我或要想:一只逾越的羊羔可分两伙吃;所以经上说:「应当在一个房子里吃」。
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我或要想:一只逾越的羊羔可分两伙吃;所以经上说:「应当在一个房子里吃」。
I might have thought that a single Paschal lamb may be eaten in two separate groups; therefore, the verse states: “In one house shall it be eaten.”
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这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 9 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
我或要想:一只逾越的羊羔可分两伙吃;所以经上说:「应当在一个房子里吃」。
我或要想:一只逾越的羊羔可分两伙吃;所以经上说:「应当在一个房子里吃」。
I might have thought that a single Paschal lamb may be eaten in two separate groups; therefore, the verse states: “In one house shall it be eaten.”
革玛拉问:两人所争的是哪一条理路呢?革玛拉答:拉比犹大 所持的是——托拉当以所写的字形为准,就是说一节经文的正解要照它写出来的样子。既如此,那一节就可读作「他当在一个房子里吃它〔他要吃〕」,所指的是吃逾越羊羔的那个人。这就显见吃羊羔的人当在一处吃,那一节却并不禁人把这祭分给几伙。拉比西缅 所持的是——托拉当以所读的音为准。那个字既读作 要被吃,就明见所指的是逾越的羊羔自身,那一节所要的是这祭当由一伙人吃尽(拉比奴·哈纳内尔)。
革玛拉问:两人所争的是哪一条理路呢?
The Gemara asks: With regard to what principle do they disagree?
革玛拉答:拉比犹大 所持的是——托拉当以所写的字形为准,就是说一节经文的正解要照它写出来的样子。
The Gemara answers: Rabbi Yehuda holds that the consonantal text of the Torah is authoritative; meaning, the primary understanding of the verse is according to the way it is spelled.
既如此,那一节就可读作「他当在一个房子里吃它〔他要吃〕」,所指的是吃逾越羊羔的那个人。
If this is the case, the verse may be rendered: In one house shall he eat it [yokhal], referring to the person eating the Paschal lamb.
这就显见吃羊羔的人当在一处吃,那一节却并不禁人把这祭分给几伙。
This would indicate that one eating from the Paschal lamb must eat in one location, but the verse does not prohibit dividing the offering between multiple groups.
拉比西缅 所持的是——托拉当以所读的音为准。
And Rabbi Shimon holds that the vocalized text of the Torah is authoritative.
那个字既读作 要被吃,就明见所指的是逾越的羊羔自身,那一节所要的是这祭当由一伙人吃尽(拉比奴·哈纳内尔)。
Since the word is pronounced ye’akhel, it is clear that it is referring to the Paschal lamb itself, and the verse requires that the offering be consumed by a single group of people (Rabbeinu Ḥananel).
革玛拉要把这条 哈拉哈 辨明:同伙的人若坐着吃逾越的羊羔,中间忽张起一道隔断来、以致他们成了两伙:照 拉比犹大 说逾越的羊羔可分两伙吃的,他们尽可接着吃;照 拉比西缅 说逾越的羊羔不可分两伙吃的,他们就不可接着吃了,因他们如今成了两伙。
革玛拉要把这条 哈拉哈 辨明:同伙的人若坐着吃逾越的羊羔,中间忽张起一道隔断来、以致他们成了两伙:照 拉比犹大 说逾越的羊羔可分两伙吃的,他们尽可接着吃;照 拉比西缅 说逾越的羊羔不可分两伙吃的,他们就不可接着吃了,因他们如今成了两伙。
The Gemara attempts to clarify this halakha: If members of a group were sitting and eating the Paschal lamb, and a partition was spread between them such that they now constitute two separate groups, according to Rabbi Yehuda, who says a Paschal lamb may be eaten in two groups, they may continue to eat; according to Rabbi Shimon, who says a Paschal lamb may not be eaten in two groups, they may not continue to eat because they now constitute two groups.
倒过来说:他们若本是隔着一道隔断分坐两伙,中间那道隔断忽撤了:照 拉比西缅 说吃逾越羊羔的人可以在两处吃的,他们尽可吃;照 拉比犹大 说吃逾越羊羔的人不可在两处吃的,他们就不可吃了。因隔断一撤,便另成一处,就如同他们换了地方吃一般。
倒过来说:他们若本是隔着一道隔断分坐两伙,中间那道隔断忽撤了:照 拉比西缅 说吃逾越羊羔的人可以在两处吃的,他们尽可吃;照 拉比犹大 说吃逾越羊羔的人不可在两处吃的,他们就不可吃了。
On the other hand, if they were sitting in two separate groups separated by a partition, and the partition between them was removed, according to Rabbi Shimon, who says that one who eats the Paschal lamb may eat it in two places, they may eat; according to Rabbi Yehuda, who says that one who eats the Paschal lamb may not eat it in two places, they may not eat.
因隔断一撤,便另成一处,就如同他们换了地方吃一般。
The removal of the partition defines a new place and it is as though they are eating in a new location.
革玛拉记道:拉夫卡哈纳 坐着教这一课,教得干干脆脆,像是「张起隔断便把一伙分作两伙、撤了隔断便另成一处」这事本无可疑一般。拉夫阿施 对 拉夫卡哈纳 说:你当把这一层立作疑难来问:吃逾越羊羔的时候,在一处撤了隔断或张起隔断,算不算把那地方变作两处、把那些人变作两伙呢?这一疑其实并无定答,革玛拉断道:且存着不决罢。
革玛拉记道:拉夫卡哈纳 坐着教这一课,教得干干脆脆,像是「张起隔断便把一伙分作两伙、撤了隔断便另成一处」这事本无可疑一般。
The Gemara relates that Rav Kahana sat and taught this lesson simply, as though it were absolutely clear that erecting a partition divides a group into two distinct groups and removing a partition causes the area to be regarded as a new location.
拉夫阿施 对 拉夫卡哈纳 说:你当把这一层立作疑难来问:吃逾越羊羔的时候,在一处撤了隔断或张起隔断,算不算把那地方变作两处、把那些人变作两伙呢?
Rav Ashi said to Rav Kahana: You should raise this dilemma as a question: Does removal of a partition or the construction of a partition in one location during the eating of the Paschal lamb render the place comparable to two locations and cause the people to be considered two groups, or not?
这一疑其实并无定答,革玛拉断道:且存着不决罢。
In fact, there is no clear answer to this dilemma, and the Gemara concludes: Let the question stand unresolved.
密释纳里教过:新妇把脸转过去。革玛拉问:她把脸转过去,是什么缘故呢?拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 传 拉比约哈难 的话说:是因同伙的人看着她,她觉得害羞。
密释纳里教过:新妇把脸转过去。
It was taught in the mishna that a bride turns her face.
革玛拉问:她把脸转过去,是什么缘故呢?
The Gemara asks: What is the reason she turns her face?
拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 传 拉比约哈难 的话说:是因同伙的人看着她,她觉得害羞。
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: It is because she is embarrassed by other members of the group looking at her.
就这一层,革玛拉记道:拉夫拿单 的儿子 拉夫胡纳 一日到了 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 家里。他们问他说:你叫什么名字?他对他们说:拉夫胡纳——虽这样自称头衔看去像是自高。他们说:我们的老师可以坐在榻上,因他分位甚尊。他就立刻坐下,虽照常礼本当先辞一辞。他们递给他一杯酒,他头一次递就接了,并不曾先辞。他分两口喝尽,也不曾把脸从在座的众人转开。
就这一层,革玛拉记道:拉夫拿单 的儿子 拉夫胡纳 一日到了 拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 家里。
In this regard, the Gemara relates that Rav Huna, son of Rav Natan, happened to come to the house of Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak.
他们问他说:你叫什么名字?
They said to him: What is your name?
他对他们说:拉夫胡纳——虽这样自称头衔看去像是自高。
He said to them: Rav Huna, even though using his title appeared to show conceit.
他们说:我们的老师可以坐在榻上,因他分位甚尊。
They said: Our master may sit on the bed due to his great stature.
他就立刻坐下,虽照常礼本当先辞一辞。
He sat immediately, despite the fact that common etiquette dictated that he initially refuse.
他们递给他一杯酒,他头一次递就接了,并不曾先辞。
They gave him a cup of wine that he accepted the first time, without initially refusing it.
他分两口喝尽,也不曾把脸从在座的众人转开。
And he drank it in two sips and did not turn his face from the rest of the people who were present.
这几样看去都像是不照常礼,主人家觉得诧异,就对他说:你自称 拉夫胡纳,是什么缘故呢?他对他们说:我从年幼起,人就是这样称呼我的,所以这样自称并不是自高。他们问他说:他们叫你坐在榻上,你立刻就坐、并不先辞一辞,是什么缘故呢?他对他们说:我们所学的是——凡主人对你说的,你都当照办,惟有叫你走那一类不合式的话除外。
这几样看去都像是不照常礼,主人家觉得诧异,就对他说:你自称 拉夫胡纳,是什么缘故呢?
These actions all appeared to be departures from the common etiquette and surprised his hosts, who said to him: What is the reason you call yourself Rav Huna?
他对他们说:我从年幼起,人就是这样称呼我的,所以这样自称并不是自高。
He said to them: I am known by that name since my youth, and therefore referring to myself with that title does not indicate conceit.
他们问他说:他们叫你坐在榻上,你立刻就坐、并不先辞一辞,是什么缘故呢?
They asked him: What is the reason that when they told you to sit on the bed, you sat immediately and did not initially refuse?
他对他们说:我们所学的是——凡主人对你说的,你都当照办,惟有叫你走那一类不合式的话除外。
He said to them: We have learned that anything the master of the house says to you, you should do, except for an inappropriate request, such as if he says to leave.
他们又追问他的举止:他们把杯递给你,你头一次就接了、并不谦辞,是什么缘故呢?他对他们说:辞得过小的,辞不过大的;分位尊的人有所请,即刻应承才是敬他。他们仍追问:你分两口喝,是什么缘故呢?他对他们说:因有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道——一口把杯喝尽的是牛饮;分两口喝的是合式的礼;分三口喝的是骄矜,因他这样显出自己娇养放纵。他们又追问他的举止:你不照常礼把脸转开,是什么缘故呢?他对他们说:我们在密释纳里学的是新妇把脸转过去;别人并没有转脸的道理。
他们又追问他的举止:他们把杯递给你,你头一次就接了、并不谦辞,是什么缘故呢?
They continued to question his conduct: What is the reason that when they gave you the cup, you accepted it the first time and did not politely demur?
他对他们说:辞得过小的,辞不过大的;分位尊的人有所请,即刻应承才是敬他。
He said to them: One may refuse a lesser person, but one may not refuse a great person; when an important person makes a request, it is respectful to comply immediately.
他们仍追问:你分两口喝,是什么缘故呢?
They persisted in their questioning: What is the reason you drank it in two sips?
他对他们说:因有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教道——一口把杯喝尽的是牛饮;分两口喝的是合式的礼;分三口喝的是骄矜,因他这样显出自己娇养放纵。
He said to them: As it was taught in a baraita: One who drinks his cup at one time is a guzzler; drinking it in two sips is proper manners; one who drinks his cup in three sips is haughty, as he thereby demonstrates that he is pampered and indulgent.
他们又追问他的举止:你不照常礼把脸转开,是什么缘故呢?
They continued to question his conduct: What is the reason you did not turn your face in accordance with the common etiquette?
他对他们说:我们在密释纳里学的是新妇把脸转过去;别人并没有转脸的道理。
He said to them: We learned in the mishna that a bride turns her face; however, there is no reason for anyone else to turn his face.
革玛拉又记一件与上头略相类的事:拉比约西 的儿子 拉比以实玛利 一日到了 拉比约西·本·拉科尼亚 的儿子 拉比西缅 家里。他们递给他一杯酒喝。他头一次递就接了,一口喝尽。他们对他说:我们的老师不以那条 哈拉哈 为然么——一口把杯喝尽的是牛饮?他对他们说:他们立那条例的时候,可不是就着你们这样小的杯、你们这样甜的酒、我这样宽的肚子说的。
革玛拉又记一件与上头略相类的事:拉比约西 的儿子 拉比以实玛利 一日到了 拉比约西·本·拉科尼亚 的儿子 拉比西缅 家里。
The Gemara relates another incident that is somewhat similar to the one just quoted: Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, happened to come to the house of Rabbi Shimon, son of Rabbi Yosei ben Lakonya.
他们递给他一杯酒喝。
They gave him a cup of wine to drink.
他头一次递就接了,一口喝尽。
He accepted it the first time it was offered and drank it at one time.
他们对他说:我们的老师不以那条 哈拉哈 为然么——一口把杯喝尽的是牛饮?
They said to him: Does our master not hold of the halakha that one who drinks his cup at one time is a guzzler?
他对他们说:他们立那条例的时候,可不是就着你们这样小的杯、你们这样甜的酒、我这样宽的肚子说的。
He said to them: They did not say this rule with regard to your small cup, and your sweet wine, and my wide stomach.
拉夫胡纳 说:同席的人「进席要三个」——就是说在座有三个人,伺候的就当起头伺候他们;「散席一个也算」——就是说他们可以陆续散去,伺候的仍当伺候剩下的人,直到他们吃完。拉巴 说:这话惟有在末一位进席的人是按常时进来、不是过早过晚的时候才算;也惟有在那 堂倌 素知他们的规矩、晓得这一伙是各人吃完各自先走、并不是一齐吃到底的时候才算。
拉夫胡纳 说:同席的人「进席要三个」——就是说在座有三个人,伺候的就当起头伺候他们;「散席一个也算」——就是说他们可以陆续散去,伺候的仍当伺候剩下的人,直到他们吃完。
Rav Huna said: Members of a group enter with three, meaning that when there are three members present the waiter must start serving them, and they may leave even with one, meaning that they may leave one at a time, and the waiter must continue serving those who remain until they are finished.
拉巴 说:这话惟有在末一位进席的人是按常时进来、不是过早过晚的时候才算;也惟有在那 堂倌 素知他们的规矩、晓得这一伙是各人吃完各自先走、并不是一齐吃到底的时候才算。
Rabba said: And that is true only when the last member of the group entered at a time when it is common to enter the meal and not unusually early or late, and it is true only when the waiter [dayyala] knew about them, i.e., he knew that the members of this group leave one by one as they finish their meals and do not eat the entire meal together.
拉维纳 说:那几个坐得晚、把席拖长了的人,当为伺候的人多出些工钱,算他多伺候那一段时候所挣的;末一位更当为伺候的人单留下来伺候他那一段时候添钱。革玛拉指出:这条 哈拉哈 并不照 拉维纳 的意思断。乃是伺候的人当伺候到末一位吃完,不另加钱。
拉维纳 说:那几个坐得晚、把席拖长了的人,当为伺候的人多出些工钱,算他多伺候那一段时候所挣的;末一位更当为伺候的人单留下来伺候他那一段时候添钱。
Ravina said: And the people who stayed late and extended their meal must give the waiter extra money for the wages he earned during the extra time that he served them, and the last one must add money for the time the waiter stayed to serve him individually.
革玛拉指出:这条 哈拉哈 并不照 拉维纳 的意思断。
The Gemara notes: And the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Ravina.
乃是伺候的人当伺候到末一位吃完,不另加钱。
Rather, the waiter must serve until the last member of the group has completed his meal without additional compensation.
章末语:「我们必再回到你这里,怎样烤」——第七章(כֵּיצַד צוֹלִין)到此为止。本章自 74a.1 起,十三叶二十六面,四百四十八段,是本卷篇幅最大的一章。开头问的是一件极小的事——**拿什么扦子烤那只羊羔**;末了论到的却是圣殿的房顶、量肘的尺、席上的礼数。中间一路走过火与热、味与气、洁与不洁、烧与埋、折骨与分伙,几乎把「一只羊羔从架上扦子到散席」的每一步都问遍了。 起首密释纳:取一根石榴木的 扦子,从口里插到肛门;腿与脏腑的放法,加利利人拉比约西 与 拉比阿奇瓦 各执一说。不可用铁扦——**铁一处热了便通身都热**,那就成了借着别的东西烤,而托拉说的是「当用火烤」。由这一句逼出全章头一条大题:**什么才算「用火烤」**。扫净了的炉、炭、热灰、热石灰、热 石膏,逐样上秤;利未记 16:12「盛满火炭」一句连追四解,末定作**从取的时候起就当是炭,不当是火焰**——其间 拉巴 那一句反诘极有分量:单有火焰而无炭的,不过是把器皿抹油点着,**在血肉之躯的王面前尚且不这样办,何况万王之王面前**。 七十四背到七十六背是「味」的一段。拉巴 立「**它怎样吸进去,就怎样发出来**」,连受几番考较,牵出面壳、生肉、睾丸、颈上大血管里的血怎样办;随后是禁物与许物相触的一条大争——**拉夫 说上头那一样作主,撒母耳 说下头那一样作主**;再往后是 拉夫 与 利未 争「**香气算不算数**」,利未 在流亡领袖府上不曾因猪的香气禁那只同烤的山羊羔,而两只逾越之祭所以不同烤,末了断在**尸身相混**,不在味相混。 七十七正起转入全章最重的一片:**不洁**。先立额牌两条前提,随即层层追问「会众多半不洁怎么办」。七十九背那一争最见筋骨——**恰分两半算不算大半**;八十正记下两条奇策:**拿一样爬物叫洁净的里头一个人染上不洁**,或**打发一个洁净的人到远处去**,而 拉夫纳赫曼 一句话把后一策顶了回去:**谁肯把自己的橛子与帐棚拔起来,跑到远处去呢?**八十背立「**深处之不洁**」一条——无人知道的不洁之源,事后才发觉的,额牌挽回。 八十二起论「不合式的祭怎样烧」,终归一句口传:**凡在院子里成了不合式的,都非烧不可**;亚伦那只赎罪祭所以常被提起,不过因当日的事恰是那样成的。由「烧」带出骨、筋、剩余,再由骨带出**不可折骨**——八十四背整叶是一串「实事上分别在哪里」的接力,七位贤者轮番指认、轮番被推翻,从不洁中所献的一直数到**折处无肉而别处有肉**。 末两叶收得极妙:由「界」论到门洞、窗户、墙厚,两答其故——城门洞不分别为圣,**为容长大麻风的在底下避日避雨**;尼迦挪门洞不分别为圣,**为容得医治者伸进大拇指受弹血**。由「伙」论到一屋两伙各自转脸、烧水的锅搁在当中、伺候的人斟水时当闭口转脸,以及**新妇因害羞而转过脸去吃**。革玛拉就着这一句,末了记下两段席间的家常:拉夫胡纳 自称头衔、即坐即饮而不辞,一一答得有理(**辞得过小的,辞不过大的**;**一口尽是牛饮,两口是礼,三口是骄矜**);拉比以实玛利 一口喝干,答曰那条例**可不是就着你们这样小的杯、你们这样甜的酒、我这样宽的肚子说的**。一章从火起,从一张席散。 本卷十章,这是第七处。