← 逾越节卷总目·第二章 凡可食之时
这不是译本，是辅读层。中文承载文本本身，并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释，以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文，其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的，不是判断。
这一面每读 15 句，只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来， 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德；标出来，他才知道自己站在哪里。
（接上面未完的一句）——他母亲素常拿一个木槽把麦子给他送来；就是说，麦子一割下来她便收在器皿里守着，一直守到逾越节。
——他母亲素常拿一个木槽把麦子给他送来。
that his mother would bring him wheat in a trough.
就是说：那麦子一割下来，她便收在器皿里守着，一直守到逾越节。
In other words, she would guard the wheat grains from when they were harvested by placing them in vessels and guarding them until Passover.
革玛拉记道：有一条船载着麦子，逾越节前在 希什塔 河里翻了。拉瓦 许船主把捞上来的麦子在节前卖与外邦人。
革玛拉记道：有一条船载着麦子，逾越节前在 希什塔 河里翻了。
The Gemara relates that there was a certain boat carrying wheat, which capsized before Passover in the Ḥishta River.
拉瓦 许那几个船主把捞上来的麦子在节前卖与外邦人。
Rava permitted its owners to sell the recovered grain to gentiles before Passover.
拉巴·巴尔·莱瓦伊 据一条 《巴拉伊塔》 驳 拉瓦：衣裳里混进了杂料的（就是毛衣里缝进一根麻线，或反过来），不可卖与外邦人，连拿它作驴的鞍垫也不可——恐怕有人从这衣裳上撕下一块缝在自己衣服上。可以拿它作死人的殓衣，因不必虑有人再从死人身上取下来。
拉巴·巴尔·莱瓦伊 据一条 《巴拉伊塔》 驳 拉瓦 说：衣裳里混进了杂料的，就是毛衣里缝进一根麻线、或是反过来的，不可卖与外邦人；连拿它作驴的鞍垫也不可。
Rabba bar Levai raised an objection to the opinion of Rava from a baraita: With regard to a garment in which diverse kinds, a prohibited mixture of wool and linen, has been lost, i.e., a wool garment into which a linen thread was sewn or vice versa, one may not sell it to a gentile; and one may not even fashion it into a saddlecloth for a donkey.
所以不可，是恐怕有人从这衣裳上撕下一块来，缝在自己的衣服上。
It is prohibited to do so lest one remove a piece of this garment and sew it onto his own clothing.
可以拿它作死人的殓衣，因不必虑有人再从死人身上把它取下来。
However, one may fashion it into a shroud for a dead body, as there is no concern that he will remove it from the dead.
革玛拉把这一层理清：何以不可卖与外邦人呢？岂不是恐怕那外邦人再转卖与犹太人么——毛麻相混本看不出来，犹太人一时不觉便用了。麦子这一件也是一样：沉过水的麦子是禁的，外面并看不出来；故也当禁人把这麦子卖与外邦人，恐他们再转卖与犹太人。
革玛拉把这一层理清：何以不可卖与外邦人呢？
The Gemara clarifies this issue: What is the reason that one may not sell it to a gentile?
岂不是恐怕那外邦人再转卖与犹太人么？
Is it not due to the concern that the gentile will resell it to a Jew?
毛与麻相混本是看不出来的，犹太人一时不觉，便用了这块布。
Since the mixture of wool and linen is not visible, it is possible for a Jew to use this cloth unawares.
麦子这一件所虑的也是一样：沉过水的麦子是禁的，外面却看不出来。
The same concern applies to grain: It is not apparent that the grain that capsized in the river is prohibited.
既如此，也当禁人把这麦子卖与外邦人，恐他们再转卖与犹太人。
It should therefore be prohibited to sell this wheat to gentiles, lest they resell it to Jews.
拉瓦 想过之后说：他当把这麦子一 卡夫 一 卡夫 地卖，就是零星地卖，各卖与不同的犹太人，不可一下卖许多与一个人，好叫这些麦子在节前用尽。这样卖法，麦子用得快，便没有人在逾越节里不觉地吃了这发过酵的谷。
拉瓦 想过之后说：他当把这麦子一 卡夫 一 卡夫 地卖，就是零星地卖，各卖与不同的犹太人；不可一下卖许多与一个人，好叫这些麦子在逾越节以先用尽。
Rava reconsidered and then said: He should sell this wheat one kav at a time, i.e., in small measures, each to a different Jew, but not to any one Jew in large quantities, so that all of this wheat will be used before Passover.
这样卖法，麦子用得快，便没有人在逾越节里不觉地吃了这几粒发过酵的谷。
By selling it in this manner, all the grain will be used quickly and no one will unwittingly eat these leavened grains on Passover.
众贤教：逾越节里不可把面搅进锅里的饭食，好吸去煮时浮起的沫。他若要搅面，当先下面、后下醋，醋能拦住面发酵。也有人说：连先下醋、后下面也可以，因醋纵在面化开水里之后，也仍拦得住它发酵。
众贤教：逾越节里不可把面搅进锅里的饭食，去吸那煮时浮起的沫。
The Sages taught: One may not stir flour into a pot of food on Passover to absorb the foam that has accumulated during the cooking process.
他若要搅面进去，当先下面、后下醋，醋能拦住那面发酵。
And one who wishes to stir flour should add the flour and afterward add vinegar, which will prevent the flour from becoming leavened.
也有人说：连先下醋、后下面也可以，因醋纵在面化开在水里之后，也仍拦得住它发酵。
And some say: One may even add vinegar and afterward add the flour, as vinegar prevents flour from becoming leavened even after the flour is diluted in water.
革玛拉问：「也有人说」所引的是哪一位 坦拿 的意思呢？
革玛拉问：「也有人说」所引的，是哪一位 坦拿 的意思呢？
The Gemara asks: Who is the tanna whose opinion is introduced by the phrase some say?
拉夫希斯达 说：那是 拉比犹大 的意思。我们在一条密释纳里学过：炖锅或饭锅从火上端下来还滚着的，安息日里不可往里头加香料；可以加在盛饭的碗或大盘里。拉比犹大 说：凡从火上端下来的，都可以加香料，惟盛着醋或卤水的碗除外——那一碗因醋与卤的辛烈，算作还滚着。拉比犹大 既以醋与滚着同看，自然也认醋像滚水一样，拦得住面发酵。
拉夫希斯达 说：那是 拉比犹大 的意思。我们在一条密释纳里学过：炖锅或是饭锅从火上端下来、还滚着的，安息日里不可往里头加香料。
Rav Ḥisda said: It is the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, as we learned in a mishna: With regard to a stew pot or a pot of food that one removed from the fire when it was seething, one may not add spices to them on Shabbat.
可以加在盛饭的碗里，或是那从锅里倒饭进去的大盘里。
However, one may add spices to a dish or to the large plate into which the food is poured from the pot.
拉比犹大 说：凡从火上端下来的，都可以加香料，惟独盛着醋或卤水的碗不可——那一碗因醋与卤的辛烈，算作还滚着。
Rabbi Yehuda says: One may add spices to any food that has been removed from the fire, except to a dish that contains vinegar or brine, as this food is considered as though it were still seething, due to the pungency of the vinegar or brine.
拉比犹大 既以醋与滚着同看，自然也认醋像滚水一样，拦得住面发酵。
Since Rabbi Yehuda maintains that vinegar has the same effect as boiling, he would agree that vinegar, like boiling water, prevents flour from becoming leavened.
革玛拉问：我们何不把「也有人说」定作 拉比约西 的意思呢？我们在一条密释纳里学过：拉比约西 论泡在水里的麦粒说——当把它泡在醋里，醋能叫那麦子收缩，拦住它发酵。
革玛拉问：我们何不把「也有人说」定作 拉比约西 的意思呢？
The Gemara asks: And let us establish the opinion of: Some say, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei.
