(续上)就是说:神只赦免那自视为余剩之人——自以为次要、不足轻重的人——的罪。
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就是说:神只赦免那自视为余剩的人的罪孽,就是自以为只居次要的人。
That is to say, God forgives sins only for one who regards himself as a remainder, i.e., of only secondary importance.
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这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)就是说:神只赦免那自视为余剩之人——自以为次要、不足轻重的人——的罪。
就是说:神只赦免那自视为余剩的人的罪孽,就是自以为只居次要的人。
That is to say, God forgives sins only for one who regards himself as a remainder, i.e., of only secondary importance.
§ 拉夫胡纳 提出同一节经前后两半的矛盾:「耶和华在他一切所行的,无不公义」(诗篇 145:17),表明神照严正的公义行事;同节又说「在他一切所做的,都有慈爱」,表明他施恩典与慈爱、超乎律法的字面。他解释:起初审判时,他是公义的;末了施罚时,他是慈爱的。
拉夫胡纳 提出一节经前后两半之间的矛盾。
§ Rav Huna raised a contradiction between the two halves of a verse.
经上写着:「耶和华在他一切所行的,无不公义」(诗篇 145:17),表明神照严正的公义行事;同一节经接着写着:「在他一切所做的,都有慈爱」,意思是他以恩典与慈爱行事,超乎律法的字面。
It is written: “The Lord is righteous [tzaddik] in all His ways” (Psalms 145:17), indicating that God acts in accordance with the attribute of strict justice [tzedek], and then it is written in the same verse: “And kind [ḥasid] in all His works,” implying that He acts with grace and loving-kindness [ḥesed], going beyond the letter of the law.
「公义」原文 צַדִּיק(与 צֶדֶק「公义」同根),「慈爱」原文 חָסִיד(与 חֶסֶד 同根)。英译以方括号附注。中文不写罗马字。
拉夫胡纳 解释:起初,在审判的时候,他是公义的;然而到末了,在施罚的时候,他是慈爱的。
Rav Huna explained: Initially, at the time of judgment, He is righteous, but in the end, at the time of punishment, He is gracious.
拉比以利亚撒 提出相似的矛盾:「主啊,慈爱也是属乎你」(诗篇 62:12),表明神超乎律法的字面行事;同节又说「因为你照着各人所做的报应他」,表明他一报还一报。他解释:起初审判时,「照着各人所做的报应他」;末了施罚时,「主啊,慈爱也是属乎你」。
拉比以利亚撒 提出一个相似的矛盾:经上写着:「主啊,慈爱也是属乎你」(诗篇 62:12),表明神超乎律法的字面行事;同一节经接着写着:「因为你照着各人所做的报应他」,表明他照着一报还一报来赏罚。
Rabbi Elazar raised a similar contradiction: It is written: “But to you, O Lord, belongs kindness” (Psalms 62:13), implying that God acts beyond the letter of the law, and then it is written in the same verse: “For You render to a man according to his deeds,” implying that He rewards and punishes measure for measure.
英译作诗篇 62:13,是希伯来经文的节数;和合本作 62:12。
拉比以利亚撒 解答:起初,在审判的时候:「因为你照着各人所做的报应他」;然而到末了,在施罚的时候:「主啊,慈爱也是属乎你」。
Rabbi Elazar answered: Initially, at the time of judgment: “For You render to a man according to his deeds”; but in the end, at the time of punishment: “But to You, O Lord, belongs kindness.”
伊尔法伊——有人说是贤者 伊尔法——也提出矛盾:神的属性里写着「并有丰盛的慈爱」(出埃及记 34:6),同节又写「和诚实」,意指严正的公义。他解答:起初审判时,是「诚实」,神施行严正的公义;末了他见世界单凭诚实与公义站立不住,就「有丰盛的慈爱」,施行怜悯。
伊尔法伊——有人说是贤者 伊尔法——也提出一个矛盾:在神的属性名单里写着:「并有丰盛的慈爱」(出埃及记 34:6),同一节经又写着:「和诚实」,这意味着公义的属性。
Ilfai, and some say it was the Sage Ilfa, also raised a contradiction: It is written in the list of God’s attributes: “And abundant in kindness” (Exodus 34:6), and it is written in the same verse: “And truth,” which implies the attribute of justice.
他解答:起初,在审判的时候:「和诚实」,就是神施行严正的公义;然而到末了,当他看见世界单凭诚实与公义的审判站立不住时:「并有丰盛的慈爱」,就是他施怜悯。
He answered: Initially, at the time of judgment: “And truth,” i.e., God employs strict justice, but in the end, when He sees that the world cannot survive on judgment based only on truth and justice: “And abundant in kindness,” i.e., He is merciful.
§ 经上说:「耶和华在他面前经过,宣告说」(出埃及记 34:6)。拉比约哈难 说:若经上没有明明写着,就不可这样说,因这有损神的尊荣。这节经教导:圣者——愿他受称颂——像领祷人一样披上祈祷披巾,把祷告的次序指示摩西,对他说:以色列民几时犯罪,就叫他们在我面前照这次序行——叫领祷人披上祈祷披巾,当众诵十三项怜悯的属性,我就赦免他们。
经上说:「耶和华在他面前经过,宣告说」(出埃及记 34:6)。
§ The verse states: “And the Lord passed by before him, and proclaimed” (Exodus 34:6).
拉比约哈难 说:若不是经上明明写着,就不可能这样说,因为这会有损神的尊荣。
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Were it not explicitly written in the verse, it would be impossible to say this, as it would be insulting to God’s honor.
这节经教导:圣者——愿他受称颂——像一位领祷人那样披上祈祷披巾,把祷告次序的结构指示给摩西看。
The verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, wrapped Himself in a prayer shawl like a prayer leader and showed Moses the structure of the order of the prayer.
他对他说:以色列民几时犯罪,就叫他们在我面前照着这个次序行。
He said to him: Whenever the Jewish people sin, let them act before Me in accordance with this order.
叫领祷人披上祈祷披巾,当众诵出十三项怜悯的属性,我就赦免他们。
Let the prayer leader wrap himself in a prayer shawl and publicly recite the thirteen attributes of mercy, and I will forgive them.
经上接着说:「耶和华,耶和华」,当这样理解:人犯罪以前我是他,人犯罪又悔改以后我还是他,因神不记念他先前的罪,他永远是「有怜悯有恩典的神」(出埃及记 34:6)。
经上接着说:「耶和华,耶和华」,当这样理解:人犯罪以前,我是他;人犯罪又悔改以后,我还是他;因为神不为他记念他先前的罪,他永远是「有怜悯有恩典的神」(出埃及记 34:6)。
The verse continues: “The Lord, the Lord,” and it should be understood as follows: I am He before a person sins, and I am He after a person sins and performs repentance, as God does not recall for him his first sins, since He is always “God, merciful and gracious” (Exodus 34:6).
拉夫犹大 说:神与十三项属性立了约,它们必不空空返回——人若提念它们,必蒙应允,如经上论此说:「我要立约」(出埃及记 34:10)。
拉夫犹大 说:神与这十三项属性立了约,它们必不空空返回,意思是人若提念它们,必定蒙应允,正如经上论此所说:「我要立约」(出埃及记 34:10)。
Rav Yehuda said: A covenant was made with the thirteen attributes that they will not return empty-handed, meaning that if one mentions them, he will certainly be answered, as it is stated in this regard: “Behold, I make a covenant” (Exodus 34:10).
§ 拉比约哈难 说:悔改是大的,因它撕毁那已向人宣下的判决,如经上说:「要使这百姓心蒙脂油,耳朵发沉,眼睛昏迷;恐怕眼睛看见,耳朵听见,心里明白,回转过来,便得医治」(以赛亚书 6:10)——意即他们若真回转悔改,所有的罪就都得医治。
拉比约哈难 说:悔改是大的,因为它撕毁那已向人宣下的判决,正如经上所说:「要使这百姓心蒙脂油,耳朵发沉,眼睛昏迷;恐怕眼睛看见,耳朵听见,心里明白,回转过来,便得医治」(以赛亚书 6:10),意思是他们若真回转悔改,就从他们一切的罪中得医治。
§ Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Great is repentance, for it tears up the sentence issued against a person, as it is stated: “Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy, and smear over their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and they will return, and be healed” (Isaiah 6:10), implying that if indeed they return and repent, they will be healed from all their sins.
拉夫帕帕 对 阿巴耶 说:或许这话是在判决宣下以前说的,判决一旦定下,悔改就不再有用?后者答:这里写着「回转过来,便得医治」——什么须要医治?是病。所以你必须说,这里指的是已宣下的判决,即便如此,悔改之后他们仍得医治。
拉夫帕帕 对 阿巴耶 说:可是或许这话是在判决宣下以前说的,而人的判决一旦定下,悔改就不再有用了?
Rav Pappa said to Abaye: But perhaps this was said before the sentence was issued, but after one’s sentence has been decreed repentance no longer helps.
