——因为凡关乎公众的尸污,怜悯者都许那染了不洁的办圣殿的礼事。
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——因为凡关乎公众的尸污,怜悯者都许那染了不洁的办圣殿的礼事。
as in all situations of impurity imparted by corpses in cases involving the public, the Merciful One permits those who are impure to perform the Temple service.
← 盛日卷总目·第一章 七日
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 42 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——因为凡关乎公众的尸污,怜悯者都许那染了不洁的办圣殿的礼事。
——因为凡关乎公众的尸污,怜悯者都许那染了不洁的办圣殿的礼事。
as in all situations of impurity imparted by corpses in cases involving the public, the Merciful One permits those who are impure to perform the Temple service.
革玛拉辨这两说各自的理路。拉夫舍舍特 说:我说「在关乎公众的事上不洁不过是被压下」,是从哪里推来的呢?是从 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教的推来的:祭司若正献 初熟之捆 的素祭,那素祭在他手里染了不洁,这位晓得所发生之事的祭司就说它不洁,众祭司便另拿一份素祭来代它。他手里那一份若是那里惟有的一份,别的祭司就对他说:你放乖巧些,闭口不言,不要告诉人说它不洁。
革玛拉辨这两说各自的理路。
The Gemara analyzes the rationale behind the two opinions.
拉夫舍舍特 说:我说「在关乎公众的事上不洁不过是被压下」,是从哪里推来的呢?
Rav Sheshet said: From where do I derive to say that impurity is overridden in cases involving the public?
是从 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教的推来的:祭司若正献 初熟之捆 的素祭,那素祭在他手里染了不洁,这位晓得所发生之事的祭司就说它不洁,众祭司便另拿一份素祭来代它。
It is as it was taught in a baraita: If a priest was standing and sacrificing the omer meal-offering and it became impure in his hand, the priest, who was aware of what transpired, says that it is impure and the priests bring another meal-offering in its stead.
他手里那一份若是那里惟有的一份,别的祭司就对他说:你放乖巧些,闭口不言,不要告诉人说它不洁。
And if the meal-offering in his hand is the only meal-offering available there, the other priests say to him: Be shrewd and keep silent; do not tell anyone that it is impure.
无论怎样,那一条所教的是:他说它不洁,众祭司便另拿一份素祭来代它。可见凡在洁净之中办得成礼事的时候,纵在关乎公众的事上,也当在洁净之中办;那禁不洁的条例并不是得许的。拉夫纳赫曼 驳这一层凭据说:我认这一层——凡那祭牲另有留着当吃的分的,只要办得到,就当在洁净之中办。人虽许带着不洁献祭,那吃祭物的诫命却须在洁净之中行。既如此,凡祭牲另有当吃之分的,献它总以在洁净之中为上。
无论怎样,那一条所教的是:他说它不洁,众祭司便另拿一份素祭来代它。
In any case, it is teaching that he says that it is impure and the priests bring another meal-offering in its place.
可见凡在洁净之中办得成礼事的时候,纵在关乎公众的事上,也当在洁净之中办;那禁不洁的条例并不是得许的。
Apparently, when it is possible to perform the service in a state of purity, even in cases involving the public, it is preferable to do so, and the prohibition of ritual impurity is not permitted.
拉夫纳赫曼 驳这一层凭据说:我认这一层——凡那祭牲另有留着当吃的分的,只要办得到,就当在洁净之中办。
Rav Naḥman rejected the proof and said: I concede that in a case where there are remnants of the offering designated for eating it must be performed in purity wherever possible.
人虽许带着不洁献祭,那吃祭物的诫命却须在洁净之中行。
Although it is permitted to sacrifice an offering when impure, the mitzva to eat portions of the offering must be performed in a state of purity.
既如此,凡祭牲另有当吃之分的,献它总以在洁净之中为上。
Therefore, in cases where portions of the offering are eaten, the preference is to sacrifice the offering in a state of purity.
革玛拉从 《托塞夫塔》 举一难,驳 拉夫纳赫曼 的意思:祭司若正献那随公牛、公绵羊或绵羊羔所献的素祭,那素祭在他手里染了不洁,这祭司就说它不洁,众祭司便另拿一份素祭来代它。他手里那一份若是那里惟有的一份,别的祭司就对他说:你放乖巧些,闭口不言,不要告诉人说它不洁。
革玛拉从 《托塞夫塔》 举一难,驳 拉夫纳赫曼 的意思:祭司若正献那随公牛、公绵羊或绵羊羔所献的素祭,那素祭在他手里染了不洁,这祭司就说它不洁,众祭司便另拿一份素祭来代它。
The Gemara raises an objection to the opinion of Rav Naḥman from the Tosefta: If a priest was sacrificing the meal-offering accompanying the sacrifice of bulls, rams, or sheep, and the meal-offering became impure in his hand, the priest says that it is impure and the priests bring another meal-offering in its stead.
他手里那一份若是那里惟有的一份,别的祭司就对他说:你放乖巧些,闭口不言,不要告诉人说它不洁。
And if the meal-offering in his hand is the only meal-offering available there, the other priests say to him: Be shrewd and keep silent; do not tell anyone that it is impure.
那里所说的公牛、公绵羊与绵羊羔,岂不正是 住棚节 所献的么?那是公众之祭,并没有当吃的分。可见纵在公众之祭上,众祭司也求在洁净之中办;那禁不洁的条例并不是得许的,不过是被压下罢了。
那里所说的公牛、公绵羊与绵羊羔,岂不正是 住棚节 所献的么?那是公众之祭,并没有当吃的分。
What, is it not referring to the bulls, rams, and sheep of the festival of Sukkot, which are communal offerings that are not eaten?
可见纵在公众之祭上,众祭司也求在洁净之中办;那禁不洁的条例并不是得许的,不过是被压下罢了。
Apparently, even in cases of communal offerings, the priests seek to perform the service in a state of purity and the prohibition of impurity is not permitted but merely overridden.
拉夫纳赫曼 可以对你说:不然,《托塞夫塔》 所说的公牛并不是寻常的公众之祭。乃是指全会众不知不觉犯了拜偶像之罪时所献的那一只公牛。那一祭虽是公众的,却没有定准的时候,所以我们另寻一份洁净的素祭来代它。照样,《托塞夫塔》 所说的公绵羊也不是节期的加献之祭。乃是指 赎罪日 上亚伦所献的那一只公绵羊。那一祭虽有定准的时候,却是一个人——大祭司——所献的,所以我们另寻一份洁净的素祭来代它,因带着不洁办礼事惟在公众之祭上才得许。所说的绵羊羔也不是每日的常献之祭或节期的加献之祭。乃是指随 初熟之捆 素祭所献的那一只绵羊羔,因那一样另有留着当吃的分。既如此,那素祭就须在洁净之中献上。
拉夫纳赫曼 可以对你说:不然,《托塞夫塔》 所说的公牛并不是寻常的公众之祭。
Rav Naḥman could have said to you: No, the bulls mentioned in the Tosefta are not standard communal offerings.
乃是指全会众不知不觉犯了拜偶像之罪时所献的那一只公牛。
Rather, the reference is to the bull sacrificed when the entire community engages in idolatry unwittingly.
那一祭虽是公众的,却没有定准的时候,所以我们另寻一份洁净的素祭来代它。
Although this offering is a communal offering, since it has no specific time fixed for its sacrifice, we seek out a pure meal-offering in its stead.
照样,《托塞夫塔》 所说的公绵羊也不是节期的加献之祭。
Similarly, the rams mentioned in the Tosefta are not additional offerings of the Festival.
乃是指 赎罪日 上亚伦所献的那一只公绵羊。
Rather, the reference is to the ram of Aaron sacrificed on Yom Kippur.
那一祭虽有定准的时候,却是一个人——大祭司——所献的,所以我们另寻一份洁净的素祭来代它,因带着不洁办礼事惟在公众之祭上才得许。
Although it has a specific time fixed for its sacrifice, since it is an offering brought by an individual, the High Priest, we seek out a pure meal-offering in its stead, as service in a state of impurity is permitted only for communal offerings.