我们在一条密释纳里学过：拉比约西 论那泡在水里的麦粒说——当把它泡在醋里，这醋能叫那麦子收缩，拦住它发酵。
As we learned in a mishna: Rabbi Yosei says, with regard to wheat grains that were soaked in water: One should soak them in vinegar, and this vinegar will cause the wheat to contract and prevent it from becoming leavened.
革玛拉答：我们学 拉比约西 那一句，只管醋是纯的、不曾掺过的——那样它的辛烈才拦得住麦子发酵。至于醋是掺在别物里下的，不然，拉比约西 那一句便管不着这一等。
革玛拉答：我们学 拉比约西 那一句，只管醋是纯的、不曾掺过的光景——那样它的辛烈才拦得住那麦子发酵。
The Gemara answers: When we learn the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, this applies only to a situation where the vinegar is in its pure, unadulterated form, in which case its pungency prevents the wheat from becoming leavened.
至于醋是掺在别物里下的，不然：拉比约西 那一句管不着这一等。
However, if the vinegar is added by means of a mixture, no, Rabbi Yosei’s statement does not apply to a case of this kind.
乌拉 说：这两样——先下醋也好，后下醋也好——都是禁的，因人当远避那能牵到犯禁里去的光景，正如那句老话：人对拿细耳人说，绕着走，绕着走，不要挨近葡萄园。拿细耳人既不可喝酒吃葡萄，索性连葡萄园也避开为上；别样的禁也照这一理。
乌拉 说：这两样——先下醋也好，后下醋也好——都是禁的，因人当远避那能牵他到犯禁里去的光景，正如那句老话：人对拿细耳人说，绕着走，绕着走，不要挨近葡萄园。
Ulla said: In both of these cases, whether the vinegar is added first or afterward, its use is prohibited, as one must avoid scenarios that might lead to a prohibition, as per the well-known adage: Go around, go around, and do not approach the vineyard, they say to the nazirite.
拿细耳人既不可喝酒、不可吃葡萄，索性连葡萄园也避开为上。
Since a nazirite is prohibited from drinking wine and eating grapes, it is preferable for him to avoid a vineyard entirely.
别样的禁也照这一理。
A similar principle applies to other prohibitions.
革玛拉记道：拉夫帕皮 许流亡之长家里的厨子（布尔迪凯）把炒过的谷捣碎搅进锅里的饭食，去化那浮起的沫。拉瓦 说：有仆役的地方，还有谁许这一件么？仆役多半不肯在这几条禁上留心，他们会拿生面来作这事，就犯了逾越节里不可存酵的禁。也有人说：拉瓦 自己便把炒过的谷搅进自己的锅里。
革玛拉记道：拉夫帕皮 许流亡之长家里的厨子、就是那几个 布尔迪凯，把炒过的谷捣碎搅进锅里的饭食，去化那浮起的沫。
The Gemara relates: Rav Pappi permitted the cooks [burdikei] of the household of the Exilarch to mash roasted grains into a pot of food, to dissolve the accumulated foam.
拉瓦 说：有仆役的地方，还有谁许这一件么？
Rava said: Is there anyone who permits this matter in a place where servants are found?
仆役多半不肯在这几条禁上留心。
Servants are unlikely to be careful with regard to these prohibitions.
他们会拿生面来作这事，那便犯了逾越节里不可存酵的禁。
They will use raw flour for this purpose, which will lead to a violation of the prohibition against leavened bread on Passover.
也有人说：拉瓦 自己便把炒过的谷搅进自己的锅里。
Some say that Rava himself would add roasted grains into his own pot.
新一段密释纳：不可把面搅进 哈罗塞特 或芥末里去解那辛辣之味，因这两样的辛烈会叫面发酵得快。他若搅了进去，趁未发酵即刻吃了便可；拉比梅伊尔 禁这样办，恐它立时就发了酵。
不可把面搅进 哈罗塞特 里，也不可搅进芥末里去解那辛辣之味。
One may not add flour to ḥaroset, a seasoned, pungent food, or to mustard, to dull the sharp taste.
这两样的辛烈都会叫那面发酵得快。
In both cases, the pungency of these foods might accelerate the leavening of the flour.
他若搅进了这两样里的哪一样，趁它未发酵即刻吃了便可；拉比梅伊尔 禁这样办，恐那饭食立时就发了酵。
And if one added flour to either of these, the mixture may be eaten immediately before it is leavened; and Rabbi Meir prohibits this, lest the food be leavened immediately.
密释纳接着说：逾越节的羊羔不可用寻常的汁水煮，也不可用果汁煮，因托拉明说它须烤着吃。可以在烤的时候浇汁在上头，吃的时候也可以蘸着汁吃。
逾越节的羊羔不可用寻常的汁水煮，也不可用果汁煮，因托拉明说它须烤着吃。
The mishna continues: One may not boil the Paschal lamb in ordinary liquids or in fruit juices, as the Torah explicitly states that it must be roasted.
可以在烤它的时候把汁浇在上头，吃的时候也可以蘸着汁吃。
However, one may baste it while it is roasting and dip it into liquid while eating it.
那位 坦拿 又说：作饼的人凉手或洗器皿所用的水，当倒掉，因这水会叫面发酵——那水里多半带着些面与面团。
那位 坦拿 又说：作饼的人凉手或洗器皿所用的水，当倒掉，因这水会叫面发起酵来——那水里多半带着些面与面团。
The tanna further states: Water that has been used by a baker for cooling his hands or washing dishes should be poured out, because this water leavens the dough, as the water probably contains a small quantity of flour and dough.
拉夫卡哈纳 说：拉比梅伊尔 与众拉比所争的，是把面搅进芥末那一件——芥末极辛烈，不会立时叫面发酵。至于把面搅进 哈罗塞特（那不如芥末辛烈，会叫面发酵得快），众人同认当即刻烧掉。
拉夫卡哈纳 说：拉比梅伊尔 与众拉比所争的，是把面搅进芥末里那一件——芥末极辛烈，不会立时叫那面发酵。
Rav Kahana said: The dispute between Rabbi Meir and the Rabbis concerns a case where one adds flour to mustard, which is extremely pungent and will not leaven the flour immediately.
至于把面搅进 哈罗塞特 里——那一样不如芥末辛烈，会叫面发酵得快——众人同认这一锅当即刻烧掉。
But in a case where flour is added to the less pungent ḥaroset, which will leaven the flour quickly, everyone agrees that the mixture must be burned immediately.
这一说在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里也教过：不可把面搅进 哈罗塞特 里；他若搅了，当即刻烧掉。至于搅进芥末里的面，拉比梅伊尔 说：当即刻烧掉；众拉比说：当趁未发酵即刻吃了。拉夫犹大之子拉夫胡纳传 拉夫纳赫曼 传 撒母耳 说：这一件上，哈拉哈 从众拉比。拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 对拉夫犹大之子拉夫胡纳说——本面末句未完，接叶四十一正。
这一说在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里也教过：不可把面搅进 哈罗塞特 里；他若搅了进去，当即刻烧掉。
And that opinion was also taught in a baraita: One may not add flour to ḥaroset, and if one did add flour it should be burned immediately.
至于搅进芥末里的面，拉比梅伊尔 说：当即刻烧掉；众拉比说：当趁它未发酵即刻吃了。
With regard to flour that was added to mustard, Rabbi Meir says: It should be burned immediately, and the Rabbis say: It should be eaten immediately, before it is leavened.
拉夫犹大之子拉夫胡纳 传 拉夫纳赫曼 传 撒母耳 说：这一件上，哈拉哈 从众拉比。
Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehuda, said that Rav Naḥman said that Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis concerning this issue.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 对 拉夫犹大之子拉夫胡纳 说——
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehuda: