(续上)钱袋的结会磨松解开,所以可能有人只拿走了两个钱袋中的一个。
-
它们的结会磨损而松开。
their knot becomes worn and untied.
-
所以,可能有人只拿走了两个钱袋中的一个。
Consequently, it is possible that someone took only one of the two pouches.
← 节蛋卷总目·第一章 蛋
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 11 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)钱袋的结会磨松解开,所以可能有人只拿走了两个钱袋中的一个。
它们的结会磨损而松开。
their knot becomes worn and untied.
所以,可能有人只拿走了两个钱袋中的一个。
Consequently, it is possible that someone took only one of the two pouches.
§ 密释纳教:指定了窝里的雏鸽,却在窝前找到它们,就被禁。革玛拉评说:就说这支持 拉比哈尼纳 的意见吧——他说:多数与近处相争时,随多数。外头世界的鸽子比所指定的多,就推定这些雏鸽出于多数,所以被禁。
密释纳教导:若人指定了窝里的雏鸽,却在窝前找到它们,它们就被禁止。
§ The mishna taught that if one designated fledglings inside the nest and found them before the nest, they are prohibited.
革玛拉评说:就说这支持 拉比哈尼纳 的意见吧,因为 拉比哈尼纳 说:在涉及多数与近处之物的情形里,人随从多数。
The Gemara comments: Let us say that this supports the opinion of Rabbi Ḥanina, as Rabbi Ḥanina said: In a case involving a majority and an item that is near, one follows the majority.
既然外头世界的鸽子比人所指定的多,就推定这些雏鸽是出于那多数,所以它们被禁止。
Since doves from the outside world are more numerous than those that one designated, the assumption is that these fledglings are from the majority, and therefore they are prohibited.
阿巴耶 驳这说法:这里论的是钉在窝前、众鸽都聚在上面的一块台板,所以多数与近处的原则不适用。拉瓦 说:这里论的是上下相邻的两个窝。不必说:指定了下窝的、没指定上窝的,在下窝找到雏鸽、上窝没找到,都被禁——因我们说:下窝原来那些去了外头,现在这些是从上窝拖着身子下来的。
阿巴耶 驳斥这个说法:我们在这里所处理的,是一块钉在窝前面、所有鸽子都聚在上面的台板。
Abaye said, in refutation of this claim: Here we are dealing with a ledge affixed to the front of the nest, where all the doves gather.
所以,关于多数与近处之物的原则,不适用于这个情形。
Therefore, the principle pertaining to a majority and an item that is near does not apply to this case.
拉瓦 说:我们在这里所处理的,是两个窝,一个在另一个上面,就是相邻的窝,而不是任意两个窝。
Rava said: Here we are dealing with two nests, one above the other, i.e., adjacent nests rather than any two nests.
而不必说:论一个指定了下窝里的雏鸽、而没有指定上窝里的雏鸽的人,他在下窝里找到了雏鸽,而在上窝里没有找到雏鸽,这些雏鸽都被禁止。
And it is not necessary to state that in the case of one who designated the fledglings in the lower nest and did not designate those in the upper one, and he found fledglings in the lower one and he did not find fledglings in the upper one, that the fledglings are all prohibited.
理由是我们说:那些原在下窝里的,已经去了外头世界,而现在还在的这些,是拖着身子下来的。
The reason is that we say: These that were in the lower nest went to the outside world, while these still present have dragged themselves and come down.
甚至他指定了上窝的、没指定下窝的,回来在上窝找到雏鸽、下窝没找到,上窝的也被禁——因我们说:原先指定的去了外头,下窝的攀着爬了上来。所以两种情形都有顾虑。
而是,即便人指定了上窝里的雏鸽,而没有指定下窝里的雏鸽,他来了,在上窝里找到了雏鸽,而在下窝里没有找到雏鸽,上窝里的也被禁止,因为我们说:他原先所指定的那些,已经去了外头世界,而下窝里的那些,是攀着爬上来的。
Rather, even if one designated fledglings in the upper nest and did not designate fledglings in the lower one, and he came and found fledglings in the upper one and did not find fledglings in the lower one, those in the upper nest are also prohibited, as we say: Those that he originally designated went to the outside world, and those in the lower nest have clutched and climbed.
所以,这两个情形都有可顾虑之处。
Therefore, there is cause for concern in both of these cases.
密释纳说:若那里除了它们没有别的,就许可。革玛拉问:是什么情形?若说密释纳论的是已经会飞的雏鸽,那就可能说:他所指定的去了外头,现在在的是别的。
密释纳说:若那里除了它们以外没有别的,它们就是许可的。
The mishna states that if there are no others there apart from them, they are permitted.
革玛拉问:情形是怎样的?
The Gemara asks: What are the circumstances?
我们若说这条密释纳所论的是已经会飞的雏鸽,那就可以说:他所指定的那些已经去了外头世界,而现在在的这些是别的。
If we say that the mishna is dealing with fledglings that are already able to fly, it is possible to say that those that he designated went to the outside world, and the ones that are present are other ones.
其实密释纳必是论只会从一处跳到另一处的雏鸽。然而若论五十肘内另有鸽窝的情形,雏鸽可能是从那窝跳来的;若五十肘内没有窝,许可就是显然的——它们还能从哪里来?如 玛尔·乌克瓦·巴尔·哈马 说:凡跳跃的活物,跳不过五十肘。
而是,这条密释纳必是指那些只能从一处跳到另一处的雏鸽。
Rather, the mishna must be referring to fledglings that can only hop from one place to another.
然而,它若是论五十肘之内另有一个鸽窝的情形,这些雏鸽就可能是从那个窝跳过来的;而若五十肘之内没有窝,它们是许可的就是显然的,因为它们还能从哪里来呢?
However, if it deals with a case where there is another dove nest within fifty cubits, the fledglings might have jumped and come from that nest; and if there is no nest within fifty cubits, it is obvious that they are permitted, for from where could they have come?
正如 玛尔·乌克瓦·巴尔·哈马 所说:论任何跳跃的活物,它跳不超过五十肘。
As Mar Ukva bar Ḥama said: With regard to any creature that hops, it does not hop more than fifty cubits.
革玛拉答:其实是论五十肘内另有一窝的情形,而那窝在第一个窝的拐角那边,不在一直线上。恐你会说:雏鸽从一个窝跳到了另一个窝,所以密释纳教我们:凡雏鸽跳着、一转身还看得见自己窝的地方,它就会继续跳;若再也看不见原窝,就不再往远处跳。
革玛拉答:其实,它是指五十肘之内另有一个窝的情形,而它所处理的,是那另一个窝位在第一个窝拐角那边、而不是与它成一直线的情况。
The Gemara answers: Actually, it is referring to a case where there is another nest within fifty cubits, and it deals with a situation where the additional nest is situated around a corner from the first nest, rather than in a straight line from it.
恐怕你会说:这些雏鸽从一个窝跳到了另一个窝,所以这条密释纳教我们:凡一只雏鸽跳着、转身时还看得见它的窝的任何地方,它就会继续跳。
Lest you say: The fledglings jumped from one nest to the other, the mishna therefore teaches us that anywhere that a fledgling hops and turns and sees its nest, it will continue to hop.
然而它若再也看不见它原来的窝,它就不会再往远处跳。
But if it can no longer see its original nest, it will not hop any farther.
密释纳:沙迈学派 说:节日里不可把平日用来捣麦熬粥的大杵从臼里拿出作别用,例如在它上面切肉;希列学派 许可。同样 沙迈学派 说:不可把未经处理的兽皮放在要踩它的人面前,因这构成鞣皮这被禁之工;也不可把兽皮从原处拿起,因它是 禁动之物,除非上面有一橄榄大小的肉,那就可为肉之故搬它;希列学派 两件都许可。
沙迈学派 说:在节日,人不可从臼里拿起一根大杵——它平常是用来为预备粥而捣麦的——作任何别的用途,例如在它上面切肉;而 希列学派 许可。
Beit Shammai say: One may not take a large pestle from a mortar, which is normally used for crushing wheat in the preparation of porridge, for any other purpose on a Festival, e.g., to cut meat on it; and Beit Hillel permit it.
