(续上)然而把香料放在烧烫的陶片上是许可的,因不涉灭火或点火之虑。
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然而把它们放在一块烧烫的陶片上是许可的,因为没有灭火或点火的顾虑。
However, placing them on a scalding fragment of earthenware is permitted, as there is no concern of extinguishing or kindling.
← 节蛋卷总目·第二章 节日
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 10 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)然而把香料放在烧烫的陶片上是许可的,因不涉灭火或点火之虑。
然而把它们放在一块烧烫的陶片上是许可的,因为没有灭火或点火的顾虑。
However, placing them on a scalding fragment of earthenware is permitted, as there is no concern of extinguishing or kindling.
拉巴 说:把香料放在热陶片上也禁,因它在陶片里生出一股新的香气,而节日不可造新物。革玛拉评说:同样,拉巴 与 拉夫约瑟 都说:节日不可把盛香膏的杯子倒扣在丝绸衣服上,理由是它在衣服里生出新的香气。
而 拉巴 说:把香料放在一块热陶片上也是被禁止的,因为它在陶片里生出一股新的香气,而人在节日不可造新的东西。
And Rabba said: Placing the spices on a hot piece of earthenware is also prohibited, because it produces a new scent in the earthenware, and one may not create new things on a Festival.
革玛拉评说:同样,拉巴 与 拉夫约瑟 两人都说了以下的话:在节日,禁止把一个盛着香膏的杯子倒扣在丝绸衣服上。
The Gemara notes that similarly, Rabba and Rav Yosef both said the following: It is prohibited to overturn a cup containing perfume onto silk garments on a Festival.
这条禁令的理由是什么?
What is the reason for this prohibition?
是因为它在衣服里生出一股新的香气。
It is because it produces a new scent in the garment.
革玛拉问:这与 《巴拉伊塔》 所论的有何不同?《巴拉伊塔》 说:人可用手指捏一块香木来闻,也可折下一小块、放出香气来闻——那里也生出香气。答:那里香气本来就有,他只是加添香气;这里把香膏倒扣在衣服上,却是生出新的香气。拉瓦 却说:连把香料撒在炭上也许可,正如许把肉放在炭上烤。
革玛拉问:这个情形与以下这条 《巴拉伊塔》 所论的情形有什么不同?人可以用他的手指捏一块香木来闻它,也可以折下它的一小块,为要放出它的香气来闻它。
The Gemara asks: And in what way is this case different from the case discussed in the following baraita: One may press a piece of aromatic wood between his fingers and smell it, and one may also snip off a piece of it in order to release its fragrance and smell it?
在那些情形里,他也生出了香气。
In those cases too he produces a scent.
革玛拉答:在那里,香气本来就在那里,他只是加添香气,因为他的捏或折使气味更浓。
The Gemara answers: There, the scent exists in any case, and he merely adds to the fragrance, as his pressing or snipping causes the smell to be stronger.
在这里却不然,他把一杯香膏倒扣在衣服上,就生出了一股新的香气。
Here, on the other hand, where he overturns a cup of perfume on clothing, he produces a new scent.
然而 拉瓦 说:即便把香料撒在炭本身上也是许可的,正如许人把肉放在炭上烤一样。
Rava, however, said: It is even permitted to sprinkle the aromatic spices on the coals themselves, just as it is permitted to place meat on coals for roasting.
革玛拉记述:贝卡提勒的拉夫格维哈 有一次在流亡领袖家门口教导:「系结」在节日是许可的,却没有加任何说明。阿梅马尔 问他:这词是什么意思?若是用手打装饰的结,这是匠人的工作,节日当然禁;若是烧香,这也禁,因人把香粉撒在炭上时会熄灭一些炭。拉夫阿施 对他说:其实指的是烧香,这是许可的,正如许把肉放在炭上烤。
革玛拉记述:贝卡提勒的拉夫格维哈 有一次在流亡领袖家的门口教导说:「系结」在节日是许可的;可是他没有加上任何进一步的说明。
The Gemara relates that Rav Geviha from Bei Katil once taught at the entrance to the house of the Exilarch that ketura is permitted on a Festival; but he did not add any further clarification.
「系结」原文 ketura(קְטוֹרָא),可读作打结,也可读作烧香(ketoret,קְטֹרֶת),所争正在此。中文不写罗马字。
阿梅马尔 对他说:「系结」是什么意思?
Ameimar said to him: What is the meaning of ketura?
若它的意思是用手打装饰的结,这是一个匠人的工作,所以在节日当然是被禁止的。
If it means tying [ketura] ornamental knots by hand, this is the act of a craftsman and is therefore certainly prohibited on a Festival.
而若它是指烧香,这也是被禁止的,因为他把香粉撒在炭上时,会熄灭一些炭。
And if it is referring to burning incense [ketoret], this too is prohibited, as he extinguishes some of the coals when he sprinkles the aromatic powder on them.
拉夫阿施 对他说:其实它是指烧香,这是许可的,正如许人把肉放在炭上烤一样。
Rav Ashi said to him: Actually, it is referring to burning incense, which is permitted, just as it is permitted to place meat on coals for roasting.
有人说这事的另一版本:阿梅马尔 对 拉夫格维哈 说:「系结」是什么意思?若是用手打装饰的结,是匠人的工作,被禁;若是烧香,这也禁,因它生出新的香气。拉夫阿施 说:这条 哈拉哈 是我对他说的,是以一位伟人——拉瓦——之名说的:其实指的是烧香,这是许可的,正如许把肉放在炭上烤。
有人说这个故事一个稍有不同的版本,其中 阿梅马尔 对 拉夫格维哈 说:「系结」是什么意思?
Some say a slightly different version of this story, in which Ameimar said to Rav Geviha: What is the meaning of ketura?
若它的意思是用手打装饰的结,这是一个匠人的工作,是被禁止的。
If it means tying ornamental knots by hand, this is the act of a craftsman, which is prohibited.
若它是指烧香,这也是被禁止的,因为他生出一股新的香气。
If it is referring to burning incense, this too is prohibited, as he produces a new scent.
拉夫阿施 说:这条 哈拉哈 是我对 拉夫格维哈 说的,而且我是以一位伟人、就是 拉瓦 之名说的:其实它是指烧香,这是许可的,正如许人把肉放在炭上烤一样。
Rav Ashi said: I said this halakha to Rav Geviha, and I said it in the name of a great man, Rava, that actually it is referring to burning incense, which is permitted, just as it is permitted to place meat on coals for roasting.
§ 密释纳所教:拉班迦玛列 的三项从宽之一,是逾越节之夜可预备 整只烤的 的山羊羔——整只烤、内脏放在头上。《巴拉伊塔》 论此教:拉比约西 说:罗马犹太社群的领袖 托多斯 为罗马犹太人立了习俗,在逾越节之夜吃整只烤的山羊羔,以纪念圣殿里的做法。众贤传话给他:你若不是 托多斯 这样重要的人,我们就要宣告把你逐出会众,因你在圣殿以外叫以色列民吃圣物——那只能在圣殿本身及其周围吃。
在密释纳里所教的:拉班迦玛列 的三项从宽之一,是人可以在逾越节之夜预备一只 整只烤的 的山羊羔,意思是一只整只烤的山羊,内脏放在它的头上。
§ It is taught in the mishna that one of Rabban Gamliel’s three leniencies was that one may prepare a whole [mekulas] kid goat, meaning a goat roasted whole, with its entrails over its head, on the night of Passover.
论此,在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教的:拉比约西 说:罗马的 托多斯,就是那里犹太社群的领袖,为罗马的犹太人立了在逾越节之夜吃整只烤的山羊羔的习俗,以纪念在圣殿里所遵行的做法。
It is taught in a baraita in this regard that Rabbi Yosei says: Theodosius [Todos] of Rome, leader of the Jewish community there, instituted the custom for the Roman Jews to eat whole kids on the night of Passover, in commemoration of the practice followed in the Temple.
英译作「忒俄多西 [托多斯]」,中文照库里 之间1192 写 托多斯。
众贤传话给他:你若不是 托多斯 这样一位重要的人,我们就会宣告把你逐出会众,因为你在圣殿以外叫以色列民吃圣物,而圣物只可以在圣殿本身及其周围吃。
The Sages sent a message to him: Were you not Theodosius, an important person, we would have decreed ostracism upon you, as you are feeding the Jewish people consecrated food, which may be eaten only in and around the Temple itself, outside the Temple.
革玛拉诧异:你能想众贤真的是说 托多斯 在圣殿外叫以色列民吃圣物吗?这些山羊羔当然不是圣牲。其实要说:他叫以色列民吃类似圣物的东西,人会把它误当作逾越节的祭牲。
革玛拉表示诧异:你能想到众贤真的是说他在圣殿以外叫以色列民吃圣物吗?
The Gemara expresses surprise: Can it enter your mind that the Sages really meant that Theodosius was feeding the Jewish people consecrated food outside the Temple?
这些山羊羔当然不是圣别的牲畜。
These goats are certainly not consecrated animals.
其实要说:他是叫以色列民吃类似圣物的东西,人们可能会把它误当作逾越节的祭牲。
Rather, say that he was feeding the Jewish people something similar to consecrated food, which people might mistake for a Paschal offering.
密释纳:有三件事,拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 许可而众拉比禁止:他的母牛在安息日角间系着装饰的皮带出去——他以为这皮带是母牛的装饰而非负担,众贤却以它为负担。
有三件事,拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 许可,而众拉比禁止:他的母牛会在安息日角与角之间系着一条装饰的皮带出去。
There are three things that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya permits and the Rabbis prohibit: His cow would go out on Shabbat with a decorative strap between its horns.
拉比以利亚撒 认为这样一条皮带被看作母牛的装饰,而不是负担;众贤却把它看作负担。
Rabbi Elazar holds that such a strap is considered an ornament for the cow rather than a burden, whereas the Sages view it as a burden.
密释纳续:节日可用细齿梳子梳牲畜,除去毛里的虱与污垢——众拉比禁止,恐人因此弄伤或擦伤牲畜;节日所需的胡椒,连用它自己的磨也可以磨,虽然这看似平日的工作。
人在节日可以用一把细齿的梳子梳一只牲畜,为要除去它毛里的虱与污垢;众拉比禁止这事,因顾虑人可能因此弄伤或擦伤这牲畜。
And one may comb [mekardin] an animal with a fine comb on a Festival in order to remove ticks and dirt from its hair; the Rabbis prohibit this due to a concern that he might thereby come to wound or bruise the animal.
「梳」原文 mekardin(מְקָרְדִין)。中文不写罗马字。
人也可以磨节日所需的胡椒,即便用它自己的磨也可以,尽管这看似平日的工作。
And one may grind pepper needed on the Festival even in its own mill, although this appears similar to a weekday labor.
拉比犹大 说:节日不可用细梳梳牲畜,因这必定造成伤口;却可用木梳刷它,因木梳的钝齿不伤牲畜。众拉比却说:不可细梳,连刷也不可。
拉比犹大 说:人在节日不可梳一只牲畜来除去它毛里的虱与污垢,因为这必定造成伤口;然而人可以用一把木梳刷它,因为木梳的钝齿不会伤着这牲畜。
Rabbi Yehuda says: One may not comb an animal to remove ticks and dirt from its hair on a Festival because this certainly creates a wound, but one may brush it with a wooden comb, as its blunt teeth do not wound the animal.
众拉比却说:人不可梳,甚至也不可刷。
But the Rabbis say: One may not comb, nor may one even brush.
论密释纳说 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 的母牛在安息日角间系皮带出去,革玛拉问:难道他只有一头母牛?拉夫 岂不是说过——有人说是 拉夫犹大 传 拉夫 说——他每年从他的牛群取什一的牛犊就有一万三千头,可见单牛犊就有十倍之数?答:《托塞夫塔》 教:这母牛不是他的,是他邻妇的;因他没有抗议、没对她说这是禁的,这母牛就被冠以他的名,以示贬责,好像是他的一样。
论密释纳说 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 的母牛会在安息日角与角之间系着一条皮带出去,革玛拉问:这是说他只有一头母牛吗?
With regard to the mishna’s statement that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya’s cow would go out on Shabbat with a strap between its horns, the Gemara asks: Is that to say that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya had only one cow?
可是 拉夫 岂不是说过——有人说是 拉夫犹大 说 拉夫 说——他每一年从他的牛群中取什一的牛犊就有一万三千头,意思是单是牛犊,他就有那数目的十倍。
But didn’t Rav say, and some say that Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya would tithe from his herds thirteen thousand calves each and every year, which means that he had ten times that number of calves alone.
那么,密释纳为什么说「他的母牛」?
Why, then, does the mishna speak of his cow?
革玛拉答:在 《托塞夫塔》 里所教:这头母牛不是他的,而是他邻舍那个妇人的。
The Gemara answers that it is taught in the Tosefta: This cow was not his; rather, it was his neighbor’s.
而因为他没有抗议她的做法、没有告诉她这样做是被禁止的,这头母牛就被冠以他的名,以示贬责,好像它是他的一样。
And because he did not protest her conduct and tell her that it is prohibited to do so, the cow was called by his name to his discredit, as if it were his.
§ 密释纳教 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 以为节日可梳牲畜。众贤在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教:什么算细梳,什么算刷?细梳用细齿的梳子,会造成伤口;刷用粗齿的梳子,不造成伤口。
在密释纳里所教的:拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 认为人在节日可以梳一只牲畜。
§ It is taught in the mishna that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya holds that one may comb an animal on a Festival.
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:什么算是细梳,什么算是刷?
The Sages taught in a baraita: What is considered combing and what is brushing?
细梳是用细齿的梳子,会造成伤口;刷是用粗齿的梳子,不会造成伤口。
Combing is performed with a small-toothed comb and makes a wound; brushing is done with a large-toothed comb and does not make a wound.
这事有三种意见。拉比犹大 以为无意之举——人行许可之事、却随之发生一项并非本意的被禁之工——是禁止的,所以不可用会造成伤口的方式梳牲畜,即便无意。然而他分别两种情形:他禁用会造成伤口的细齿梳子,却许用不造成伤口的粗齿梳子刷;我们不因细梳而立防范之规禁刷,因不怕人弄错、连被禁的细梳也许了。
关于这件事有三种意见。
And there are three disputes with regard to this matter.
拉比犹大 认为,无意之举——就是一个许可的举动,在安息日却随之发生了一项并非本意的被禁之工——是被禁止的;因为照他的意见,即便人心里想的是一个许可的举动、并不打算行那项工,也禁止在安息日行一个涉及被禁之工的举动。
Rabbi Yehuda holds that an unintentional act, a permitted action from which an unintended prohibited labor ensues on Shabbat, is prohibited, as in his opinion it is prohibited to perform an action that involves a prohibited labor on Shabbat even if one has a permitted action in mind and does not intend to perform the labor in question.
所以,人不可以一种会造成伤口的方式梳一只牲畜,即便是无意的。
Therefore, one may not comb an animal in a manner that will cause a wound, even unintentionally.
然而他分别这两种情形:他虽然禁止用会造成伤口的细齿梳子梳,却许可用不造成伤口的粗齿梳子刷;我们也不因细梳而立防范之规、禁止刷,因为不顾虑人们会弄错,以致连用被禁止的方式细梳也许可了。
However, he differentiates between the cases: Although he prohibits combing with a small-toothed comb that makes a wound, he permits brushing with a large-toothed comb that does not make a wound, and we do not issue a decree and prohibit brushing due to combing, as there is no concern that people will err and come to permit even combing in the prohibited manner.
众拉比在根本问题上也同 拉比犹大,以为无意之举是禁的;却以为要因细梳而立防范之规禁刷。另一方面,拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 同 拉比西缅 的异见,以为无意之举是许可的;所以细梳与刷都许——即便梳或刷擦伤了牲畜,也不算违禁,因人当然没有伤它的本意。
众拉比在根本问题上也认同 拉比犹大 的意见,就是无意之举是被禁止的。
And the Rabbis also hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda with regard to the fundamental issue that an unintentional act is prohibited.
然而他们认为:我们要因细梳而立防范之规,禁止刷。
However, they maintain that we issue a decree and prohibit brushing due to combing.
另一方面,拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 认同 拉比西缅 那相异的意见,就是他说的:无意之举是许可的。
On the other hand, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya holds in accordance with the dissenting opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who said that an unintentional act is permitted.
所以,细梳与刷都是许可的,因为即便细梳或刷擦伤了这牲畜,也没有违犯禁令,因为人当然没有要使这牲畜受伤的本意。
Therefore, both combing and brushing are permitted, as even if the combing or brushing bruises the animal, there is no transgression of a prohibition, as there was certainly no intention to cause the animal a wound.
拉瓦 传 拉夫纳赫曼 传 撒母耳 说——有人说是 拉夫纳赫曼 自己说的——哈拉哈 照 拉比西缅,无意之举在安息日是许可的,因 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 同他。拉瓦 对 拉夫纳赫曼 说:夫子何不反过来说 哈拉哈 照 拉比犹大,因众拉比同他?拉夫纳赫曼 对他说:我根本上就照 拉比西缅 的意见,只是再添一个理由:拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 也同他。
拉瓦 说 拉夫纳赫曼 说 撒母耳 说——有人说是 拉夫纳赫曼 自己说了这个教导——哈拉哈 照 拉比西缅 的意见,就是无意之举在安息日是许可的,因为 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 认同他。
Rava said that Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said, and some say that Rav Naḥman said this teaching himself: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, that an unintentional act is permitted on Shabbat, as Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya agrees with him.
拉瓦 对 拉夫纳赫曼 说:那么就请夫子说相反的话,就是 哈拉哈 照 拉比犹大 的意见,因为众拉比认同他。
Rava said to Rav Naḥman: And let the Master say the opposite, that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, as the Rabbis agree with him.
拉夫纳赫曼 对他说:我根本上就是照 拉比西缅 的意见;我只是为这样做再添一个理由,就是 拉比以利亚撒·本·亚撒利雅 认同他。
Rav Naḥman said to him: Fundamentally I hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon; I am merely adding another reason for doing so, which is that Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya agrees with him.