(续上)……只是教我们合宜的礼节,并不涉任何禁令。
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……只是教我们合宜的礼节,尽管其中并不涉及任何禁令。
merely teaches us proper etiquette, even though no prohibition is involved.
← 节蛋卷总目·第三章 不可捕
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 5 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)……只是教我们合宜的礼节,并不涉任何禁令。
……只是教我们合宜的礼节,尽管其中并不涉及任何禁令。
merely teaches us proper etiquette, even though no prohibition is involved.
§ 众贤教与禁令无关的礼节,如 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:人吃蒜或葱,不可从头上、即根部那头吃,要从叶子那头吃;若那样吃,就显得贪吃。同样,人不可一口喝干他的一杯酒,那样喝就显得是贪杯之人。众贤就此教:一口喝干一杯的是贪杯之人;分两口喝是合宜的礼节;分三口喝是心骄气傲,因他装作过分斯文讲究。
众贤教导与任何禁令无关的合宜礼节,正如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教:人不可从蒜或葱的头那一边、就是它的根部吃它,而要从它叶子那一边吃。
§ The Sages teach proper manners unconnected to any prohibition, as it is taught in a baraita: A person should not eat garlic or onions from the side of its head, i.e., its roots, but rather from the side of its leaves.
他若那样吃了,就显得是一个贪吃的人。
And if he did eat in that manner, he gives the appearance of being a glutton.
同样,人不可一口气喝干他的一杯酒;他若这样喝了,就显得是一个贪杯的人。
Similarly, a person should not drink his cup of wine all at once, and if he did drink in this manner, he gives the appearance of being a greedy drinker.
众贤就此教导:一口气喝干他一杯的,是贪杯的人;分两口喝的,是合宜的礼节;分三口喝的,是心骄气傲的,因为他把自己装得过分斯文讲究。
The Sages taught in this regard: One who drinks his cup all at once is a greedy drinker; if he does so in two swallows, this is proper etiquette; in three swallows, he is of haughty spirit, as he presents himself as overly delicate and refined.
由上面的讨论,革玛拉记下 拉米·巴尔·阿巴 另一句话:海葱——一种根扎得极深的百合科植物——将来在审判之日要砍断恶人的脚。人惯于把海葱种在田边作界记,因它的根直往下长、不向旁蔓延;那些越界侵占邻人地产的,本当留意这些界记而止步。
由上面的讨论,革玛拉注明:拉米·巴尔·阿巴 也说了:海葱——一种百合科的植物,它的根深深扎进地里——将来在审判之日,要砍断恶人的脚。
Apropos the previous discussion, the Gemara notes that Rami bar Abba also said: The sea squill, a plant from the lily family whose roots project deep into the ground, will cut off the feet of the wicked in the future on the Day of Judgment.
人惯于把海葱种在田地的边上作界记,因为它们的根径直往下长,并不向四旁蔓延。
It was customary to plant sea squill on the edges of fields as boundary markers because their roots grow straight down without spreading out.
那些越过界限、侵占邻人产业的人,本应留意这些界记而止步。
Those who overstepped boundaries and infringed upon their neighbor’s property should have heeded the markers and desisted.
同样,幼树要砍断屠夫与亲近经期妇人之人的脚:树栽下后,须等三年才可吃它的果子;这当作教训,给那些不等剥皮就急着吃牲畜之肉的屠夫,与那些亲近经期中的妻子、不等她得洁净的人。
同样,幼树要砍断屠夫与那些亲近经期中妇人之人的脚。
Similarly, young trees will cut off the feet of butchers and those who have relations with menstruating women.
一棵树栽下之后,人必须等三年,才可吃它的果子。
After a tree is planted, one must wait three years before eating its fruit.
这应当作为一个教训,给那些不等剥下牲畜的皮、就急着吃它的肉的屠夫,以及那些亲近经期中的妻子、不等她们得着礼仪洁净的人。
This should serve as a lesson for those butchers who hasten to eat of the animal’s meat before removing its hide, and for those who have relations with their menstruating wives and do not wait for them to achieve ritual purification.
羽扇豆——一种极苦的豆类,须经长久的工序才能吃——要砍断「以色列民的仇敌」的脚,这是对以色列民本身的婉称。如经上说:「以色列人又行耶和华眼中看为恶的事,去事奉诸巴力和亚斯他录,并亚兰的神、西顿的神、摩押的神、亚扪人的神、非利士人的神,离弃耶和华,不事奉他」(士师记 10:6)。
羽扇豆——一种极苦的豆类,要经过一番长久的工序才可以吃——要砍断以色列民之仇敌的脚,这是对以色列民本身的一个婉称。
The lupine [turmus], an extremely bitter legume that is edible only after an extensive process, will cut off the feet of the enemies of the Jewish people, a euphemism for the Jewish people themselves.
「羽扇豆」英译以方括号附原文 turmus(תּוּרְמוּס)。中文不写罗马字。
正如经上所说:「以色列人又行耶和华眼中看为恶的事,去事奉诸巴力和亚斯他录,并亚兰的神、西顿的神、摩押的神、亚扪人的神、非利士人的神,离弃耶和华,不事奉他」(士师记 10:6)。
As it is stated: “And the children of Israel continued to do evil in the eyes of the Lord, and served the Baalim and the Ashtaroth, and the gods of Aram and the gods of Zidon and the gods of Moab and the gods of the children of Ammon and the gods of the Philistines, and they forsook the Lord and did not serve Him” (Judges 10:6).
从经上说「离弃耶和华」,我岂不就知道他们不事奉他?那么经上为何多说「不事奉他」?拉比以利亚撒 说:圣者——愿他受称颂——说:我的儿女待我,连这羽扇豆也不如;羽扇豆原样不能吃,须在水里煮七次、调和它的苦味,终究变得甘甜,人饭后当甜点吃。他们拜了经上所列的七样偶像,我为每一样罚了他们,他们仍不肯从恶道回转,依旧悖逆、不事奉我。
从经上所说「离弃耶和华」,我岂不就知道他们不事奉他吗?
By inference from that which is stated: “And they forsook the Lord,” do I not know that they did not serve Him?
那么,这节经为什么要说看似多余的「不事奉他」这几个字?
Rather, for what purpose does the verse state the seemingly unnecessary words “and did not serve Him”?
拉比以利亚撒 说:圣者——愿他受称颂——说:我的儿女待我,连像这羽扇豆那样也不如;羽扇豆因为原样不能吃,必须在水里煮七次来调和它的苦味,终于被弄得甘甜,以致人在饭后把它当作甜点吃。
Rabbi Elazar said: The Holy One, Blessed be He, said: My children did not treat Me even like this lupine, which, because it is inedible as it is, must be cooked in water seven times in order to temper its bitter taste and is eventually made so sweet that one eats it as a dessert after a meal.
他们拜了这节经所列的全部七类偶像,即便我为每一类都惩罚了他们以后,他们仍拒绝从他们的恶道上回转。
They worshipped all seven types of idolatry listed in the verse, and even after I punished them for each and every one of them, they still refused to repent from their evil ways.
他们反倒依旧悖逆,不事奉我。
Instead, they remained rebellious and did not serve Me.
革玛拉再论以色列民品性的另一面。《巴拉伊塔》 以 拉比梅伊尔 之名教:妥拉为何赐给以色列民?因他们莽撞,研读妥拉能削弱、谦卑他们。拉比以实玛利 学派的一位贤者就「从他右手为百姓传出烈火的律法」(申命记 33:2)教:圣者——愿他受称颂——说:照这民的本性,配得赐给他们一道烈火的律法,一种刚硬炽热的信仰。另有人说这条 《巴拉伊塔》 的一个版本:这民的性情如火,若不是妥拉赐给他们、借研读与遵行约束他们,没有一国一族能抵挡他们。
革玛拉思量以色列民品性的另一面。
The Gemara considers another aspect of the character of the Jewish people.
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里以 拉比梅伊尔 之名教导:妥拉是为什么缘故赐给以色列民的?
It is taught in a baraita in the name of Rabbi Meir: For what reason was the Torah given to the Jewish people?
是因为他们莽撞,而研读妥拉会削弱他们、使他们谦卑。
It is because they are impudent, and Torah study will weaken and humble them.
拉比以实玛利 学派的一位贤者,就「从他右手为百姓传出烈火的律法」(申命记 33:2)这节经教导如下:圣者——愿他受称颂——说:照他们的本性与品格,这民,就是犹太人,配得赐给他们一道烈火的律法,一种刚硬而炽热的信仰。
A Sage of the school of Rabbi Yishmael taught the following with regard to the verse: “From His right hand went a fiery law for them” (Deuteronomy 33:2); The Holy One, Blessed be He, said: Based on their nature and character, these people, the Jews, are fit to be given a fiery law, a hard and scorching faith.
申命记 33:2 和合本作「为百姓」,英译作「for them」,论证不系于此,照和合本。
有人说这条 《巴拉伊塔》 的另一个版本:这民、就是犹太人的行事与本性如同火;因为若不是妥拉赐给了以色列民,借着研读与遵行约束他们,没有一国一族能抵挡得住他们。
Some say a different version of this baraita: The ways and nature of these people, the Jews, are like fire, as, were it not for the fact that the Torah was given to the Jewish people, whose study and observance restrains them, no nation or tongue could withstand them.
这与 拉比西缅·本·拉基什 所说的相同:有三样莽撞的:列国中的以色列民、走兽中的狗、飞鸟中的公鸡。有人说:还有小牲畜中的山羊。有人说:还有树木中的刺山柑。
这与 拉比西缅·本·拉基什 所说的相同:有三样是莽撞的:列国之中的以色列民,走兽之中的狗,飞鸟之中的公鸡。
And this is the same as what Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said: There are three impudent ones: The Jewish people among the nations; the dog among animals; and the rooster among birds.
有人说:还有小牲畜之中的山羊。
And some say: Also the goat among small cattle.
又有人说:还有树木之中的刺山柑。
And some say: Also the caper bush among trees.
§ 密释纳所教:人若在节日于田间宰了牲畜,不可用扁担把它挑回家,因这看来像平日的活计。众贤在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教:瞎子节日不可拄杖出去,牧人不可背着皮囊出去;无论男女,都不可坐由人用杠抬的椅子出去——这些都算平日的活计,做了就是对节日不敬。
在密释纳里所教:若人在节日于田间宰了一只牲畜,他不可用一根扁担把它带回他的家,因为这看来像是一件平日的活计。
§ It is taught in the mishna: If one slaughtered an animal on a Festival in the field, he may not bring it to his house on a pole, as this appears similar to a weekday activity.
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:一个瞎子在节日不可拄着他的杖出去,一个牧人也不可背着他的皮囊出去。
The Sages taught in a baraita: A blind person may not go out on a Festival with his cane, nor a shepherd with his satchel.
人也不可坐在一张由别人用杠抬着的椅子上出去,无论男人还是女人。
And one may not go out on a chair borne on poles by other people, neither a man nor a woman.
这些都被看作平日的活计,做了就显出对节日的不敬。
All of these are considered weekday activities, the performance of which would display disrespect for the Festival.
革玛拉问:是这样吗?拉比雅各·巴尔·伊迪 岂不是从以色列地送来这条 哈拉哈:我们邻里有一位老人,节日常坐他的轿子出去;他们来问当代首要的权威 拉比约书亚·本·利未 可否这样。他对他们说:若许多人需要这人来给他们讲论妥拉,就许用这方式抬他到学堂。
革玛拉问:是这样吗?
The Gemara asks: Is that so?
可是 拉比雅各·巴尔·伊迪 岂不是从以色列地送来了以下这条 哈拉哈:在我们邻里有一位老人,他常在节日坐他的轿子出去;他们就来问当代首要的权威 拉比约书亚·本·利未,这样做是否许可。
But didn’t Rabbi Ya’akov bar Idi send the following halakha from Eretz Yisrael: There was an old man in our neighborhood who would go out on a Festival in his litter [gelodki], and they came and asked Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, the preeminent authority of the time, whether this was permitted.
「轿子」英译以方括号附原文 gelodki。中文不写罗马字。
拉比约书亚·本·利未 对他们说:若有许多人需要这人来给他们讲论妥拉的事,就许可用这种方式把他抬到学堂去。
And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said to them: If many people need the man to come and lecture them on Torah matters, it is permitted to transport him to the study hall in that manner.