所说的绵羊羔也不是每日的常献之祭或节期的加献之祭。
The sheep mentioned are not those for the daily offerings or the additional offerings of the Festival.
乃是指随 初熟之捆 素祭所献的那一只绵羊羔,因那一样另有留着当吃的分。
Rather, the reference is to the sheep that accompanies the omer meal-offering, as in that case, there are remnants designated for eating.
既如此,那素祭就须在洁净之中献上。
Therefore, the meal-offering must be offered in purity.
革玛拉再举一难,驳 拉夫纳赫曼 的意思:血若染了不洁,祭司却把它洒在坛上——他若是无心的,那祭牲蒙悦纳。他若是明知故洒的,那祭牲不蒙悦纳。可见纵在关乎公众的事上,带着不洁办圣殿的礼事也不是得许的。革玛拉驳这一难:那条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的,是就一个人所献的祭说的——在那样的祭上,禁不洁的条例自然是有效的。
革玛拉再举一难,驳 拉夫纳赫曼 的意思:血若染了不洁,祭司却把它洒在坛上——他若是无心的,那祭牲蒙悦纳。
The Gemara raises an additional objection to the opinion of Rav Naḥman: With regard to blood that became impure and a priest sprinkled it on the altar, if he did so unwittingly, the offering is accepted.
他若是明知故洒的,那祭牲不蒙悦纳。
If he sprinkled the blood intentionally, the offering is not accepted.
可见纵在关乎公众的事上,带着不洁办圣殿的礼事也不是得许的。
Apparently, even in cases involving the public, performing service in the Temple in a state of impurity is not permitted.
革玛拉驳这一难:那条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的,是就一个人所献的祭说的——在那样的祭上,禁不洁的条例自然是有效的。
This objection is rejected: When that baraita was taught, it was with regard to the offering of an individual, where the prohibition of impurity is certainly in effect.
革玛拉接着说:你来听 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教的另一层议论。大祭司额上所戴的 金牌 、就是那金牌,是为哪几样使人蒙悦纳呢?是为圣殿里染了不洁的血、肉与脂油——无论是无心染的或明知染的,无论是出于不由自主或出于故意,无论是在一个人所献的祭上或在公众之祭上。你若心里以为「在关乎公众的事上不洁是得许的」,那我还要那金牌使人蒙悦纳作什么呢?禁既得许,就不须什么赦免了。
革玛拉接着说:你来听 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教的另一层议论。
The Gemara continues: Come and hear a different argument based on that which was taught in a baraita.
大祭司额上所戴的 金牌 、就是那金牌,是为哪几样使人蒙悦纳呢?
For what does the frontplate worn by the High Priest effect acceptance?
是为圣殿里染了不洁的血、肉与脂油——无论是无心染的或明知染的,无论是出于不由自主或出于故意,无论是在一个人所献的祭上或在公众之祭上。
It effects acceptance for the blood, for the flesh, and for the fat of an offering that became impure in the Temple, whether it became impure unwittingly or whether it became impure intentionally, whether it was due to circumstances beyond his control or whether it was done willfully, whether it was in the framework of an individual offering or whether it was in the framework of a communal offering.
你若心里以为「在关乎公众的事上不洁是得许的」,那我还要那金牌使人蒙悦纳作什么呢?
And if it enters your mind that impurity is permitted in cases involving the public, why do I need the frontplate to effect acceptance?
禁既得许,就不须什么赦免了。
If the prohibition of impurity is permitted, no pardon is necessary.
革玛拉答:拉夫纳赫曼 可以对你说:那条 《巴拉伊塔》 说金牌使人蒙悦纳,并不是把所列的各样都包在内;所说的是一个人带着不洁所献的祭,不是公众之祭。所以提到公众之祭,不过是说那一样上不洁也得许,只是缘由另在别处。你若愿意,也可以说:纵说金牌在公众之祭上也使人蒙悦纳,那也只限于没有定准时候的祭。拉夫纳赫曼 认这一层:凡公众之祭而没有定准时候的,带着不洁办礼事的禁仍旧有效,须靠金牌使人蒙悦纳。
革玛拉答:拉夫纳赫曼 可以对你说:那条 《巴拉伊塔》 说金牌使人蒙悦纳,并不是把所列的各样都包在内;所说的是一个人带着不洁所献的祭,不是公众之祭。
The Gemara responds that Rav Naḥman could have said to you: When the baraita teaches that the frontplate effects acceptance it is not referring to the entire list of items cited in the baraita; it is referring to an individual offering brought in impurity, not to a communal offering.
所以提到公众之祭,不过是说那一样上不洁也得许,只是缘由另在别处。
The communal offering is mentioned only in the sense that in that case too, impurity is permitted, albeit for a different reason.
你若愿意,也可以说:纵说金牌在公众之祭上也使人蒙悦纳,那也只限于没有定准时候的祭。
Or if you wish, say instead: Even if you say that the frontplate effects acceptance for a communal offering, it is only for those offerings that lack a fixed time.
拉夫纳赫曼 认这一层:凡公众之祭而没有定准时候的,带着不洁办礼事的禁仍旧有效,须靠金牌使人蒙悦纳。
Rav Naḥman concedes that with regard to those communal offerings that have no specific time fixed for their sacrifice, the prohibition of performing the service in impurity remains in effect and requires the acceptance effected by the frontplate.
革玛拉举一难。经上说:「这牌必在亚伦的额上,亚伦要担当干犯圣物条例的罪孽;这圣物是以色列人在一切的圣礼物上所分别为圣的。这牌要常在他的额上,使他们可以在耶和华面前蒙悦纳」(出埃及记 28:38)。那么这金牌所担当的是哪一样的罪呢?若说是 违时之念 之罪——就是献祭或吃祭时存心越过所许的时候而使祭牲作废的——经上岂不是早已说了:「第三天若吃了,这就为 违时之念 ,必不蒙悦纳」(利未记 19:7)。成了 违时之念 的祭牲,是断不蒙悦纳的。若说是 过期之肉 之罪——就是过了所许吃的时候而留下的祭肉——经上岂不是早已说了:「第三天若吃了他平安祭牲的肉,这祭必不蒙悦纳,人所献的也不算为祭」(利未记 7:18)。
革玛拉举一难。
The Gemara raises an objection.
经上说:「这牌必在亚伦的额上,亚伦要担当干犯圣物条例的罪孽;这圣物是以色列人在一切的圣礼物上所分别为圣的。这牌要常在他的额上,使他们可以在耶和华面前蒙悦纳」(出埃及记 28:38)。
It is stated: “And Aaron will gain forgiveness for the sin committed in the sacred things that the children of Israel shall hallow in all their sacred gifts, and it shall be always upon his forehead that they may be accepted favorably before the Lord” (Exodus 28:38).
那么这金牌所担当的是哪一样的罪呢?
And for which sin does the frontplate gain forgiveness?
若说是 违时之念 之罪——就是献祭或吃祭时存心越过所许的时候而使祭牲作废的——经上岂不是早已说了:「第三天若吃了,这就为 违时之念 ,必不蒙悦纳」(利未记 19:7)。
If it is for the sin of piggul, an offering disqualified by the intention to sacrifice or eat it after the permitted time, it has already been stated: “And if it is eaten at all on the third day, it is piggul; it shall not be accepted” (Leviticus 19:7).
成了 违时之念 的祭牲,是断不蒙悦纳的。
There is no acceptance of an offering that became piggul.
若说是 过期之肉 之罪——就是过了所许吃的时候而留下的祭肉——经上岂不是早已说了:「第三天若吃了他平安祭牲的肉,这祭必不蒙悦纳,人所献的也不算为祭」(利未记 7:18)。
And if it is for the sin of notar, meat of an offering left after the permitted time for eating it passed, it has already been stated: “And if any of the flesh of the sacrifice of his peace-offerings is eaten on the third day, it shall not be accepted, neither shall it be credited to he who offered it” (Leviticus 7:18).