforward one.