同样,我们的众贤倚靠 亚希·沙卡亚 的话,他说:我曾在节日用这样的椅子,把 拉夫胡纳 从希内镇抬到希莱镇,又从希莱抬回希内。拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:我曾在节日用这样的座椅,把 玛尔·撒母耳 从日头下抬到荫凉处,又从荫凉处抬到日头下。这些事都表明节日确可用这样的椅子。革玛拉答:这些情形不难,那里是照 拉比约书亚·本·利未 所说的理由——若许多人需要他,就许可;众人不需要的人,不可坐这样的椅子出去。
同样,我们的众贤倚靠 亚希·沙卡亚 的话,他说:我曾在节日用这样一张椅子,把 拉夫胡纳 从希内镇抬到希莱镇,又从希莱抬回希内。
Similarly, our Sages relied on the statement of Aḥi Shakkaya, who said: I once brought Rav Huna on a Festival from the town of Hinei to the town of Shilei and from Shilei back to Hinei on a chair of this kind.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:我曾在节日用这样一张座椅,把 玛尔·撒母耳 从日头底下抬到荫凉处,又从荫凉处抬到日头底下。
And Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: I once brought Mar Shmuel on such a seat on a Festival from the sun into the shade and from the shade into the sun.
这些事都表明,在节日用这样一张椅子,其实是许可的。
All of these incidents indicate that it is in fact permitted to use such a chair on a Festival.
革玛拉答:这些情形不构成难处,因为在那里,是照 拉比约书亚·本·利未 所说的理由:若有许多人需要他,就是许可的。
The Gemara answers: These cases pose no difficulty, as there, it is in accordance with the reason that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi stated: If many people need him, it is permitted.
然而一个不为大众所需要的人,不可坐这样一张椅子出去。
However, one who is not needed by the public may not go out in such a chair.
拉夫纳赫曼 对 哈马·巴尔·阿达——锡安诸学堂的使者,常往返于以色列地与巴比伦——说:你上到那里、到以色列地去时,要绕道走,不走最近的路;去推罗的梯阶,去见住在推罗的 拉比雅各·巴尔·伊迪,向他提出这个疑问:用杠抬的椅子,你怎么说?节日可以坐这样的椅子出去吗?
拉夫纳赫曼 对 哈马·巴尔·阿达——锡安诸学堂的使者,他常在以色列地与巴比伦之间来回旅行——说:当你上到那里、到以色列地去的时候,要绕道而行,就是不要走最近的路;要去推罗的梯阶,去见住在推罗的 拉比雅各·巴尔·伊迪,在他面前提出这个疑问:论一张用杠抬着的椅子,你怎么说?人在节日可以坐这样一张椅子出去吗?
Rav Naḥman said to Ḥama bar Adda, emissary of the talmudic academies in Zion, who would regularly travel back and forth from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia: When you go up there, to Eretz Yisrael, take a roundabout route, i.e., do not travel by the shortest path; and go to the Ladder of Tyre, and go to Rabbi Ya’akov bar Idi, who lives in Tyre, and raise this dilemma before him: What do you say with regard to a chair borne on poles; may one go out in such a chair on a Festival?
他到那里时,拉比雅各·巴尔·伊迪 已经去世了。然而他上到以色列地时,遇见 拉比泽里卡,问他:用杠抬的椅子,你怎么说?他对他说:拉比阿米 这样说:许可,只要不在肩上抬、不在椅上抬。革玛拉问:「只要不在肩上抬」是什么意思?拉巴之子拉夫约瑟 说:是指两人用肩扛担子的扛杠。这种抬法极惹眼,看来像平日的活计,是对节日不敬;抬椅的杠当握在抬的人手里,好叫座椅离地近些、不那么显眼。
等他到了那里,拉比雅各·巴尔·伊迪 已经去世了。
By the time he arrived there, Rabbi Ya’akov bar Idi had already passed away.
然而当他上到以色列地时,他遇见了 拉比泽里卡,就对他说:论一张用杠抬着的椅子,你怎么说?你对这事的意见如何?
However, when he went up to Eretz Yisrael he found Rabbi Zerika and said to him: What do you say with regard to a chair borne on poles; what is your opinion on this topic?
他对他说:拉比阿米 这样说:这是许可的,只要他不是在肩上、在椅子上被抬着。
He said to him: Rabbi Ami said as follows: It is permitted provided that he is not carried on the shoulders, on the chair.
革玛拉问:「只要他不是在肩上被抬着」是什么意思?
The Gemara asks: What is the meaning of: Provided that he is not carried on the shoulders?
拉巴之子拉夫约瑟 说:它的意思是在扛杠上,就是两个人用来在肩上扛担子的杠。
Rav Yosef, son of Rabba, said: It means on poles [alunkei] that are used to carry burdens on the shoulders of two people.
「扛杠」英译以方括号附原文 alunkei。中文不写罗马字。
这种运送的方式极其惹眼,看来像是一件平日的活计,做了就显出对节日的不敬。
This mode of transportation is highly conspicuous and has the appearance of a weekday activity, the performance of which displays disrespect for the Festival.
反倒,抬椅子的杠应当握在抬的人手里,这样座椅就离地面较近,也不那么显眼。
Instead, the poles on which the chair is borne should be held in the bearers’ hands, so the seat will be closer to the ground and less noticeable.
革玛拉问:是这样吗?拉夫纳赫曼 岂不是许他的妻子 雅尔塔 节日坐在由抬的人肩扛的椅子上出去?革玛拉答:雅尔塔 不同,她怕跌下来,所以需要这特别的安排。
革玛拉问:是这样吗?
The Gemara asks: Is that so?
可是 拉夫纳赫曼 岂不是许可他的妻子 雅尔塔 在节日坐在一张杠子搁在抬的人肩上的椅子上出去吗?
But didn’t Rav Naḥman permit his wife Yalta to go out on a Festival on a chair borne on poles that rested on the shoulders of the bearers?
革玛拉答:雅尔塔 是不同的,因为她害怕跌下来,所以需要这种特别的安排。
The Gemara answers: Yalta is different, as she was afraid of falling and therefore required this special arrangement.
革玛拉记述:节期中的安息日有公开讲论,阿梅马尔 与 玛尔祖特拉 常由学生用肩抬到学堂里的座位上。他们这样被抬,是怕跌下来;有人说是因人群推挤,怕被来听讲论的众人挤伤。
革玛拉记述:在节期中的安息日有公开的讲论,阿梅马尔 与 玛尔祖特拉 常被他们的学生扛在肩上,抬到学堂里他们的座位上。
The Gemara relates that Ameimar and Mar Zutra would be carried to their places in the study hall on the shoulders of their students for the public lecture delivered on the Shabbat of the Festival.
他们被这样抬着,是因为他们害怕跌下来。
They would be carried in that manner due to their fear of falling.
有人说,理由是人群的推挤,因为这两位贤者害怕被来听讲论的大批人群挤伤。
And some say the reason was due to the pushing of the crowd, as these Sages were afraid of being crushed by the large number of people attending the lecture.
背景:犹太人所有的牛、绵羊、山羊头生的公畜,生下来就成圣,须交给祭司在圣殿坛上献祭;头生牲畜若生了使它不合献祭的残疾,仍须交给祭司,但可赎出、宰了当俗肉吃。密释纳:头生牲畜在节日掉进坑里,恐它死在那里,拉比犹大 说:精于此道的行家下到坑里去检验它。
属于犹太人的牛、绵羊或山羊的头生公畜,从出生起就成圣,必须交给祭司,在圣殿里的坛上献祭。
A male firstborn of cattle, sheep, or goats belonging to a Jew is sanctified from birth and must be given to a priest to be sacrificed on the altar in the Temple.
若头生牲畜得了一个使它不合献作祭物的身体残疾,它仍须交给祭司,然而它可以被赎出、宰杀,当作俗肉来吃。
If a firstborn animal acquired a physical blemish that disqualifies it from being sacrificed as an offering, it still must be given to a priest, but it may be redeemed, slaughtered, and eaten as non-sacred meat.
若一只头生牲畜在节日掉进了一口坑里,而有顾虑它会死在那里,拉比犹大 说:一位精于这些事的行家下到坑里去,检验这只牲畜。
If a firstborn animal fell into a cistern on a Festival, and there is concern that it might die there, Rabbi Yehuda says: An expert in these matters goes down into the cistern and examines the animal.