阿巴耶 对他说:这里写着:「回转过来,便得医治」(以赛亚书 6:10)。
Abaye said to him: It is written here: “And they will return and be healed” (Isaiah 6:10).
什么须要医治?
What requires healing?
是疾病须要医治。
An illness does.
所以,你必须说这里所指的是已经宣下的判决,即便如此,他们悔改之后仍会得医治。
Consequently, you must say that the reference here is to a sentence that has already been issued, and even so, after repentance, they will be healed.
革玛拉从一条 《巴拉伊塔》 提出反驳:人若在岁首与赎罪日之间悔改,就蒙赦免;若其间没有悔改,日后即便献上世上所有尼拜约的公羊——最上等的——天上的法庭也不赦免他。可见判决一旦定下,连悔改也改不了。革玛拉答:这不难——悔改只在赎罪日判决以前有效的那条 《巴拉伊塔》,论的是个人的悔改;判决宣下后仍得赦免的,论的是会众的悔改。
革玛拉从一条 《巴拉伊塔》 提出反驳:人若在其间,就是在岁首与赎罪日之间悔改,他就蒙赦免;他若在其间没有悔改,那么即便他日后把世上所有尼拜约的公羊——那是最上等的——都作祭物献上,在天上的法庭里它们也不为他赎罪。
The Gemara raises an objection from a baraita: If one repents in the meantime, between Rosh HaShana and Yom Kippur, he is forgiven; if he does not repent in the meantime, then even if he later brings as offerings all the rams of Nebaioth in the world, which are of the best quality, they do not forgive him in the Heavenly court.
「尼拜约的公羊」照和合本以赛亚书 60:7 的写法。
这表明人的判决一旦定下,连悔改也不能改变它。
This implies that once one’s sentence has been decreed, even repentance cannot alter it.
革玛拉答:这并不难:在这里,悔改只在赎罪日判决以前才有效,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 所指的是个人的悔改;在那里,即便判决宣下之后仍得赦免,所指的是会众的悔改。
The Gemara answers: This is not difficult: Here, where repentance is effective only before the sentence on Yom Kippur, the baraita is referring to repentance of an individual; there, where forgiveness is granted even after a sentence is issued, it is referring to communal repentance.
革玛拉从另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 提出反驳:经上说:「是耶和华你神所眷顾的;从岁首到年终,耶和华你神的眼目时常看顾那地」(申命记 11:12)。神对以色列地时时的看顾,有时为好,有时为坏。为好怎样?犹太人在岁首若全然邪恶,定下的这一年雨水就少;他们末了若悔改了,怎么办?加添雨水已不可能,因判决已下;圣者——愿他受称颂——就使那稀少的雨在合宜的时候、降在需要它的地上,如田地、葡萄园、园子,都照那地所需,那雨就与多雨一样有效。
革玛拉从另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 提出反驳:经上说:「是耶和华你神所眷顾的;从岁首到年终,耶和华你神的眼目时常看顾那地」(申命记 11:12)。
The Gemara raises an objection from another baraita: The verse states: “A land which the Lord your God cares for; the eyes of the Lord your God are always upon it” (Deuteronomy 11:12).
神对以色列地时时的看顾,有时是为好,有时是为坏。
God’s constant providence over Eretz Yisrael is sometimes for the good and sometimes for the bad.
有时为好,怎样呢?
Sometimes for the good; how so?
若犹太人在岁首时全然邪恶,以致为他们定下这一年只有稀少的雨水,而到末了他们悔改了,能怎么办呢?
If the Jews were wholly wicked on Rosh HaShana, so that only a meager amount of rain was decreed for them for the year, but in the end they repented, what can be done?
加添雨水是不可能的,因为判决已经宣下了。
To add rain is impossible, as the decree was already issued.
而是,圣者——愿他受称颂——使那稀少的雨在合宜的时候、降在需要它的地上,例如田地、葡萄园与园子,都照着那地的需要,那些雨就与大量的雨一样有效。
Rather, the Holy One, Blessed be He, causes those sparse rains to fall at the appropriate times on land that needs it, e.g., fields, vineyards, and gardens, all according to requirements of the land, and those rains are just as effective as a lot of rain.
有时为坏怎样?以色列民在岁首若全然公义,定下的这一年雨水就多;他们末了若退后犯罪,怎么办?减少雨水已不可能,因判决已下;圣者——愿他受称颂——就使雨在不合宜的时候、降在不需要它的地上,如树林与旷野,那大量的雨就不比稀少的雨更有益。
有时为坏,怎样呢?
Sometimes for bad; how so?
若以色列民在岁首时全然公义,以致为他们定下那一年有大量的雨水,而到末了他们退后犯了罪,能怎么办呢?
If the Jewish people were wholly righteous on Rosh HaShana, so that much rain was decreed for them for that year, but in the end they regressed and sinned, what can be done?
减少雨水的数量是不可能的,因为判决已经宣下了。
To reduce the amount of rain is impossible, as the decree was already issued.
而是,圣者——愿他受称颂——使雨在不合宜的时候、降在不需要它的地上,例如树林与旷野,那大量的雨就不比稀少的雨更有益处。
Rather, the Holy One, Blessed be He, causes the rain to fall not at the appropriate time, and on land that does not need it, e.g., forests and deserts, and the ample rain is no more beneficial than meager rain.
革玛拉问:为好的时候,就让他撕毁他们的判决、加添原先所定的雨吧。既然 《巴拉伊塔》 说神不这样做,可见坏的判决不能撤销,即便全体会众完全悔改。革玛拉答:那里不同,因为用这办法——使雨在合宜的时候与地方降下——就能达到同样的结果,而不必撤销原先的判决。
革玛拉问:然而在为好的时候,就让他撕毁他们的判决,加添原先为他们所定的雨吧。
The Gemara asks: When it is for good, however, let Him tear up their sentence and add to the rain that had originally been decreed for them.
既然这条 《巴拉伊塔》 解释神不这样做,这就表明一个坏的判决是不能撤销的,即便全体会众完全悔改也是如此。
Since the baraita explains that God does not do so, it implies that an evil sentence cannot be rescinded, even if the entire community fully repents.
革玛拉答:那里是不同的,因为用这种方式,就是使雨在合宜的时候、降在合宜的地方,就可能达到同样的结果,而不必撤销原先的判决。
The Gemara answers: It is different there, because it is possible to achieve the same result in this manner, by causing the rain to fall at the proper time and in the proper place, without rescinding the original sentence.
请来听另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 的证据:诗篇说:「在海上坐船,在大水中经理事务的,他们看见耶和华的作为,并他在深水中的奇事」(诗篇 107:23–24);接着说:「因他一吩咐,狂风就起,海中的波浪也扬起……他们摇摇晃晃,东倒西歪,好像醉酒的人;他们的智慧无法可施」(诗篇 107:25–27);又说:「于是,他们在苦难中哀求耶和华,他从他们的祸患中领出他们来」(诗篇 107:28);末了说:「但愿人因耶和华的慈爱和他向人所行的奇事都称赞他」(诗篇 107:31)。
请来听从另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 而来的证据:诗篇说:「在海上坐船,在大水中经理事务的,他们看见耶和华的作为,并他在深水中的奇事」(诗篇 107:23–24)。
Come and hear a proof from a different baraita: The psalm states: “They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters; these saw the works of the Lord, and His wonders in the deep” (Psalms 107:23–24).
诗篇接着说:「因他一吩咐,狂风就起,海中的波浪也扬起……他们摇摇晃晃,东倒西歪,好像醉酒的人;他们的智慧无法可施」(诗篇 107:25–27)。
The psalm continues: “For He commanded, and raised the stormy wind, which lifted up the waves thereof…They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and are at their wits’ end” (Psalms 107:25–27).
它又接着说:「于是,他们在苦难中哀求耶和华,他从他们的祸患中领出他们来」(诗篇 107:28)。
It continues further: “Then they cry to the Lord in their trouble, and He brings them out of their distresses” (Psalms 107:28).
末了说:「但愿人因耶和华的慈爱和他向人所行的奇事都称赞他」(诗篇 107:31)。
And finally, “Let them give thanks to the Lord for His mercy, and for His wonderful works to the children of men” (Psalms 107:31).
在第 23 至 28 节每节之前都插了标记——倒写的 努恩 字母——其意与妥拉里的「但」「只」相似,告诉我们:正如妥拉的字句精确不可更改,这些人的判决也不能更改。这告诉你:他们若在判决宣下以前哀求,就蒙应允;若只在判决宣下以后才哀求,就不蒙应允。
在这里,第 23 至 28 节每一节之前都插了标记。
Markers were inserted here before each one of verses 23 through 28.