同样,沙迈学派 说:人不可把一张未经处理的兽皮放在那些要踩它的人面前,因为这在节日构成鞣皮这项被禁之工。
Likewise, Beit Shammai say: One may not place an unprocessed hide before those who will tread on it, as this constitutes the prohibited labor of tanning on a Festival.
人也不可把这张兽皮从它的原处拿起来,因为它被看作 禁动之物,除非它上面有一个橄榄大小的肉,在那情形里,就可以为它的肉之故搬它;而 希列学派 在两个情形里都许可。
And one may not lift the hide from its place, as it is considered muktze, unless there is an olive-bulk of meat on it, in which case it may be carried on account of its meat; and Beit Hillel permit it in both cases.
有一位贤者在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教:沙迈学派 与 希列学派 都同意:人若已在杵上切好节日所需的肉,节日里再搬这杵就被禁——这器具的主要用途是被禁的用途,是 禁动之物,只在人需要它时才许拿。
那位贤者在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:沙迈学派 与 希列学派 都同意:若人已经在这杵上切好了他节日所需的肉,在节日里再搬动这杵就被禁止。
The Sage taught in a baraita: And Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel agree that if one already cut the meat he needs for the Festival on the pestle, it is prohibited to move the pestle farther on the Festival.
理由是这个器具是 禁动之物,作为一件主要功用是被禁用途的器具,所以只在人需要它时才许可拿它。
The reason is that the vessel is muktze as a utensil whose primary function is a prohibited use, and therefore it is permitted to handle it only when one requires it.
阿巴耶 说:这争论专在杵的情形;至于砸骨用的木砧,众人都同意许可。革玛拉问:这是显然的,我们在密释纳里学的就是「杵」——为何会以为密释纳连提都没提的东西被禁?
阿巴耶 说:这个争论专适用于杵的情形;然而论一块砸骨头用的木砧,众人都同意它是许可的。
Abaye said: This dispute applies specifically in the case of a pestle; however, in the case of a wooden anvil used for breaking bones, everyone agrees that it is permitted.
革玛拉问:这是显然的;我们在密释纳里学的是:一根杵。
The Gemara asks: This is obvious; we learned in the mishna: A pestle.
人为什么会以为一件在密释纳里甚至没有被提到的东西是被禁止的呢?
Why would one think that an object not even mentioned in the mishna is prohibited?
革玛拉答:阿巴耶 这话是需要的,恐你会说:沙迈学派 与 希列学派 连砸骨的木砧也争,而密释纳特意说「杵」,是要显出 希列学派 之意见的深远——连主要功用是被禁用途的东西也许搬动。所以 阿巴耶 教我们:他们不争砸骨的木砧。
革玛拉答:阿巴耶 的话是需要的,恐怕你会说:同样的也成立,就是说,沙迈学派 与 希列学派 即便论一块砸骨头用的木砧也有争论;而这条密释纳特意所教的「一根杵」,是要表明 希列学派 之意见的深远,就是他们连一件主要功用是被禁用途的东西也许人搬动。
The Gemara answers: Abaye’s statement is necessary, lest you say: The same is true, i.e., Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel disagree, even with regard to a wooden anvil used for breaking bones; and that which the mishna specifically teaches: A pestle, is to convey the far-reaching nature of the opinion of Beit Hillel, that they permitted moving even an object whose primary function is for a prohibited use.
所以 阿巴耶 教我们:沙迈学派 与 希列学派 并没有就一块砸骨头用的木砧争论。
Abaye therefore teaches us that Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel did not disagree with regard to a wooden anvil used for breaking bones.
有人说上面讨论的另一版本:阿巴耶 说:只须说连一块新的砸骨木砧也许可。恐你会说:或许人会改变主意、不在它上面砸骨,而把它留作别用,所以 阿巴耶 教我们:这不必顾虑。
有人说上面那段讨论的另一个版本。
Some say a different version of the previous discussion.
阿巴耶 说:只须要说:即便一块新的、砸骨头用的木砧,也是许可的。
Abaye said: It is necessary to say only: Even a new wooden anvil used for breaking bones is also permitted.
恐怕你会说:或许人会重新考虑,不在它上面砸骨头,而是把它留作别的用途;所以 阿巴耶 教我们:这不是一个顾虑。
Lest you say: Perhaps one will reconsider and not break bones on it, but rather set it aside for a different purpose, Abaye therefore teaches us that this is not a concern.
革玛拉问:真是这样吗?沙迈学派 不顾虑人会改变主意吗?岂不是有教导(《托塞夫塔》《节蛋卷》1:13):沙迈学派 说:节日里不可领手拿刀的屠夫到远处的牲畜那里宰它,也不可领牲畜到拿刀的屠夫那里,恐他改变主意,那就白白拿了刀,是被禁的;希列学派 说:可以领一方到另一方那里,他们不顾虑白拿刀。
革玛拉问:而是这样吗?
The Gemara asks: And is that so?
沙迈学派 不顾虑人可能会重新考虑吗?
Are Beit Shammai not concerned about the possibility that one might reconsider?
可是岂不是有教导(《托塞夫塔》 的 《节蛋卷》 1:13):沙迈学派 说:在节日,人既不可领一个手里拿着刀的屠夫到一只离他很远的牲畜那里,好叫他宰它;也不可领一只牲畜到一个拿着刀的屠夫那里,恐怕他会重新考虑,在那情形里,他就会白白地拿了这把刀,这是被禁止的;而 希列学派 说:人可以领他们从一方到另一方,因为他们不顾虑这把刀被白白地使用。
But isn’t it taught (Tosefta, Beitza 1:13): Beit Shammai say: On a Festival, one may not lead a butcher with a knife in hand to an animal located far from him, so that he can slaughter it; nor may one lead an animal to a butcher with a knife, lest he reconsider, in which case he will have handled the knife unnecessarily, which is prohibited; and Beit Hillel say: One may lead them from one to the other, as they are not concerned about unnecessary use of the knife.
同理,沙迈学派 说:不可把香料或杵拿到臼那里,也不可把臼拿到香料与杵那里,恐他改变主意,节日里就白白搬了这些器具;希列学派 说:可以拿一样到另一样那里,不顾虑他改变主意。可见 沙迈学派 一般顾虑人会改变主意,因这个缘故禁人搬物。
照同样的推理,沙迈学派 说:人既不可把香料或一根杵拿到一个臼那里,也不可把一个臼拿到香料与一根杵那里,因为他可能会改变主意,就会在节日里白白地搬动了这些器具。
By the same reasoning, Beit Shammai say: One may not bring spices or a pestle to a mortar, nor a mortar to spices and a pestle, as he might change his mind and will have handled these utensils on the Festival for no purpose.
而 希列学派 说:人可以把一样拿到另一样那里,因为不必顾虑他会重新考虑。
And Beit Hillel say: One may bring one to the other, as there is no concern that he may reconsider.
这表明 沙迈学派 一般是顾虑人可能会重新考虑的,因为他们为这个理由禁止人搬动物件。
This shows that Beit Shammai are, in general, concerned that one might reconsider, as they prohibit one to handle items for this reason.
革玛拉驳:这些情形怎能相比?论牲畜,人容易改变主意,他会说:这只瘦,先放下,另牵一只更肥的来。论锅,人也容易改变主意,他会说:这锅熟食要加香料、费工夫,先放下,另拿一锅不须香料、照原样就能煮的来。然而这里砸骨的木砧,有什么可说的?他会改变主意、不砸骨吗?他既宰了牲畜,它的骨头就等着被砸,因为没有别的法子吃它。
革玛拉驳斥这个说法:这些情形怎能相比?
The Gemara refutes this: How can these cases be compared?
诚然,论一只牲畜,人容易会重新考虑,因为他可能会说:我们把这只牲畜放在一边吧,因为它瘦,而我们另带一只比它更肥的牲畜来。
Granted, in the case of an animal, one is liable to come to reconsider, as he might say: Let us leave aside this animal, as it is thin, and we will bring a different animal, fatter than it.
论一锅也一样,人容易会重新考虑,因为他可能会说:我们把这锅熟食放在一边吧,因为它需要香料,预备起来要费很大的功夫;而我要另带一锅不需要香料、照原样就能煮的来。
With regard to a pot, too, one is liable to come to reconsider, as he might say: Let us leave aside this pot of cooked food, as it requires spices and would take great effort to prepare, and I will bring a different one that does not require spices and can be cooked as it is.
然而在这里,论一块砸骨头用的木砧,有什么可说的呢?
However, here, with regard to a wooden anvil used for breaking bones, what is there to say?
人会重新考虑、而不砸骨头吗?
Will one reconsider and not break the bones?
既然他已经宰了一只牲畜,它就预备好了要让它的骨头被砸开,因为没有别的方法可以吃它。
Since he has slaughtered an animal, it stands ready for its bones to be broken, as it cannot be eaten in any other way.
§ 密释纳教:沙迈学派 说,不可把未经处理的兽皮放在要踩它的人面前。有一位贤者教(《托塞夫塔》《节蛋卷》1:13):沙迈学派 与 希列学派 都同意:可在这兽皮上腌要烤的肉,不必顾虑有盐落在皮上,那就像借盐鞣皮。阿巴耶 说:他们只说腌要烤的肉,因那不腌很多;至于要下锅煮的肉,众贤没说可在皮上腌,因煮前肉须各面腌透,必有大量的盐洒到皮上。
在密释纳里所教的:沙迈学派 说:人不可把一张未经处理的兽皮放在那要踩它的人面前。
§ It was taught in the mishna that Beit Shammai say: One may not place an unprocessed hide before the one who will tread on it.
那位贤者教导(《托塞夫塔》 的 《节蛋卷》 1:13):而 沙迈学派 与 希列学派 都同意:人可以在这张兽皮上为烤而腌肉,而不必顾虑会有一些盐落在这张兽皮上,那会像是借着腌来鞣这张兽皮。
The Sage taught (Tosefta, Beitza 1:13): And Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel agree that one may salt meat for roasting on this hide, and there is no concern that some of the salt will fall on the hide, which would be similar to tanning the hide by salting.
阿巴耶 说:他们只教导人可以为烤而腌肉,在那情形里,它不被腌得很多。
Abaye said: They taught that one may salt meat only for roasting, in which case it is not salted a great deal.
然而,论为锅、就是为煮而预备的肉,众贤没有说人可以在这张兽皮上腌它,因为肉在煮以前必须各面都腌透,而必然会有大量的盐洒到这张兽皮上。
However, in the case of meat for a pot, i.e., for cooking, the Sages did not say that one may salt it on the hide, as meat must be well-salted on all sides before cooking, and a large amount of salt will inevitably spill onto the hide.
革玛拉问:不可为下锅煮而腌肉,这是显然的,因为我们在刚引的 《托塞夫塔》 里明明学过:为烤,不为煮。答:这是要教我们:连为烤而腌的许可,也只在人照寻常方式腌时适用;若照下锅之肉的方式腌,用了比烤所需更多的盐,就被禁。
革玛拉问:人不可为在锅里煮而腌肉,这是显然的,因为我们在刚才所引的 《托塞夫塔》 里明明学过:为烤,而不是为煮。
The Gemara asks: It is obvious the one may not salt meat for cooking in a pot, as we explicitly learned in the Tosefta just cited: For roasting, and not for cooking.
革玛拉答:这是要来教我们:即便为烤而腌肉的许可,也只在人照寻常的方式这样做时才适用。
The Gemara answers: This comes to teach us that even the permission to salt meat for roasting applies only if one does so in the usual manner.
然而,若人照为下锅煮而腌之肉的方式腌它,那需要比烤所需更多的盐,它就是被禁止的。
However, if one salts it in a manner of meat salted to be cooked in a pot, which requires more salt than is necessary for roasting, it is prohibited.
众贤教:节日里不可腌牲畜的脂油——腌是为免它腐坏发臭——即便牲畜是节日里宰的也不可;也不可翻动它们:这些脂油节日里不能用,所以是 禁动之物。有人以 拉比约书亚 之名说:可把脂油挂在木钉上摊开吹风,免得腐坏。
众贤教导:在节日,人不可腌一只牲畜的脂油,这样做是为了使它们不致腐坏、发出臭味。
The Sages taught: On a Festival, one may not salt the fats of an animal, which is done so that they will not decompose and emit a foul odor.
即便这只牲畜是在节日宰的,也是如此。
This is true even if the animal was slaughtered on the Festival.
人也不可把它们翻过来。
And one may not turn them over.
这些脂油在节日不合于使用,所以它们是 禁动之物。
The fats are unfit for use on the Festival, and therefore they are muktze.
他们以 拉比约书亚 之名说:人可以把这些脂油挂在木钉上、摊开吹风,以防它们腐坏。
They said in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua: One may spread the fats out in the wind on pegs to prevent them from decaying.
拉夫马塔纳 说:哈拉哈 照 拉比约书亚 的意见。有人说他说的是:哈拉哈 不照 拉比约书亚 的意见。革玛拉问:照说 哈拉哈 照 拉比约书亚 的那一版,这话诚然需要——否则你会以为这是一人与众人之争,当用「哈拉哈 照众人」的原则;所以 拉夫马塔纳 教我们:这里 哈拉哈 照那一个人。
拉夫马塔纳 说:哈拉哈 是照 拉比约书亚 的意见。
Rav Mattana said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua.
有人说 拉夫马塔纳 说的是:哈拉哈 不是照 拉比约书亚 的意见。
Some say that Rav Mattana said: The halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua.
革玛拉问:诚然,照那位说「哈拉哈 是照 拉比约书亚 的意见」的人,这句话是需要的。
The Gemara asks: Granted, according to the one who said that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua, this statement is necessary.
否则,你可能会以为:既然这是一个人与众人之间的争论,就应当套用「哈拉哈 照众人的意见」这条原则。
Otherwise, it might enter your mind to say that since this is a dispute between an individual and the many, one should apply the principal that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of the many.
所以 拉夫马塔纳 教我们:在这个情形里,哈拉哈 是照那一个人的意见。
Rav Mattana therefore teaches us that, in this case, the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of the individual.
然而照说 哈拉哈 不照 拉比约书亚 的那一版,这是显然的:一人与众人之争,哈拉哈 照众人。革玛拉答:这裁定仍然需要,恐你会说:拉比约书亚 的意见更合理,因你若不许人把脂油吹风,他就会作罢、根本不宰牲畜了;所以 拉夫马塔纳 教我们:这一层不予考虑。
然而,照那位说「哈拉哈 不是照 拉比约书亚 的意见」的人,这是显然的。
However, according to the one who said that the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua, this is obvious.
在涉及一个人与众人的情形里,哈拉哈 是照众人的意见。
In a case involving an individual and the many, the halakha is in accordance with the many.
革玛拉答:这个裁定仍是需要的,恐怕你会说:拉比约书亚 的意见更合理,因为你若不许他把这些脂油吹风,他就会作罢,根本不宰一只牲畜。
The Gemara answers: This ruling is nevertheless necessary, lest you say: Rabbi Yehoshua’s opinion is more reasonable, for if you do not permit him to air out the fats, he will refrain and not slaughter an animal at all.
所以 拉夫马塔纳 教我们:这个因素是不被考虑的。
Rav Mattana therefore teaches us that this factor is not taken into consideration.
革玛拉问:这情形与把兽皮放在要踩它的人面前有何不同?那一件 希列学派 许可——他们的裁定被定为 哈拉哈——正是因为人若不许这样做,就会作罢不宰牲畜。
革玛拉问:而这个情形,与把一张兽皮放在那些要踩它的人面前,有什么不同呢?那件事 希列学派 是许可的——他们的裁定被接受为 哈拉哈——正是为了这个理由:人若不被许可这样做,就会作罢,不宰牲畜。
The Gemara asks: And in what way is this case different from placing a hide before those who will tread on it, which Beit Hillel, whose ruling is accepted as halakha, permit for the very reason that, if one is not allowed to do so, he will refrain from slaughtering animals?