(续上)这里说的是松散的土,不须再压碎。
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这里所指的是松散的土,它不需要再压碎。
Here it is referring to loose earth that does not require further crushing.
← 节蛋卷总目·第一章 蛋
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 10 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)这里说的是松散的土,不须再压碎。
这里所指的是松散的土,它不需要再压碎。
Here it is referring to loose earth that does not require further crushing.
革玛拉诘难:即便是松土,人把土或铲子从原处取走,这动作本身就挖成了一个坑。答:这裁决照 拉比阿巴 的意见——他说:安息日挖坑的人,若只要那土、无意造坑,免责;他既无意于坑,就算行了破坏之举,而 哈拉哈 是:行破坏之举的,在安息日与节日不因行被禁之工而有责。
革玛拉对此提出诘难:可是即便是松散的土,人借着把土或铲子从那地方取走这个动作本身,就造成了一个坑。
The Gemara challenges this: But even in the case of loose earth, one makes a hole by the very act of removing the earth or the shovel from that place.
革玛拉答:这条裁决是照 拉比阿巴 的意见,因为 拉比阿巴 说:一个在安息日挖坑的人,若他只需要坑里的土,而无意于造成一个坑,他就这一举动是被免除的。
The Gemara answers: This ruling is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Abba, as Rabbi Abba said: One who digs a hole on Shabbat, but he needs only its earth and has no interest in forming a pit, is exempt for that act.
既然他无意于那个坑,他就被看作行了一个破坏性的举动,而 哈拉哈 是:行破坏性之举的人,不因在安息日与节日行被禁止的工而有责任。
Since he has no interest in the hole, he is considered to have performed a destructive act, and the halakha is that one who commits a destructive act is not liable for the performance of prohibited labor on Shabbat and Festivals.
§ 密释纳说:炉灰是预备好的。革玛拉诧异:炉灰,谁提过它?密释纳先前未论也未提炉灰,怎么忽然说起?拉巴 说:坦拿 说的是:「炉灰也是预备好的」——众人都同意,除了预备好的土,炉灰也算预备好的,可用来盖血,不必在前一日特为此预备。
密释纳说:炉子的灰是预备好的。
§ The mishna states: That the ashes of a stove are prepared.
革玛拉对这句话表示诧异:炉子的灰,谁提到过它?
The Gemara express puzzlement at this statement: The ashes of a stove, who mentioned anything about it?
这条密释纳先前既没有讨论、甚至也没有提到炉灰,为什么忽然说起炉子的灰来?
Why does the mishna suddenly speak about the ashes of a stove when it had not previously discussed or even mentioned them?
拉巴 说:这位 坦拿 所说的是这样:而且炉子的灰也是预备好的。
Rabba said: This is what the tanna said: And the ashes of a stove are prepared.
换句话说,众人都同意:除了预备好的土以外,炉子的灰也被看作是预备好的,人可以用它们来盖血。
In other words, everyone agrees that in addition to prepared earth, the ashes of a stove are also considered prepared, and one may cover the blood with them.
不必在前一日特为这个用途预备这些灰。
It is not necessary to prepare these ashes especially for this purpose the day before.
拉夫犹大 传 拉夫 说:众贤只教炉灰算预备好的,是在炉子于节日前夕生火、节日开始时灰已成的情形;炉子若在节日当天生火,那灰就禁用。灰若仍热、能在里面烤蛋,就不算 禁动之物,也许用来盖血。
拉夫犹大 说 拉夫 说:他们只在炉子是在节日前夕生火、使那灰在节日开始时已经形成的情形里,才教导炉子的灰被看作是预备好的。
Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: They only taught that the ashes of a stove are considered prepared if the stove was ignited on the Festival eve, so that the ashes had already formed at the start of the Festival.
然而它若是在节日当天生火的,那灰就是被禁止的。
However, if it was ignited on the Festival itself, the ashes are prohibited.
而那灰若仍是热的,适合在里面烤一个蛋,它们就不被看作 禁动之物,所以也许人用它们来盖血。
And if the ashes are still hot and fit to roast an egg in them, they are not considered muktze, and therefore it is permitted to use them for covering as well.
革玛拉评说:这意见在 《巴拉伊塔》 里也有教导:说炉灰是预备好的,只在炉子于节日前夕生火之时;若在节日生火,就禁用。灰若仍热、能在里面烤蛋,就许用。
革玛拉评说:那个意见在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里也有教导:当他们说炉子的灰是预备好的时,他们只是说在它于节日前夕生火的时候;然而它若是在节日当天生火的,那灰就是被禁止的。
The Gemara comments: That opinion is also taught in a baraita: When they said that the ashes of a stove are prepared, they said so only when it was ignited on the Festival eve; however, if it was ignited on the Festival, they are prohibited.
而那灰若仍是热的,适合在里面烤一个蛋,它们就是许可的。
And if the ashes are still hot and fit to roast an egg in them, they are permitted.
革玛拉又说:人若在节日前把土搬进他的园子或他的废屋里,以备种种所需,就许用来盖血。拉夫犹大 也说:人可在节日前一日搬进一筐土,节日里把筐与筐里的土都用于他一切所需。
革玛拉又说:若人在节日以前把土搬进他的园子或他的废屋里,以备种种需要,就许可用它来盖血。
The Gemara further states: If before the Festival one brought earth into his garden or his ruin to use for various needs, it is permitted to cover blood with it.
而 拉夫犹大 同样说:一个人可以在节日前一日搬进一满筐的土,在节日里把这筐与筐里所盛的土,都用于他一切的需要。
And Rav Yehuda likewise said: A person may bring in a basketful of earth the day before the Festival and use both the basket and the earth it contains for all his needs on the Festival.
论这情形,玛尔祖特拉 以他那位同名的先辈、大玛尔祖特拉之名公开教导,限定这 哈拉哈 的适用:只在人为这土指定了一个角落、表明他要用它于一切所需之时,而不是只把土搬进来撒在屋里地上;若撒在地上,这土就被并入地面,算作地的一部分,又归为 禁动之物。
论这个情形,玛尔祖特拉 以大 玛尔祖特拉 之名补充,并公开教导说,这条 哈拉哈 的适用是有限制的:那只在他为这土指定了一个角落的情形,借此表明他要用它于他一切的需要,而不是单单把土搬进来撒在屋里的地上。
With regard to this case, Mar Zutra added and taught in public in the name of Mar Zutra the Great that the application of this halakha is limited: And that is the case only if one designated a corner for this earth, thereby demonstrating that he intends to use it for all his requirements, rather than merely bringing earth in to scatter over the floor of the house.
在那情形里,这土就被并入了。
In that case, the dirt is nullified.
它被看作地面的一部分,这意味着它又一次被归为 禁动之物。
It is considered part of the floor, which means that it is once again classified as muktze.
革玛拉从一条密释纳(《初熟贡卷》4:9)提出反驳:科伊——兼有家畜与野兽特征的洁净动物——节日里不可宰,因不确定它的血须否遮盖;若宰了,不可盖它的血。若如 拉夫犹大 所说,人可随意用他那筐土,那么即便 科伊 确是家畜,也照他的意见让他盖吧。
革玛拉从一条密释纳(《初熟贡卷》4:9)对此提出反驳:论 科伊,一种兼有家畜与非家畜特征的洁净动物,人不可在节日宰杀它,因为不确定它的血是否须要遮盖。
The Gemara raises an objection against this from a mishna (Bikkurim 4:9): In the case of a koy, a kosher animal with characteristics of both domesticated and non-domesticated animals, one may not slaughter it on a Festival, as it is uncertain whether or not its blood requires covering.
而人若宰了它,他不可遮盖它的血。
And if one did slaughter it, he may not cover its blood.
而若是这样,若人可以照 拉夫犹大 所说随意使用他那筐土,那么即便 科伊 确实是一只家畜,也照 拉夫犹大 的意见,让他遮盖它吧。
And if it is so, that one may use his basket of earth as he wishes, as claimed by Rav Yehuda, even if a koy is definitely a domesticated animal, let him cover it, in accordance with the opinion of Rav Yehuda.
革玛拉对这反驳表示诧异:照你的推理,同样也可说:让他用炉灰或插着的铲子挖起的土来盖 科伊 的血吧。其实这条密释纳必是论人没有预备好的土可盖血的情形;这里也可说,他没有一筐备作一切所需的土。
革玛拉对这个反驳表示诧异:照你的推理,人同样也可以提议:让他用炉子的灰,或用一把插着的铲子挖起的土,来遮盖 科伊 的血吧。
The Gemara expresses surprise at this objection: And according to your reasoning, one could equally suggest: Let him cover the blood of the koy with ashes of a stove or with earth dug up with an embedded shovel.
其实,这条密释纳必是论人没有预备好的土可用来盖血的情形;这里也一样,可以说他并没有一筐备作他一切需要的土。
Rather, this mishna must be referring to a situation where one does not have prepared earth to use for covering the blood; here too, one can say that he does not have a basket of earth ready for all his needs.
革玛拉问:若是这样,密释纳既论没有预备好的土的情形,何必专论 科伊——不确定盖血是否诫命——的情形?即便是确须盖血的野兽,也不该许宰,因 哈拉哈 照 希列学派:没有预备好的土,不可宰。
革玛拉问:若是这样,若这条密释纳是论人没有预备好之土的情形,为什么专论 科伊 的情形,在那里不确定是否有遮盖它血的诫命?
The Gemara asks: If so, if the mishna is referring to a situation where one does not have prepared earth, why discuss specifically the case of a koy, where there is uncertainty whether there is a mitzva to cover its blood?
即便是一只非家畜,它的血确实必须被遮盖,宰杀也不应当被许可,因为 哈拉哈 是照 希列学派 的意见:人若没有预备好的土,就不可宰杀。
Even in the case of an undomesticated animal, whose blood must certainly be covered, slaughter should also not be permitted, as the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Beit Hillel that one may not slaughter if he does not have prepared earth.
革玛拉解释:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 用「不必说」的句式:确定的野兽与禽鸟不许宰,这 哈拉哈 不必说;至于存疑的,人或许会说:为节日之喜乐,就让人宰它而不盖血——既不确定盖血是否诫命,它就被节日喜乐之诫压过。所以 《巴拉伊塔》 教我们:人若没有预备好盖血之物,按理 就不该宰它。
革玛拉解释:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是用「不必说」的句式说话,如下:论确定的非家畜与禽鸟,不许宰杀它们,这条 哈拉哈 是不必说的;然而论一个存疑的情形,人或许会说:为了节日的喜乐,就让人宰杀它而不遮盖它的血吧,因为不确定是否有遮盖它血的诫命,所以它被在节日欢乐的诫命所压过。
The Gemara explains that this baraita is speaking utilizing the style of: It is not necessary, as follows: It is not necessary to state the halakha with regard to definite undomesticated animals and birds, that it is not permitted to slaughter them; however, with regard to an uncertainty, one might say: Due to the joy of the Festival let one slaughter it and not cover its blood, as there is uncertainty whether there is a mitzva to cover its blood, and therefore it is overridden by the mitzva to rejoice on a Festival.
所以,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 教我们:人若没有预备好可用来遮盖血的东西,他 按理 就不应宰杀它。
The baraita therefore teaches us that one should not slaughter it ab initio if he does not have something prepared with which to cover the blood.