这一语是要把穿旧了的衣服也收在内,教明那几件只要还没有破烂,仍可用来办圣殿的礼事。
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这一语是要把穿旧了的衣服也收在内,教明那几件只要还没有破烂,仍可用来办圣殿的礼事。
The phrase comes to include worn out garments, teaching that as long as they have not become tattered they may be used for Temple services.
← 盛日卷总目·第二章 起先
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 23 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
这一语是要把穿旧了的衣服也收在内,教明那几件只要还没有破烂,仍可用来办圣殿的礼事。
这一语是要把穿旧了的衣服也收在内,教明那几件只要还没有破烂,仍可用来办圣殿的礼事。
The phrase comes to include worn out garments, teaching that as long as they have not become tattered they may be used for Temple services.
革玛拉接着引另一条与这一争相连的 《巴拉伊塔》 。论大祭司的衣服,托拉说:「亚伦要进会幕,把他进圣所时所穿的细麻布衣服脱下,放在那里」(利未记 16:23)。这一节教明:大祭司在赎罪日办礼事所穿的细麻布衣服须收起来,不可再用。拉比多萨 说:不必收起来,因那几件虽不可由大祭司在此后的赎罪日再用,给寻常祭司用却是可以的。那么经上说「放在那里」、见得不可再用,是什么意思呢?意思是:大祭司自己在此后的赎罪日不可再穿它们进至圣所办礼事;并不是说那几件全然不可再用。
革玛拉接着引另一条与这一争相连的 《巴拉伊塔》 。
The Gemara continues with another baraita connected to this debate.
论大祭司的衣服,托拉说:「亚伦要进会幕,把他进圣所时所穿的细麻布衣服脱下,放在那里」(利未记 16:23)。
With regard to the garments of the High Priest, the Torah states: “And Aaron shall go into the tent of meeting, and he shall take off the linen garments that he had put on when he went into the Sanctuary, and shall leave them there” (Leviticus 16:23).
这一节教明:大祭司在赎罪日办礼事所穿的细麻布衣服须收起来,不可再用。
This verse teaches that the linen garments worn by the High Priest during the Yom Kippur service require storing away, i.e., they may not be used again.
拉比多萨 说:不必收起来,因那几件虽不可由大祭司在此后的赎罪日再用,给寻常祭司用却是可以的。
Rabbi Dosa says: They do not have to be stored away, because although they may not be used again by the High Priest on a subsequent Yom Kippur, they are acceptable for use for a common priest.
那么经上说「放在那里」、见得不可再用,是什么意思呢?
And what, then, is the meaning when the verse states: “And shall leave them there,” which implies that they are not to be used again?
意思是:大祭司自己在此后的赎罪日不可再穿它们进至圣所办礼事;并不是说那几件全然不可再用。
It means that the High Priest himself may not use them on a subsequent Yom Kippur for service in the Holy of Holies; it does not mean that they may not be used at all.
革玛拉回到那一问:除灰算不算正经的圣殿礼事、须不须穿四件圣衣,这一层是不是两位 坦拿 所争的。拉比犹大 与 拉比多萨 所争的,岂不正是这一层么:一位贤者、就是 拉比犹大 ,从「穿上」一语推出四件都得穿,是以为除灰是正经的礼事;一位贤者、就是 拉比多萨 ,从「穿上」推出别样,是以为那不是正经的礼事,故四件之中只须两件?照这样看,他们所争的,正与 拉比约哈难 和 雷什·拉基什 所争的一样。
革玛拉回到那一问:除灰算不算正经的圣殿礼事、须不须穿四件圣衣,这一层是不是两位 坦拿 所争的。
The Gemara returns to the question of whether or not the removal of the ashes is considered a bona fide Temple service, requiring all four priestly garments, and whether or not this is the subject of debate between tanna’im.
拉比犹大 与 拉比多萨 所争的,岂不正是这一层么:一位贤者、就是 拉比犹大 ,从「穿上」一语推出四件都得穿,是以为除灰是正经的礼事;一位贤者、就是 拉比多萨 ,从「穿上」推出别样,是以为那不是正经的礼事,故四件之中只须两件?
What, is it not with regard to this that Rabbi Yehuda and Rabbi Dosa disagree: One Sage, Rabbi Yehuda, who derives from the phrase “he shall wear” that all four garments are required, holds that the removal of the ashes is a bona fide service; and one Sage, Rabbi Dosa, who derives a different teaching from “he shall wear,” holds that it is not a bona fide service, and consequently only two of the four garments are required?
照这样看,他们所争的,正与 拉比约哈难 和 雷什·拉基什 所争的一样。
Their dispute would therefore be identical to the dispute between Rabbi Yoḥanan and Reish Lakish.
革玛拉驳这一议:也可以说,这两位 坦拿 所争的并不在此。不如说:众人都认除灰是正经的圣殿礼事、四件圣衣都得穿;他们在这里所争的乃是别一层:一位贤者、就是 拉比犹大 ,以为非从经上推不可,才能把那一节没有明说的冠与腰带收在内。一位贤者、就是 拉比多萨 ,以为除灰既是正经的圣殿礼事,四件都得穿本是明的,便不必再从经上推出那两件来。照这样,两位 坦拿 都认除灰是正经的礼事,四件圣衣都得穿。
革玛拉驳这一议:也可以说,这两位 坦拿 所争的并不在此。
The Gemara rejects this suggestion: It is possible to say that this is not the subject of debate between these two tanna’im.
不如说:众人都认除灰是正经的圣殿礼事、四件圣衣都得穿;他们在这里所争的乃是别一层:一位贤者、就是 拉比犹大 ,以为非从经上推不可,才能把那一节没有明说的冠与腰带收在内。
Rather, everyone agrees that the removal of ashes is a bona fide Temple service requiring all four garments, and here they disagree about a different point, which is this: One Sage, Rabbi Yehuda, holds that a derivation from the verse is necessary to include the mitre and belt, which are not mentioned explicitly in the verse.
一位贤者、就是 拉比多萨 ,以为除灰既是正经的圣殿礼事,四件都得穿本是明的,便不必再从经上推出那两件来。
And one Sage, Rabbi Dosa, holds that since the removal of the ash is a bona fide Temple service it is obvious that all four garments are required, so a derivation from a verse to include the other two garments is not necessary.
照这样,两位 坦拿 都认除灰是正经的礼事,四件圣衣都得穿。
Accordingly, both tanna’im are in agreement that the removal of ash is a bona fide service and requires all four priestly garments.
拉比阿维恩 提出一问:除灰这条诫命,须除多少灰才算尽了呢?我们是从十分之一里所取的 举祭 推呢——那是取百分之一——还是从米甸之战所得掳物中所分别出来的推呢?那里是从掳物中取五百分之一(见民数记 31:28)。你来听一句,可解这一问。因 拉比希亚 在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教道:这里说「要把灰收起来」(利未记 6:3),别处论素祭说「要从素祭的细面中取出一满把」(利未记 6:8)。那里所取的既是一满把面,这里所除的也是一满把灰。可见从坛上所除的灰,并不是按总数取定的几分之几。
拉比阿维恩 提出一问:除灰这条诫命,须除多少灰才算尽了呢?
§ Rabbi Avin raised a dilemma: How much ash must be removed in order to fulfill the mitzva of removal of the ashes?
我们是从十分之一里所取的 举祭 推呢——那是取百分之一——还是从米甸之战所得掳物中所分别出来的推呢?那里是从掳物中取五百分之一(见民数记 31:28)。
Do we derive it from the teruma of the tithe, the portion that the Levite sets aside for the priest, in which case one hundredth of the total is separated, or do we derive it from the donations that were set aside from the spoils of the war with Midian, where one five-hundredth was taken from the spoils of war (see Numbers 31:28)?
你来听一句,可解这一问。
Come and hear a teaching with regard to this dilemma.
因 拉比希亚 在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教道:这里说「要把灰收起来」(利未记 6:3),别处论素祭说「要从素祭的细面中取出一满把」(利未记 6:8)。
As Rabbi Ḥiyya taught in a baraita that it is stated here: “And he shall take up the ashes” (Leviticus 6:3), and it is said elsewhere, with regard to a meal-offering: “And he shall take up a handful of the choice flour of the meal-offering” (Leviticus 6:8).
那里所取的既是一满把面,这里所除的也是一满把灰。
Just as there, the amount he removes is a handful of flour, so too, here, he removes a handful of ash.
可见从坛上所除的灰,并不是按总数取定的几分之几。
The amount of ashes removed from the altar is therefore not a fixed percentage of the total ash.
拉夫 说:非祭司虽一样圣殿礼事都办不得,其中只有四样,非祭司办了要由神的手受死刑。那四样是:把祭牲的血洒在坛上;在坛上烧香或烧祭牲的肢体;住棚节 节在坛上行奠水之礼;并在坛上行奠酒之礼。利未 说:除灰也在其内。利未 在自己所集的诸 《巴拉伊塔》 里也这样教:除灰也列在那几样非祭司办了要受死刑的礼事之内。
拉夫 说:非祭司虽一样圣殿礼事都办不得,其中只有四样,非祭司办了要由神的手受死刑。
§ Rav said: Although a non-priest may not perform any Temple service, there are only four Temple services for which a non-priest is liable to receive the punishment of death by God’s hand for doing so.
那四样是:把祭牲的血洒在坛上;在坛上烧香或烧祭牲的肢体;住棚节 节在坛上行奠水之礼;并在坛上行奠酒之礼。
They are: Sprinkling sacrificial blood on the altar, and burning incense or parts of sacrificial animals on the altar, and pouring out the water libation on the altar on the festival of Sukkot, and pouring out the wine libation on the altar.
利未 说:除灰也在其内。
And Levi said: This is true also for the removal of the ashes.
利未 在自己所集的诸 《巴拉伊塔》 里也这样教:除灰也列在那几样非祭司办了要受死刑的礼事之内。
And similarly, Levi taught in his collection of baraitot: The removal of ashes is also included among those services for which a non-priest incurs the death penalty if he performs them.
革玛拉解说:拉夫 那一说的理路是什么呢?因经上写着:「你和你的儿子要守你们祭司的职任,凡坛上与幔内的事,你们都要办理;我把你们祭司的职任赐给你们当作赏赐去事奉;凡挨近的外人必被治死」(民数记 18:7)。拉夫 这样解那一节:「当作赏赐去事奉」,指的是有所给的礼事,就是把什么放在坛上,不指从坛上取走的礼事——除灰便在此外。「你们要事奉」一语,解作本身完足的礼事,如洒血;不指那还不完足的礼事,就是只作预备、后头另有一样礼事才成其用的,如宰牲与接血——那两样不过是洒血以先的步骤。
革玛拉解说:拉夫 那一说的理路是什么呢?
The Gemara explains: What is the reason for Rav’s opinion?
因经上写着:「你和你的儿子要守你们祭司的职任,凡坛上与幔内的事,你们都要办理;我把你们祭司的职任赐给你们当作赏赐去事奉;凡挨近的外人必被治死」(民数记 18:7)。
As it is written: “And you and your sons with you shall keep your priesthood in everything pertaining to the altar and to that within the veil; and you shall serve; I give you the priesthood as a service of gift; and the common man that draws near shall be put to death” (Numbers 18:7).
拉夫 这样解那一节:「当作赏赐去事奉」,指的是有所给的礼事,就是把什么放在坛上,不指从坛上取走的礼事——除灰便在此外。
Rav interprets this verse as follows: “A service of gift” indicates a service that involves giving, i.e., placing something on the altar, and not a service that involves removal from the altar, to the exclusion of removing the ashes.
「你们要事奉」一语,解作本身完足的礼事,如洒血;不指那还不完足的礼事,就是只作预备、后头另有一样礼事才成其用的,如宰牲与接血——那两样不过是洒血以先的步骤。
“And you shall serve [va’avadtem]” is interpreted as referring to a service that is complete [avoda tamma] on its own, such as sprinkling the blood, and not a service that is not complete, i.e., a service that is only a preparatory step and has another service after it that completes its purpose, such as slaughtering the animal or collecting its blood, which are only preparatory steps leading up to the sprinkling of the blood on the altar.
那么 利未 那一说的理路又是什么呢?他何以把除灰也收在内呢?照他说,怜悯者是以「凡坛上的事」一语把这一样礼事收在内的:这是教明,凡在坛上所办的,连除灰在内,都是要紧的,非祭司办了要偿命。革玛拉问:那么 拉夫 从「凡坛上的事」一语又推出什么呢?革玛拉答:照他说,那一语里的「凡」字,是要把圣所里头所行的七次洒血收在内——就是某几样祭物的血洒在至圣所的幔子上——并长癞之人所用的油在圣所里头的七次弹洒。拉夫 从「凡」字推出:非祭司若行这几样,也要受死刑,虽然那几样并不是在坛上行的。
那么 利未 那一说的理路又是什么呢?
And what is the reason for the opinion of Levi?
他何以把除灰也收在内呢?
Why does he include the removal of ashes?
照他说,怜悯者是以「凡坛上的事」一语把这一样礼事收在内的:这是教明,凡在坛上所办的,连除灰在内,都是要紧的,非祭司办了要偿命。
According to him, the Merciful One includes this service by adding “in everything pertaining to the altar,” which teaches that all actions performed on the altar, including the removal of ashes, are significant and are prohibited to a non-priest on pain of death.
革玛拉问:那么 拉夫 从「凡坛上的事」一语又推出什么呢?
The Gemara asks: And what does Rav learn from the phrase “in everything pertaining to the altar”?
革玛拉答:照他说,那一语里的「凡」字,是要把圣所里头所行的七次洒血收在内——就是某几样祭物的血洒在至圣所的幔子上——并长癞之人所用的油在圣所里头的七次弹洒。
The Gemara answers: According to him, the word “everything” in that phrase comes to include the seven sprinklings that are performed inside the Sanctuary, when the blood of certain offerings is sprinkled on the veil of the Holy of Holies, and the seven sprinklings of oil of the leper, which are also performed inside the Sanctuary.
拉夫 从「凡」字推出:非祭司若行这几样,也要受死刑,虽然那几样并不是在坛上行的。
Rav learns from the word “everything” that if a non-priest were to perform any of these actions he would be liable to receive the death penalty, despite the fact that they are not performed on the altar.
革玛拉问:那么 利未 又从哪里推出这几样呢?革玛拉答:他是从经文多出来的字推的。「坛上的事」一语既是多余的,他便从这里推出把除灰收在内。再者,「凡……的事」这一说法另有所收,他便从这里推出上文所说圣所里头的几次弹洒。革玛拉问:那么 拉夫 从这多出来的字又推出什么呢?革玛拉答:拉夫 并不从「坛上的事」与「凡坛上的事」两样说法之别推出什么来。
革玛拉问:那么 利未 又从哪里推出这几样呢?
The Gemara asks: And from where does Levi derive these cases?
革玛拉答:他是从经文多出来的字推的。
The Gemara answers: He derives them from the superfluous wording of the text.
「坛上的事」一语既是多余的,他便从这里推出把除灰收在内。
As the entire phrase “pertaining to the altar” is superfluous, he derives from this the inclusion of the removal of the ashes.
再者,「凡……的事」这一说法另有所收,他便从这里推出上文所说圣所里头的几次弹洒。
Additionally, the expression “everything pertaining” implies a further inclusion, from which he derives the internal sprinklings mentioned above.
革玛拉问:那么 拉夫 从这多出来的字又推出什么呢?
And what does Rav learn from this superfluous wording?
革玛拉答:拉夫 并不从「坛上的事」与「凡坛上的事」两样说法之别推出什么来。
Rav does not derive anything particular from the distinction between the expressions “pertaining to the altar” and “everything pertaining to the altar.”
革玛拉就 利未 那一说发问:何不这样解那一节呢——「凡……的事」是通说,「当作赏赐去事奉」是别指,正是通说之后接着别指的光景。释经的法则有一条说:这样的光景里,通说所收的只限于别指所明说的。照那一条推去,便当断定:有所给的礼事、就是把什么放在坛上的,是;至于取走的礼事,便不在内。这于 利未 那一说是一层难处。革玛拉答:经上说——
革玛拉就 利未 那一说发问:何不这样解那一节呢——「凡……的事」是通说,「当作赏赐去事奉」是别指,正是通说之后接着别指的光景。
The Gemara asks about Levi’s position: But say that the verse should be interpreted as follows: “In everything pertaining” is a generalization, and “a service of gift” is a specification, indicating a case of a generalization followed by a specification.
释经的法则有一条说:这样的光景里,通说所收的只限于别指所明说的。
One of the principles of hermeneutics states that in such cases, the generalization includes only what is mentioned explicitly in the specification.
照那一条推去,便当断定:有所给的礼事、就是把什么放在坛上的,是;至于取走的礼事,便不在内。
Following that rule, one would conclude: A service of giving, i.e., placing on the altar, yes, this is included, but a service of removal is not included.
这于 利未 那一说是一层难处。
This presents a difficulty for Levi.
革玛拉答:经上说——
The Gemara responds that the verse states: