——惟有烧香的时候例外。
-
——惟有烧香的时候例外。
except during the burning of the incense.
← 盛日卷总目·第四章 摇签
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 9 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——惟有烧香的时候例外。
——惟有烧香的时候例外。
except during the burning of the incense.
可还有这一层:圣所里的人,本处行赎罪之礼、就是在圣所里洒血时要退开,至内一层、就是至圣所行赎罪之礼时也要退开;至于 前廊 与坛之间,单在圣所行赎罪之礼时退开。拉瓦 说:所严的果然不止一层;那条 《巴拉伊塔》 只举一层,是因那几层都归在「退开」这一类里。
可还有这一层:圣所里的人,本处行赎罪之礼、就是在圣所里洒血时要退开,至内一层、就是至圣所行赎罪之礼时也要退开;至于 前廊 与坛之间,单在圣所行赎罪之礼时退开。
But there is also this higher standard, that whereas from the Sanctuary they remove themselves both during its own sanctification, i.e., the blood presentations in the Sanctuary, and during the sanctification of the innermost chamber, i.e., the Holy of Holies, but from the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar, they remove themselves only during the sanctification of the Sanctuary.
拉瓦 说:所严的果然不止一层;那条 《巴拉伊塔》 只举一层,是因那几层都归在「退开」这一类里。
Rava said: Indeed, there are numerous distinctions, but the baraita teaches only one because all the distinctions fit into one category of removal.
革玛拉接着细辨那条 《巴拉伊塔》 :夫子在那一条里说:人怎样在烧香时从 前廊 与坛之间退开,也照样在受膏之祭司那一只公牛、会众误犯所献那一只公牛、并拜偶像所献那几只公山羊洒血的时候退开。这一层是从哪里推来的呢?拉比佩达特 说:是照同字相推的法子,从那几样祭物所说的「赎罪」与赎罪日那一禁所说的「赎罪」推来的。
革玛拉接着细辨那条 《巴拉伊塔》 :夫子在那一条里说:人怎样在烧香时从 前廊 与坛之间退开,也照样在受膏之祭司那一只公牛、会众误犯所献那一只公牛、并拜偶像所献那几只公山羊洒血的时候退开。
The Gemara continues to analyze the baraita: The Master said in the baraita: Just as they remove themselves from the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar during the burning of the incense, they similarly remove themselves during the blood presentations of the bull of the anointed priest; of the bull for an unwitting communal sin; and of the goats of idol worship.
这一层是从哪里推来的呢?
From where do we derive this?
拉比佩达特 说:是照同字相推的法子,从那几样祭物所说的「赎罪」与赎罪日那一禁所说的「赎罪」推来的。
Rabbi Pedat said: It is derived by a verbal analogy between the word atonement said in connection with those offerings and the word atonement from the prohibition on Yom Kippur.
拉夫阿哈·巴尔·阿哈瓦 说:由此可断:前廊 与坛之间那一禁是托拉之律。圣殿各处所加的那几层严格,本是托拉所定,众贤从传述领受下来。
拉夫阿哈·巴尔·阿哈瓦 说:由此可断:前廊 与坛之间那一禁是托拉之律。
Rav Aḥa bar Ahava said: Learn from this that there is a prohibition in the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar.
圣殿各处所加的那几层严格,本是托拉所定,众贤从传述领受下来。
The higher standards applied to the various areas in the Temple are defined by Torah law, and the Sages learned them as a tradition.
因你心里若以为那几层是众贤之律所定,那么 前廊 与坛之间有什么特别,以致那一禁单在那里呢?或者说:恐怕别的祭司在烧香时误入圣所。可若是为这一层,那么众贤所立的规矩就该叫人连整座圣殿的院子也退开,因也恐怕人误入。那一禁既不及于院子,可见那几层是托拉之律所定。
因你心里若以为那几层是众贤之律所定,那么 前廊 与坛之间有什么特别,以致那一禁单在那里呢?
As if it could enter your mind that these standards are defined by rabbinic law, what is different about the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar that the prohibition applies only there?
或者说:恐怕别的祭司在烧香时误入圣所。
Perhaps other priests would accidentally happen to enter the Sanctuary while incense is burning there.
可若是为这一层,那么众贤所立的规矩就该叫人连整座圣殿的院子也退开,因也恐怕人误入。
But if that is the reason, then the rabbinic decree should require that they remove themselves also from the entire Temple courtyard, since perhaps they would accidentally happen to enter.
那一禁既不及于院子,可见那几层是托拉之律所定。
The fact that the prohibition does not extend to the Temple courtyard suggests that the standards are defined by Torah law.
革玛拉驳 拉夫阿哈·巴尔·阿哈瓦 那一层理路:那一禁仍可以是众贤之律。虽然如此,把它限在 前廊 与坛之间也是合理的,缘由是这样:那一带与圣所之间既无一物相隔,两处的分界便不显眼,人容易走错而误入。至于圣殿的院子,既有外坛把院子其余之地与圣所隔开,两处的分界便显眼;所以不必把那一禁推到满院。
革玛拉驳 拉夫阿哈·巴尔·阿哈瓦 那一层理路:那一禁仍可以是众贤之律。
The Gemara rejects Rav Aḥa bar Ahava’s reasoning: The prohibition could indeed be rabbinic.
虽然如此,把它限在 前廊 与坛之间也是合理的,缘由是这样:那一带与圣所之间既无一物相隔,两处的分界便不显眼,人容易走错而误入。
Nevertheless, it is reasonable to limit it to the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar, as follows: Since there is nothing that separates it from the Sanctuary, the distinction between the two areas is not conspicuous, and therefore people may err and enter.
至于圣殿的院子,既有外坛把院子其余之地与圣所隔开,两处的分界便显眼;所以不必把那一禁推到满院。
But with regard to the Temple courtyard, since there is the outer altar that separates the rest of the Temple courtyard from the Sanctuary, the distinction between the areas is conspicuous, and therefore there is no need to extend the prohibition throughout the Temple courtyard.
拉瓦 说:由这一件可断:前廊 与坛之间那一禁是众贤之律。前廊 的圣与圣所的圣是一样的——就是说,那两处同属一分圣;既如此,托拉那一禁也及于 前廊 。因你心里若以为那两处的圣分作两等,那么「不可在 前廊 里」这一禁本身便成了众贤所立的规矩。可我们岂能为防人犯一条众贤之规,再立一条众贤之规——就是禁人在 前廊 与坛之间,恐怕他走进 前廊 里去呢?
拉瓦 说:由这一件可断:前廊 与坛之间那一禁是众贤之律。
Rava said: Learn from this fact that there is a rabbinic prohibition in the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar.
前廊 的圣与圣所的圣是一样的——就是说,那两处同属一分圣;既如此,托拉那一禁也及于 前廊 。
The sanctity of the Entrance Hall and the sanctity of the Sanctuary is one matter, i.e., there they share the same sanctity, and therefore the Torah prohibition applies to the Entrance Hall as well.
因你心里若以为那两处的圣分作两等,那么「不可在 前廊 里」这一禁本身便成了众贤所立的规矩。
For if it could enter your mind to say that these areas have two distinct levels of sanctity, it would emerge that the prohibition to be in the Entrance Hall is itself a rabbinic decree.
可我们岂能为防人犯一条众贤之规,再立一条众贤之规——就是禁人在 前廊 与坛之间,恐怕他走进 前廊 里去呢?
But will we arise and issue one decree to prevent violation of another decree by prohibiting being present in the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar, lest one enter the Entrance Hall itself?
革玛拉驳 拉瓦 那一层理路:不然,这并不是「为防一条众贤之规再立一条众贤之规」,因 前廊 与那 前廊 和坛之间的一带同属一分圣。既如此,凡加在这一处的禁,必也加在那一处。至于圣所与 前廊 ,那才是两分不同的圣。
革玛拉驳 拉瓦 那一层理路:不然,这并不是「为防一条众贤之规再立一条众贤之规」,因 前廊 与那 前廊 和坛之间的一带同属一分圣。
The Gemara rejects Rava’s reasoning: No, this would not be a case of issuing one decree to prevent violation of another decree, because the Entrance Hall and the area between the Entrance Hall and the altar share one sanctity.
既如此,凡加在这一处的禁,必也加在那一处。
Consequently, any prohibition applied to one will certainly also apply to the other.
至于圣所与 前廊 ,那才是两分不同的圣。
However, the Sanctuary and the Entrance Hall have two distinct sanctities.
密释纳说:别的日子,祭司是用银的火盆舀炭,再从那里倒进金的火盆。革玛拉问:何以不用金盆去舀呢?革玛拉答:因托拉顾惜以色列人的钱财。那盆既用久了要磨损,宁可用价轻些的银盆。
密释纳说:别的日子,祭司是用银的火盆舀炭,再从那里倒进金的火盆。
§ The mishna states: On every other day, a priest would scoop up the coals with a coal pan made of silver and pour the coals from there into a coal pan of gold.
革玛拉问:何以不用金盆去舀呢?
The Gemara asks: What is the reason the gold pan was not used to scoop the coals?
革玛拉答:因托拉顾惜以色列人的钱财。
The Gemara answers: Because the Torah spared the money of the Jewish people.
那盆既用久了要磨损,宁可用价轻些的银盆。
Since the pan is worn away with use, it is preferable to use a less expensive silver pan.
密释纳接着说:惟有这一日、就是赎罪日,大祭司用金的火盆舀,就用那一个把炭端进至圣所。革玛拉问:赎罪日何以只用一个盆呢?答:是顾念大祭司体力不支。他既禁食,又要独自办一整日的礼事;只用一个盆,可省他的气力。
密释纳接着说:惟有这一日、就是赎罪日,大祭司用金的火盆舀,就用那一个把炭端进至圣所。
§ The mishna continues: But on this day, on Yom Kippur, the High Priest scoops up with a coal pan of gold, and with that coal pan, he would bring the coals into the Holy of Holies.
革玛拉问:赎罪日何以只用一个盆呢?
The Gemara asks: What is the reason that on Yom Kippur only one pan is used?
答:是顾念大祭司体力不支。
Due to the weakness of the High Priest.
他既禁食,又要独自办一整日的礼事;只用一个盆,可省他的气力。
He has to perform the entire service by himself while fasting; using only one pan minimizes his exertion.
密释纳说:别的日子,祭司用容四 卡夫 的火盆舀炭,再倒进容三 卡夫 的火盆。拉比约西 说:别的日子,祭司用容一 塞亚 、就是六 卡夫 的火盆舀,再倒进容三 卡夫 的火盆。《日常燔祭卷》 卷三十三正一段密释纳教道:他从容四 卡夫 的盆倒进容三 卡夫 的盆时,有一 卡夫 的炭撒了出来,他就把那些扫进流过圣殿、通到汲沦溪的沟里。
密释纳说:别的日子,祭司用容四 卡夫 的火盆舀炭,再倒进容三 卡夫 的火盆。
§ The mishna states: On every other day, a priest scoops up the coals with a coal pan of four kav and pours the coals into a coal pan of three kav.
拉比约西 说:别的日子,祭司用容一 塞亚 、就是六 卡夫 的火盆舀,再倒进容三 卡夫 的火盆。
Rabbi Yosei says: On every other day, a priest scoops with a coal pan of a se’a, which is six kav, and then pours the coals into a coal pan of three kav.
《日常燔祭卷》 卷三十三正一段密释纳教道:他从容四 卡夫 的盆倒进容三 卡夫 的盆时,有一 卡夫 的炭撒了出来,他就把那些扫进流过圣殿、通到汲沦溪的沟里。
It was taught in a mishna (Tamid 33a): As he poured from a pan of four kav to a pan of three kav, a kav of coals became scattered, and he swept them into the canal that passed through the Temple and ran to the Kidron brook.
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:撒出来的是一 卡夫 的炭。另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:撒出来的是二 卡夫 。革玛拉说:这一条——教说撒了一 卡夫 的——还讲得通,因它合众拉比、就是密释纳头一位 坦拿 的意思,他们执定炭是从容四 卡夫 的盆倒进容三 卡夫 的盆。可那一条教说撒了二 卡夫 的,是合谁的意思呢?既不合众拉比的意思,也不合 拉比约西 的意思。因照 拉比约西 ,撒出来的该是三 卡夫 。
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:撒出来的是一 卡夫 的炭。
It was taught in one baraita: A kav of coals was scattered.
另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:撒出来的是二 卡夫 。
And it was taught in another baraita: Two kav were scattered.
革玛拉说:这一条——教说撒了一 卡夫 的——还讲得通。
The Gemara comments: Granted, this baraita, which teaches that a single kav was scattered, is understandable.
它合众拉比、就是密释纳头一位 坦拿 的意思,他们执定炭是从容四 卡夫 的盆倒进容三 卡夫 的盆。
It is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, the first tanna of the mishna, who maintain that coals are poured from a coal pan of four kav to one of three.
可那一条教说撒了二 卡夫 的,是合谁的意思呢?
But that baraita, which teaches that two kav of coals were scattered, in accordance with whose opinion is it?
既不合众拉比的意思,也不合 拉比约西 的意思。
It is not in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis and not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei.
因照 拉比约西 ,撒出来的该是三 卡夫 。
According to Rabbi Yosei, three kav of coals would have been scattered.
拉夫希斯达 说:那一条合 拉比约哈难·本·贝罗卡 之子 拉比以实玛利 的意思,如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:拉比约哈难·本·贝罗卡 之子 拉比以实玛利 说:他是用容二 卡夫 的火盆把炭端进至圣所的。人若取众拉比那一说——舀炭用的是容四 卡夫 的盆——那就撒了二 卡夫 。
拉夫希斯达 说:那一条合 拉比约哈难·本·贝罗卡 之子 拉比以实玛利 的意思,如一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教:拉比约哈难·本·贝罗卡 之子 拉比以实玛利 说:他是用容二 卡夫 的火盆把炭端进至圣所的。
Rav Ḥisda said: It is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, as it was taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, says: With a coal pan of two kav he would bring the coals into the Holy of Holies.
人若取众拉比那一说——舀炭用的是容四 卡夫 的盆——那就撒了二 卡夫 。
If one accepts the opinion of the Rabbis that the coals were scooped with a coal pan of four kav, two kav were scattered.
拉夫阿施 说:你尽可说这一条 《巴拉伊塔》 合 拉比约西 的意思;他所说的乃是这个:别的日子,祭司是用容一旷野 塞亚 、就是五个耶路撒冷 卡夫 的火盆舀炭,再倒进容三个耶路撒冷 卡夫 的火盆。既如此,撒出来的便是二 卡夫 。
拉夫阿施 说:你尽可说这一条 《巴拉伊塔》 合 拉比约西 的意思;他所说的乃是这个:别的日子,祭司是用容一旷野 塞亚 、就是五个耶路撒冷 卡夫 的火盆舀炭,再倒进容三个耶路撒冷 卡夫 的火盆。
Rav Ashi said: You can even say that this baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, and this is what he is saying: On every other day, a priest scooped with a coal pan of a desert se’a, which is five Jerusalem kav, and then he poured the coals into a coal pan of three Jerusalem kav.
既如此,撒出来的便是二 卡夫 。
Therefore, two kav would be scattered.
密释纳说:别的日子,那火盆是重的;惟有这一日是轻的。一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:别的日子,它的壁是厚的;惟有这一日是软而薄的。别的日子,它的柄是短的;惟有这一日是长的。这是什么缘故呢?为的是叫大祭司的臂能帮他托那火盆——就是说,他可以把盆靠在臂上,不必单用手承那一整分的重量。
密释纳说:别的日子,那火盆是重的;惟有这一日是轻的。
§ The mishna states: On every other day, the coal pan was heavy, but on this day it was light.
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:别的日子,它的壁是厚的;惟有这一日是软而薄的。
It was taught in a baraita: On every other day its side was thick but on this day it was soft and thin.
别的日子,它的柄是短的;惟有这一日是长的。
On every other day its handle was short but on this day it was long.
这是什么缘故呢?
What is the reason?
为的是叫大祭司的臂能帮他托那火盆——就是说,他可以把盆靠在臂上,不必单用手承那一整分的重量。
So that the arm of the High Priest could assist him in carrying the coal pan, i.e., he could support the coal pan by resting it against his arm rather than bear the entire weight in his hand.
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:别的日子,那火盆没有环;惟有这一日,柄端有一个环,与柄相击作响,好应验那一节:「他进圣所的时候,所发的声音必被听见」(出埃及记 28:35);这是 副大祭司之子 的说法。
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道:别的日子,那火盆没有环;惟有这一日,柄端有一个环,与柄相击作响,好应验那一节:「他进圣所的时候,所发的声音必被听见」(出埃及记 28:35);这是 副大祭司之子 的说法。
It was taught in a baraita: On every other day it did not have a ring, but on this day it has a ring on the end of the handle, which clatters against it and makes a noise in fulfillment of the verse “And the sound thereof shall be heard when he goes in to the Sanctuary” (Exodus 28:35); this is the statement of the son of the Deputy.
密释纳说:别的日子,它是青金作的;惟有这一日是赤金作的。拉夫希斯达 说:圣书里提到的金有七样:金、好金、俄斐 的金(列王纪上 10:11)、精金 的金(列王纪上 10:18)、捶薄之金 的金(列王纪上 10:17)、闭炼的金(列王纪上 10:21)、并 巴瓦音之金 的金(历代志下 3:6)。革玛拉解这几个名的由来:金与好金有分别,因经上说:「并且那地的金子是好的」(创世记 2:12)——可见另有一等更上的金。俄斐 的金,是从俄斐来的金。至于 精金 的金,所以得名,是因——
密释纳说:别的日子,它是青金作的;惟有这一日是赤金作的。
§ The mishna states: On every other day, it was of greenish gold but on this day it was of a red gold.
拉夫希斯达 说:圣书里提到的金有七样:金、好金、俄斐 的金(列王纪上 10:11)、精金 的金(列王纪上 10:18)、捶薄之金 的金(列王纪上 10:17)、闭炼的金(列王纪上 10:21)、并 巴瓦音之金 的金(历代志下 3:6)。
Rav Ḥisda said: There are seven types of gold mentioned in the Bible: Gold, and good gold, and gold of Ophir (I Kings 10:11), and glistering gold (I Kings 10:18), and shaḥut gold (I Kings 10:17), and closed gold (I Kings 10:21), and parvayim gold (II Chronicles 3:6).
革玛拉解这几个名的由来:金与好金有分别,因经上说:「并且那地的金子是好的」(创世记 2:12)——可见另有一等更上的金。
The Gemara explains the reason for these names: There is a distinction between gold and good gold, as it is written in the verse: “And the gold of that land is good” (Genesis 2:12), which indicates the existence of gold of a higher quality.
俄斐 的金,是从俄斐来的金。
Gold of Ophir is gold that comes from Ophir.
至于 精金 的金,所以得名,是因——
Glistering [mufaz] gold is so named