这些标记,就是倒写的 努恩 字母,其意与妥拉里「但」与「只」这两个词相似,是要告诉我们:正如妥拉的字句是精确而不能更改的,同样,这些人的判决也不能更改。
These markers, which are the letter nun inverted, are similar in meaning to the words but and only in the Torah, to tell us that just as the Torah’s words are precise and cannot be changed, so too, these people cannot have their sentence changed.
这告诉你:他们若在判决宣下以前哀求,就蒙应允;然而他们若只在判决宣下以后才哀求,就不蒙应允。
This tells you that if they cried out before the sentence was issued, they are answered, but if they cried out only after the sentence was issued, they are not answered.
革玛拉答:这不难,因坐船下海的人也算作个人:即便人数很多,他们也不构成全体会众,只是会众里一小群有限的人。
革玛拉答:这并不难,因为那些坐船下海的人也被看作如同个人。
The Gemara answers: This is not difficult, for those who go down to the sea in ships are also considered like individuals.
即便这样的人很多,他们也不构成全体会众,而只是会众里一小群有限的人。
Even if there are many such people, they do not constitute an entire community but only a small defined group within it.
革玛拉接着说:请来听:改宗者 贝洛蕾娅 有一次问 拉班迦玛列:你们的妥拉里写着:「是大有能力、可畏的神,不以貌取人」(申命记 10:17),别处却写着:「愿耶和华向你仰脸,赐你平安」(民数记 6:26)。这矛盾怎样化解?
革玛拉接着说:请来听:改宗者 贝洛蕾娅 有一次问 拉班迦玛列:在你们的妥拉里写着:「是大有能力、可畏的神,不以貌取人」(申命记 10:17),而在别处写着:「愿耶和华向你仰脸,赐你平安」(民数记 6:26)。
The Gemara continues: Come and hear: Beloreya the convert once asked Rabban Gamliel: It is written in your Torah: “The great, mighty, and awesome God who favors no one” (Deuteronomy 10:17), and elsewhere it is written: “The Lord shall show favor to you and give you peace” (Numbers 6: 26).
「不以貌取人」与「向你仰脸」原文同是 נָשָׂא פָנִים 一语(直译「举起脸」),矛盾正在于此;和合本分译作两样。中文不写罗马字。
这个矛盾怎样化解?
How can this contradiction be resolved?
祭司 拉比约西 加入谈话,对她说:我给你讲个比喻:像一个人借给朋友一百第纳尔,在王面前定了还钱的日子,借债的人指着王的性命起誓必还。日子到了,他没有还。那失信的人来求王宽恕他没守指着王的性命所起的誓,王对他说:我受的羞辱,我饶了你;你还得去求你的朋友宽恕。这里也一样:「愿耶和华向你仰脸」指人对神所犯的罪,神会赦免;「不以貌取人」指人对人所犯的罪,神不赦免,直到犯罪的人求得受害者的宽恕。
祭司 拉比约西 加入与她的谈话,说:我给你讲一个比喻。
Rabbi Yosei the priest joined the conversation with her and said: I will tell you a parable.
这件事好比什么呢?
To what is this matter comparable?
好比一个人借给他的朋友一百第纳尔,在王面前定了还债的日期,而借债的人指着王的性命起誓,说他必还这钱。
To a person who lent his friend one hundred dinars and fixed a time for repayment of the loan before the king, and the borrower took an oath by the life of the king that he would repay the money.
日期到了,他却没有还这笔债。
The time arrived, and he did not repay the loan.
那失信的借债人来求王的宽恕,因他没有守那指着王的性命所起的誓;王对他说:为了我所受的羞辱,我饶恕你;然而你仍须去求你朋友的宽恕。
The delinquent borrower came to appease the king for not fulfilling the oath that he had sworn by the life of the king, and the king said to him: For my insult I forgive you, but you must still go and appease your friend.
这里也是一样:这里,那说「愿耶和华向你仰脸」的经文,是指人与神之间所犯的罪,神会赦免;那里,那说「神不以貌取人」的经文,是指人与人之间所犯的罪,神不赦免,直到犯罪的人求得他所伤害之人的宽恕。
Here also the same is true: Here, the verse that states: “The Lord shall show favor to you,” is referring to sins committed between man and God, which God will forgive; there, the verse that states: “God favors no one,” is referring to sins committed between a person and another, which God will not forgive until the offender appeases the one he hurt.
起初这矛盾是这样化解的,直到 拉比阿奇瓦 来了,这样教导:(下接 18a)
起初这个矛盾就是这样化解的,直到 拉比阿奇瓦 来了,这样教导:
This is how the contradiction had at first been resolved, until Rabbi Akiva came and taught as follows: