—— 强夺之人 ,直到他死的那一日。
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—— 强夺之人 ,直到他死的那一日。
a robber [ḥamtzan] until the day of his death.
← 盛日卷总目·第四章 摇签
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 3 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
—— 强夺之人 ,直到他死的那一日。
—— 强夺之人 ,直到他死的那一日。
a robber [ḥamtzan] until the day of his death.
拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·舍伊拉说:哪一节经见得 强夺之人 一语是指强夺的人呢?经上说:「我的神啊,求你救我脱离恶人的手,脱离不义和 强暴的 之人的手」(诗篇 71:4)。拉瓦 说:凭据在这里:「学习行善,寻求公平,扶助 受欺压的 」(以赛亚书 1:17)——这是教人当扶助被夺的,不当扶助强夺的。
拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·舍伊拉说:哪一节经见得 强夺之人 一语是指强夺的人呢?
Rabba bar bar Sheila said: What is the verse that indicates that a ḥamtzan is a robber?
经上说:「我的神啊,求你救我脱离恶人的手,脱离不义和 强暴的 之人的手」(诗篇 71:4)。
The verse states: “O, my God, rescue me out of the hand of wicked, out of the hand of the unrighteous and robbing man [ḥometz]” (Psalms 71:4).
拉瓦 说:凭据在这里:「学习行善,寻求公平,扶助 受欺压的 」(以赛亚书 1:17)——这是教人当扶助被夺的,不当扶助强夺的。
Rava said: From here: “Learn to do well, seek justice, strengthen the robbed [ḥamotz]” (Isaiah 1:17), which teaches that one should strengthen the robbed, but not strengthen the robber.
众贤教道:义人西缅死的那一年,他对同伴说:今年他要死了——那是他自指的婉语。他们对他说:你怎么知道呢?他对他们说:历年每逢赎罪日我进至圣所,总有一个老人在先见之中迎着我,身穿白衣,头也裹着白,与我一同进至圣所,也与我一同出来。今日却有一个老人迎着我,身穿黑衣,头也裹着黑,与我一同进了至圣所,却没有与我一同出来。他晓得这是自己死期将近的兆头。果然,过了 住棚节 节,他病了七日就死了。
众贤教道:义人西缅死的那一年,他对同伴说:今年他要死了——那是他自指的婉语。
§ The Sages taught: During the year in which Shimon HaTzaddik died, he said to them, his associates: In this year, he will die, euphemistically referring to himself.
他们对他说:你怎么知道呢?
They said to him: How do you know?
他对他们说:历年每逢赎罪日我进至圣所,总有一个老人在先见之中迎着我,身穿白衣,头也裹着白,与我一同进至圣所,也与我一同出来。
He said to them: In previous years, on every Yom Kippur, upon entering the Holy of Holies, I was met, in a prophetic vision, by an old man who was dressed in white, and his head was wrapped up in white, and he would enter the Holy of Holies with me, and he would leave with me.
今日却有一个老人迎着我,身穿黑衣,头也裹着黑,与我一同进了至圣所,却没有与我一同出来。
But today, I was met by an old man who was dressed in black, and his head was wrapped up in black, and he entered the Holy of Holies with me, but he did not leave with me.
他晓得这是自己死期将近的兆头。
He understood this to be a sign that his death was impending.
果然,过了 住棚节 节,他病了七日就死了。
Indeed, after the festival of Sukkot, he was ill for seven days and died.
义人西缅既不在他们中间,以色列人就不再配得他在世时所行的那许多奇事。为这缘故,他死了以后,他弟兄众祭司就不再用神那明说出来的名为以色列人祝福。
义人西缅既不在他们中间,以色列人就不再配得他在世时所行的那许多奇事。
Without the presence of Shimon HaTzaddik among them, the Jewish people were no longer worthy of the many miracles that had occurred during his lifetime.
为这缘故,他死了以后,他弟兄众祭司就不再用神那明说出来的名为以色列人祝福。
For this reason, following his death, his brethren, the priests, refrained from blessing the Jewish people with the explicit name of God in the priestly blessing.
众贤教道:义人西缅在位的年日,归耶和华的阄总出在大祭司右手;他死后就只偶然如此;到第二圣殿被毁以前那四十年,归耶和华的阄就全然不出在大祭司右手了。照样,系在那归与 阿撒泻勒 之羊头上的朱红线也不再变白,灯台西边那一盏也不再长燃。
众贤教道:义人西缅在位的年日,归耶和华的阄总出在大祭司右手;他死后就只偶然如此;到第二圣殿被毁以前那四十年,归耶和华的阄就全然不出在大祭司右手了。
The Sages taught: During the tenure of Shimon HaTzaddik, the lot for God always arose in the High Priest’s right hand; after his death, it occurred only occasionally; but during the forty years prior to the destruction of the Second Temple, the lot for God did not arise in the High Priest’s right hand at all.
照样,系在那归与 阿撒泻勒 之羊头上的朱红线也不再变白,灯台西边那一盏也不再长燃。
So too, the strip of crimson wool that was tied to the head of the goat that was sent to Azazel did not turn white, and the westernmost lamp of the candelabrum did not burn continually.
圣所的门也自己开了,作仇敌不久必来开门的兆头,直到拉班约哈难·本·撒该斥责它们。他对圣所说:圣所啊,圣所啊,你何必拿这些兆头自己吓自己呢?我晓得你末后必被毁;易多的儿子撒迦利亚早已论你预言说:「利巴嫩哪,开开你的门,任火烧灭你的香柏树」(撒迦利亚书 11:1)——「利巴嫩」正是圣殿的别名。
圣所的门也自己开了,作仇敌不久必来开门的兆头,直到拉班约哈难·本·撒该斥责它们。
And the doors of the Sanctuary opened by themselves as a sign that they would soon be opened by enemies, until Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai scolded them.
他对圣所说:圣所啊,圣所啊,你何必拿这些兆头自己吓自己呢?
He said to the Sanctuary: Sanctuary, Sanctuary, why do you frighten yourself with these signs?
我晓得你末后必被毁;易多的儿子撒迦利亚早已论你预言说:「利巴嫩哪,开开你的门,任火烧灭你的香柏树」(撒迦利亚书 11:1)——「利巴嫩」正是圣殿的别名。
I know about you that you will ultimately be destroyed, and Zechariah, son of Ido, has already prophesied concerning you: “Open your doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour your cedars” (Zechariah 11:1), Lebanon being an appellation for the Temple.
拉比以撒·本·塔夫莱 说:圣殿何以称为 利巴嫩 呢?因为它 使之洁白 以色列人的罪——那字根正是「白」的意思。
拉比以撒·本·塔夫莱 说:圣殿何以称为 利巴嫩 呢?
Rabbi Yitzḥak ben Tavlai said: Why is the Temple called Lebanon [Levanon]?
因为它 使之洁白 以色列人的罪——那字根正是「白」的意思。
Because it whitens [malbin] the Jewish people’s sins, alluded to by the root lavan, meaning white.
拉夫祖特拉·巴尔·托维亚 说:圣殿何以称为「林」呢——正如经上写着「利巴嫩林宫」(列王纪上 10:17)?那是要告诉你:林子怎样开花,圣殿也怎样开花。正如 拉夫何西亚 所说:所罗门建殿的时候,在里头栽了各样金作的佳果之树,那些树奇妙地按时结果。风一吹在它们身上,果子就落下来,正如经上说:「他的果实要响动,如利巴嫩的树林」(诗篇 72:16)。把那些金果卖与众人,祭司便有一项进项。
拉夫祖特拉·巴尔·托维亚 说:圣殿何以称为「林」呢——正如经上写着「利巴嫩林宫」(列王纪上 10:17)?
Rav Zutra bar Toviya said: Why is the Temple called: Forest, as it is written: “The house of the forest of Lebanon” (I Kings 10:17)?
那是要告诉你:林子怎样开花,圣殿也怎样开花。
To tell you: Just as a forest blooms, so too the Temple blooms.
正如 拉夫何西亚 所说:所罗门建殿的时候,在里头栽了各样金作的佳果之树,那些树奇妙地按时结果。
As Rav Hoshaya said: When Solomon built the Temple, he planted in it all kinds of sweet fruit trees made of gold, and miraculously these brought forth fruit in their season.
风一吹在它们身上,果子就落下来,正如经上说:「他的果实要响动,如利巴嫩的树林」(诗篇 72:16)。
And when the wind blew upon them, their fruit would fall off, as it is stated: “May his fruits rustle like Lebanon” (Psalms 72:16).
把那些金果卖与众人,祭司便有一项进项。
And through selling these golden fruits to the public, there was a source of income for the priesthood.
及至外邦列国进了圣所,那几棵金树就枯了,正如经上说:「利巴嫩的花草也衰残了」(那鸿书 1:4)。到将来救赎的时候,圣者、当受颂赞的必把它们还给我们,正如经上说:「必开花繁盛,乐上加乐,而且欢呼。利巴嫩的荣耀必赐给它」(以赛亚书 35:2)。
及至外邦列国进了圣所,那几棵金树就枯了,正如经上说:「利巴嫩的花草也衰残了」(那鸿书 1:4)。
But once the gentile nations entered the Sanctuary the golden trees withered, as it states “And the blossoms of Lebanon wither” (Nahum 1:4).
到将来救赎的时候,圣者、当受颂赞的必把它们还给我们,正如经上说:「必开花繁盛,乐上加乐,而且欢呼。利巴嫩的荣耀必赐给它」(以赛亚书 35:2)。
And in the future hour of redemption, the Holy One, Blessed be He, will restore them to us as it is stated: “It shall blossom abundantly, it shall also rejoice and shout, the glory of Lebanon will be given to it” (Isaiah 35:2).
密释纳说:拈了那两根阄以后,大祭司把它们放在两只公山羊身上。他把归耶和华的阄放在那一只身上时,说:归耶和华,作赎罪祭。这不过是他那一日提神之名的一回,正如众贤在 《托塞夫塔》 里所教(《盛日卷》 二章二节):大祭司在那一日提神的名共十回:头一次认罪时三回;第二次、就是为公牛认罪时三回;为那归与 阿撒泻勒 的羊认罪时三回;拈阄时、就是把归耶和华的阄放在羊身上时,一回。
密释纳说:拈了那两根阄以后,大祭司把它们放在两只公山羊身上。
§ The mishna states that after selecting the two lots, the High Priest places them upon the two goats.
他把归耶和华的阄放在那一只身上时,说:归耶和华,作赎罪祭。
Upon placing the lot for God upon the appropriate goat, he says: For God, as a sin-offering.
这不过是他那一日提神之名的一回,正如众贤在 《托塞夫塔》 里所教(《盛日卷》 二章二节):大祭司在那一日提神的名共十回:头一次认罪时三回;第二次、就是为公牛认罪时三回;为那归与 阿撒泻勒 的羊认罪时三回;拈阄时、就是把归耶和华的阄放在羊身上时,一回。
This is just one of the occasions on which he mentions God’s name, as the Sages taught in the Tosefta (Yoma 2:2): The High Priest mentions the name of God ten times on that day: Three times during the first confession; and three times during the second confession, over the bull; and three times when he confesses over the scapegoat to Azazel; and one time with the lots, when placing the lot for God upon the goat.
曾有一件事:大祭司念神的名,他的声音极大,连 耶利哥 都听得见。拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·哈纳 说:从耶路撒冷到 耶利哥 有十 帕尔萨 。路虽这样远,他的声音却奇妙地传到那里。
曾有一件事:大祭司念神的名,他的声音极大,连 耶利哥 都听得见。
And there already was an incident when the High Priest said the name of God and his voice was so strong that it was heard even in Jericho.
拉巴·巴尔·巴尔·哈纳 说:从耶路撒冷到 耶利哥 有十 帕尔萨 。
Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: The distance from Jerusalem to Jericho is ten parasangs.
路虽这样远,他的声音却奇妙地传到那里。
Despite the great distance, his voice was miraculously heard there.
革玛拉又述圣殿里的事远处能觉的几样奇迹。圣所的门开时所发的响,八个安息日之界以外都听得见——那是八 米尔 。再者,在 耶利哥 的山羊闻见圣殿里所烧之香的气味就打喷嚏;在 耶利哥 的妇人不必熏香,因那香的气味传到那里,已把她们熏香了;在耶路撒冷的新妇也不必用香膏打扮,因那香的气味充满耶路撒冷的空气,已把她熏香了。
革玛拉又述圣殿里的事远处能觉的几样奇迹。
The Gemara describes similar miracles in which events in the Temple were sensed a great distance away.
圣所的门开时所发的响,八个安息日之界以外都听得见——那是八 米尔 。
And the sound of the doors of the Sanctuary opening was heard from a distance of eight Shabbat limits, which is eight mil.
再者,在 耶利哥 的山羊闻见圣殿里所烧之香的气味就打喷嚏;在 耶利哥 的妇人不必熏香,因那香的气味传到那里,已把她们熏香了;在耶路撒冷的新妇也不必用香膏打扮,因那香的气味充满耶路撒冷的空气,已把她熏香了。
Furthermore, goats that were in Jericho would sneeze from smelling the fragrance of the incense that burned in the Temple; the women that were in Jericho did not need to perfume themselves, since they were perfumed by the fragrance of the incense, which reached there; a bride that was in Jerusalem did not need to adorn herself with perfumes, since she was perfumed by the fragrance of the incense, which filled the air of Jerusalem.
拉比约西·本·多尔盖 说:我父亲在 米赫马尔 的山地有山羊,它们闻见香的气味就打喷嚏——那一带离耶路撒冷有些路程。照样,拉比希亚·巴尔·阿维恩 说 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说:有一个老人对我述说:有一回我到示罗会幕的废墟去,从那几堵墙之间闻见香的气味。那会幕是士师时候立在那里的,离它被毁已过了一千多年。
拉比约西·本·多尔盖 说:我父亲在 米赫马尔 的山地有山羊,它们闻见香的气味就打喷嚏——那一带离耶路撒冷有些路程。
Rabbi Yosei ben Dolgai said: Father had goats in the hills of Mikhmar, a district some distance from Jerusalem, and they would sneeze from smelling the fragrance of the incense.
照样,拉比希亚·巴尔·阿维恩 说 拉比约书亚·本·库尔哈 说:有一个老人对我述说:有一回我到示罗会幕的废墟去,从那几堵墙之间闻见香的气味。
Similarly, Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Avin said that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa said: An old man reported to me: One time I went to the ruins of the Tabernacle in Shiloh, and I smelled the smell of the incense from between its walls.
那会幕是士师时候立在那里的,离它被毁已过了一千多年。
The Tabernacle stood there during the period of the Judges, and more than a thousand years had passed since its destruction.
拉比雅奈 说:从签筒里抽阄这一件是不可缺的,因那正定出哪一只羊归耶和华、哪一只归 阿撒泻勒 。至于把阄放在羊身上,倒不是不可缺的。拉比约哈难 说:连从签筒里抽阄也不是不可缺的,因大祭司自己指定那两只羊、不用拈阄也可。
拉比雅奈 说:从签筒里抽阄这一件是不可缺的,因那正定出哪一只羊归耶和华、哪一只归 阿撒泻勒 。
§ Rabbi Yannai said: The drawing of the lot from inside the receptacle is an indispensable part of the service, as it determines which goat will be for God and which for Azazel.
至于把阄放在羊身上,倒不是不可缺的。
However, the actual placing of the lots upon the goats is not indispensable.
拉比约哈难 说:连从签筒里抽阄也不是不可缺的,因大祭司自己指定那两只羊、不用拈阄也可。
And Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Even the drawing of the lots from inside the receptacle is not indispensable, since the High Priest may designate the goats himself, without employing the lottery.
革玛拉解这一争:照 拉比犹大 的意思——他说凡穿白衣在至圣所外头所办的都不是不可缺的——众人都认抽阄不是不可缺的,因那是在至圣所外头办的。他们所争的,乃是照 拉比尼希米 的意思:他执定凡穿白衣所办的,纵在至圣所外头办的,也都是不可缺的。那说抽阄是不可缺的,是照 拉比尼希米 这一条通则直讲下来。那说抽阄不是不可缺的,则说:那一条通则单行在算得圣殿礼事的几样上;抽阄既算不得圣殿的礼事,纵照 拉比尼希米 那一条,也不是不可缺的。
革玛拉解这一争:照 拉比犹大 的意思——他说凡穿白衣在至圣所外头所办的都不是不可缺的——众人都认抽阄不是不可缺的,因那是在至圣所外头办的。
The Gemara explains the dispute: In accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, who said that matters that are performed in the white garments outside of the Holy of Holies are not indispensable, everyone agrees that the drawing of the lots is not indispensable, since it is held outside the Holy of Holies.
他们所争的,乃是照 拉比尼希米 的意思。
When they disagree, it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Neḥemya.
他执定凡穿白衣所办的,纵在至圣所外头办的,也都是不可缺的。
He holds that all matters performed in the white garments, even those performed outside the Holy of Holies, are indispensable.
那说抽阄是不可缺的,是照 拉比尼希米 这一条通则直讲下来。
The one who said the drawing of the lots is indispensable holds in accordance with the straightforward application of the principle of Rabbi Neḥemya.
那说抽阄不是不可缺的,则说:那一条通则单行在算得圣殿礼事的几样上。
And the one who said the drawing of the lots is not indispensable claims that this principle applies only with regard to matters that are classified as a Temple service.
抽阄既算不得圣殿的礼事,纵照 拉比尼希米 那一条,也不是不可缺的。
The drawing of the lots is not a Temple service, therefore it is indispensable, even according to Rabbi Neḥemya’s principle.
也有人传这一争是另一样:
也有人传这一争是另一样:
Some say a different version of the dispute:
照 拉比尼希米 的意思——他说凡穿白衣所办的,纵在至圣所外头办的,都是不可缺的——众人都认抽阄是不可缺的。
照 拉比尼希米 的意思——他说凡穿白衣所办的,纵在至圣所外头办的,都是不可缺的——众人都认抽阄是不可缺的。
In accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Neḥemya, who said that all matters performed in the white garments, even those performed outside the Holy of Holies, are indispensable, everyone agrees that the drawing of the lots is indispensable.
他们所争的,乃是照 拉比犹大 的意思——他执定凡穿白衣在至圣所外头所办的都不是不可缺的。那说抽阄不是不可缺的,是照 拉比犹大 这一条通则直讲下来。那说抽阄是不可缺的,则说:拉比犹大 那一条通则大体虽是,惟独这里、就是拈阄这一件另是一样,因经上把「拈出来的」一语说了两遍(利未记 16:9、16:10)。论献祭诸律,一语重说,正表明那一件是不可缺的。
他们所争的,乃是照 拉比犹大 的意思——他执定凡穿白衣在至圣所外头所办的都不是不可缺的。
When they disagree, it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, who holds that matters that are performed in the white garments outside of the Holy of Holies are not indispensable.
那说抽阄不是不可缺的,是照 拉比犹大 这一条通则直讲下来。
The one who said that the drawing of the lots is not indispensable holds in accordance with the straightforward application of the principle of Rabbi Yehuda.
那说抽阄是不可缺的,则说:拉比犹大 那一条通则大体虽是,惟独这里、就是拈阄这一件另是一样,因经上把「拈出来的」一语说了两遍(利未记 16:9、16:10)。
And the one who said that the drawing of the lots is indispensable claims that although Rabbi Yehuda’s principle is generally true, it is different here, in the case of the lottery, because the verse repeated the phrase “which came up” (Leviticus 16:9) “which came up” (Leviticus 16:10) two times.
论献祭诸律,一语重说,正表明那一件是不可缺的。
In the laws of sacrifices, a repeated phrase indicates the matter is indispensable.
革玛拉从一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的举出相碍:拈阄是一条诫命;大祭司若没有拈阄,倒不用阄就指定了那两只羊,所指定的仍然算数。
革玛拉从一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的举出相碍:拈阄是一条诫命;大祭司若没有拈阄,倒不用阄就指定了那两只羊,所指定的仍然算数。
The Gemara raises an objection from that which was taught in a baraita: It is a mitzva to draw the lots, and if the High Priest did not draw the lots but instead designated the goats without using the lots, the designation is valid.
革玛拉细辨那条 《巴拉伊塔》 所执的:照头一样传法——你说照 拉比犹大 的意思,众人、就是 拉比雅奈 与 拉比约哈难,都认抽阄不是不可缺的——那么这一条 《巴拉伊塔》 是合谁的意思教的呢?照众说看来,它合的是 拉比犹大 的意思。
革玛拉细辨那条 《巴拉伊塔》 所执的:照头一样传法——你说照 拉比犹大 的意思,众人、就是 拉比雅奈 与 拉比约哈难,都认抽阄不是不可缺的——那么这一条 《巴拉伊塔》 是合谁的意思教的呢?
The Gemara considers the opinion presented in the baraita: Granted, according to that first version of the dispute, in which you said: In accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda everyone, i.e., Rabbi Yannai and Rabbi Yoḥanan, agrees that the drawing of the lots is not indispensable, in accordance with whose opinion is this baraita taught?
照众说看来,它合的是 拉比犹大 的意思。
It is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, according to all opinions.