——自成一条诫命。换句话说,每一杯都各自算数,人就不算是成双而饮。
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——自成一条诫命。
is a distinct mitzva in its own right.
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换句话说,每一杯都各自算数,人就不算是成双而饮。
In other words, each cup is treated separately and one is not considered to be drinking in pairs.
← 逾越节卷总目·第十章 逾越节前夕
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 8 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——自成一条诫命。换句话说,每一杯都各自算数,人就不算是成双而饮。
——自成一条诫命。
is a distinct mitzva in its own right.
换句话说,每一杯都各自算数,人就不算是成双而饮。
In other words, each cup is treated separately and one is not considered to be drinking in pairs.
那条 《巴拉伊塔》 教说人行房不可成双。革玛拉问:这一层何必虑呢?他既是临时改的主意。人本不预先打算行两次房,既如此,那两次就不当合成一个危险的双数。阿巴耶 说:那位 坦拿 所说的乃是这个,就是说那条 《巴拉伊塔》 当这样懂:人不可吃成双、也不可喝成双;他若已经这样作了,就不可紧接着行房,连一次也不可,恐怕他因这一举身子发虚,便要因先前吃喝成双而受害。
那条 《巴拉伊塔》 教说人行房不可成双。
The baraita taught that one should not attend to his sexual needs in pairs.
革玛拉问:这一层何必虑呢?他既是临时改的主意。
The Gemara asks: Why should one be concerned for this; he has changed his mind?
人本不预先打算行两次房,既如此,那两次就不当合成一个危险的双数。
One does not plan in advance to engage in marital relations twice, and therefore the two acts should not combine to form a dangerous pair.
阿巴耶 说:那位 坦拿 所说的乃是这个,就是说那条 《巴拉伊塔》 当这样懂:人不可吃成双、也不可喝成双;他若已经这样作了,就不可紧接着行房,连一次也不可,恐怕他因这一举身子发虚,便要因先前吃喝成双而受害。
Abaye said: This is what the tanna is saying, i.e., the baraita should be understood in the following manner: One should not eat in pairs nor drink in pairs, and if he does so he should not attend to his sexual needs right afterward even once, lest he is weakened by the act and will be harmed for having eaten or drunk in pairs.
众贤在另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教道:人喝成双,他的血必归到自己头上,就是说他自己担自己丧命的责任。拉夫犹大 说:这话是就哪一款说的呢?是就他两杯之间不曾出门望一望街市的一款。他若在头一杯以后看过街市,就尽可再喝一杯,不必虑什么。照样,拉夫阿施 说:我见 拉夫哈纳尼亚·巴尔·贝瓦伊 正是这样行的——每喝一杯,他就出门望一望街市。
众贤在另一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教道:人喝成双,他的血必归到自己头上,就是说他自己担自己丧命的责任。
The Sages taught in another baraita: If one drinks in pairs his blood is upon his head, i.e., he bears responsibility for his own demise.
拉夫犹大 说:这话是就哪一款说的呢?
Rav Yehuda said: When is that the case?
是就他两杯之间不曾出门望一望街市的一款。
When one did not leave the house and view the marketplace between cups.
他若在头一杯以后看过街市,就尽可再喝一杯,不必虑什么。
However, if he saw the marketplace after the first cup, he has permission to drink another cup without concern.
照样,拉夫阿施 说:我见 拉夫哈纳尼亚·巴尔·贝瓦伊 正是这样行的——每喝一杯,他就出门望一望街市。
Likewise, Rav Ashi said: I saw Rav Ḥananya bar Beivai follow this policy: Upon drinking each cup, he would leave the house and view the marketplace.
我们所说「喝成双的人要虑着安危」,也单指他喝完要上路的一款;他若打算留在家里,就不必虑。拉比泽拉 说:要去睡的人,与要上路的一样。他也当虑自己或要受害。拉夫帕帕 说:上茅厕的,与要上路的一样。革玛拉问:人若打算留在家里,果真不必虑么?可 拉瓦 素常数着屋梁,好记住自己喝了几杯,免得喝成双数。
我们所说「喝成双的人要虑着安危」,也单指他喝完要上路的一款;他若打算留在家里,就不必虑。
And we said that there is concern for the safety of one who drinks in pairs only when he intends to set out on the road after drinking, but if he intends to remain in his home there is no need for concern.
拉比泽拉 说:要去睡的人,与要上路的一样。
Rabbi Zeira said: And one who plans to sleep is comparable to one who is setting out on the road.
他也当虑自己或要受害。
He should be concerned that he might be harmed.
拉夫帕帕 说:上茅厕的,与要上路的一样。
Rav Pappa said: And going to the bathroom is comparable to setting out on the road.
革玛拉问:人若打算留在家里,果真不必虑么?
The Gemara asks: And if one intends to remain in his home, is there no cause for concern?
可 拉瓦 素常数着屋梁,好记住自己喝了几杯,免得喝成双数。
But Rava would count the beams of the house to keep track of the number of cups he had drunk so as to ensure that he would not consume an even number.
照样,阿巴耶 每喝了一杯,他的养母就立刻把两杯放在他两手里,免得他一不留神只再喝一杯、把自己露在成双之危里。照样,拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 每喝了两杯,他的仆役就立刻再把一杯放在他手里;他若喝了一杯,仆役就把两杯放在他两手里。这几件都显明:人喝了双数的杯,纵留在家里,也当虑着自己的安危。革玛拉答:要紧人物是另一回事。鬼魔专盯着他,所以他比寻常人更当小心。
照样,阿巴耶 每喝了一杯,他的养母就立刻把两杯放在他两手里,免得他一不留神只再喝一杯、把自己露在成双之危里。
And likewise Abaye, when he would drink one cup, his mother would immediately place two cups in his two hands so that he would not inadvertently drink only one more cup and thereby expose himself to the danger of drinking in pairs.
照样,拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 每喝了两杯,他的仆役就立刻再把一杯放在他手里;他若喝了一杯,仆役就把两杯放在他两手里。
And similarly, when Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak would drink two cups, his attendant would immediately place one more cup in his hand, and if he would drink one cup, the attendant would place two cups in his two hands.
这几件都显明:人喝了双数的杯,纵留在家里,也当虑着自己的安危。
These reports indicate that one should be concerned for his safety after drinking an even number of cups, even when he remains at home.
革玛拉答:要紧人物是另一回事。
The Gemara answers: An important person is different.
鬼魔专盯着他,所以他比寻常人更当小心。
The demons focus their attention on him, and he must therefore be more careful than the average person.
乌拉 说:十杯并没有成双那一层危险。乌拉 在这里所断的,正合他在别处的理路,因 乌拉 说过——也有人说那是一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的:众贤定规人在居丧之家吃那顿安慰之席时,当喝十杯酒。你心里若以为十杯果然带着成双那一层危险,众贤怎能起来定下一件或要叫人陷在险处的事呢?只是八杯却带着成双那一层危险。
乌拉 说:十杯并没有成双那一层危险。
Ulla said: Ten cups contain no element of the danger associated with pairs.
乌拉 在这里所断的,正合他在别处的理路,因 乌拉 说过——也有人说那是一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的:众贤定规人在居丧之家吃那顿安慰之席时,当喝十杯酒。
Ulla rules here in accordance with his reasoning stated elsewhere, as Ulla said, and some say it was taught in a baraita: The Sages instituted that one must drink ten cups of wine in the house of a mourner during the meal of comfort.
你心里若以为十杯果然带着成双那一层危险,众贤怎能起来定下一件或要叫人陷在险处的事呢?
And if it could enter your mind that ten cups do contain the element of danger associated with pairs, how could the Sages arise and institute something that might bring a person to a state of danger?
只是八杯却带着成双那一层危险。
However, eight cups do contain the element of danger associated with pairs.
拉夫希斯达 与 拉巴·巴尔·拉夫胡纳 两位都说:八杯也没有成双那一层危险,因第七这一数——那是祭司祝福末一节里「平安」那一字所系的——在好的一面与前几杯算在一处,在坏的一面却不算在一处。祭司祝福末一节说:「愿耶和华向你仰脸,赐你平安」(民数记 6:26)。「平安」是这一节里第七个希伯来字,所含的意思纯是好的。所以 拉夫希斯达 与 拉巴·巴尔·拉夫胡纳 执定:第七杯与前六杯算在一处,单是为着好的一面。自第七杯以后,就是从第八杯起,那几杯在好的一面算作成双,在坏的一面却不算。只是六杯却带着成双那一层危险。
拉夫希斯达 与 拉巴·巴尔·拉夫胡纳 两位都说:八杯也没有成双那一层危险,因第七这一数——那是祭司祝福末一节里「平安」那一字所系的——在好的一面与前几杯算在一处,在坏的一面却不算在一处。
Rav Ḥisda and Rabba bar Rav Huna both say that eight is also safe from the dangers of pairs, as the number seven, represented by the word shalom, combines with the previous cups for the good but does not combine for the bad.
祭司祝福末一节说:「愿耶和华向你仰脸,赐你平安」(民数记 6:26)。
The final verse of the priestly benediction reads: “The Lord lift His countenance upon you and give you peace [shalom]” (Numbers 6:26).
「平安」是这一节里第七个希伯来字,所含的意思纯是好的。
The word shalom, the seventh Hebrew word in this verse, has a purely positive connotation.
所以 拉夫希斯达 与 拉巴·巴尔·拉夫胡纳 执定:第七杯与前六杯算在一处,单是为着好的一面。
Rav Ḥisda and Rabba bar Rav Huna therefore maintain that the seventh cup combines with the previous six only for good purposes.
自第七杯以后,就是从第八杯起,那几杯在好的一面算作成双,在坏的一面却不算。
After the seventh cup, i.e., from the eighth cup and on, the cups constitute pairs for the good but not for the bad.
只是六杯却带着成双那一层危险。
However, six cups do contain the element of danger associated with pairs.
拉巴 与 拉夫约瑟 两位都说:连六杯也不危险。其故在于第五杯所系的是祭司祝福第二节里 赐恩给你 那一字——「愿耶和华使他的脸光照你,赐恩给你」(民数记 6:25)——它在好的一面与前几杯算在一处,在坏的一面却不算在一处。只是四杯却带着成双那一层危险。
拉巴 与 拉夫约瑟 两位都说:连六杯也不危险。
Rabba and Rav Yosef both say that even drinking six cups is not dangerous.
其故在于第五杯所系的是祭司祝福第二节里 赐恩给你 那一字——「愿耶和华使他的脸光照你,赐恩给你」(民数记 6:25)——它在好的一面与前几杯算在一处,在坏的一面却不算在一处。
The reason is that the fifth cup, represented by the word viḥuneka in the second verse of the priestly benediction: “The Lord make His face to shine upon you, and be gracious to you [viḥuneka]” (Numbers 6:25), combines with the previous cups for the good but does not combine for the bad.
只是四杯却带着成双那一层危险。
However, four cups do contain the element of danger associated with pairs.
阿巴耶 与 拉瓦 两位都说:连四这一数也不危险,因祭司祝福头一节第三个字正是 保护你 ——「愿耶和华赐福给你,保护你」(民数记 6:24)。它在好的一面算在一处,在坏的一面却不算在一处。
阿巴耶 与 拉瓦 两位都说:连四这一数也不危险,因祭司祝福头一节第三个字正是 保护你 ——「愿耶和华赐福给你,保护你」(民数记 6:24)。
Abaye and Rava both say that even the number four is not dangerous, as veyishmerekha, the third word in the first verse of the priestly benediction, reads: “The Lord bless you and keep you [veyishmerekha]” (Numbers 6:24).
它在好的一面算在一处,在坏的一面却不算在一处。
It combines for the good but does not combine for the bad.
拉瓦 在这一件上是循他一贯的思路,因 拉瓦 素常许众贤喝了四杯就散去,并不为他们的安危担心。拉巴·巴尔·莱瓦伊 有一回虽因此受了伤,拉瓦 却不以为那是喝了双数之杯所致,因他说:那一伤所以临到 拉巴·巴尔·莱瓦伊,是因他在公开讲席上难为我。门生在公开讲席上难为自己的拉比,本是不合式的,恐怕拉比答不上来、落了面子。
拉瓦 在这一件上是循他一贯的思路,因 拉瓦 素常许众贤喝了四杯就散去,并不为他们的安危担心。
And Rava follows his standard line of reasoning in this regard, as Rava allowed the Sages to leave after having drunk four cups and was not concerned for their safety.
拉巴·巴尔·莱瓦伊 有一回虽因此受了伤,拉瓦 却不以为那是喝了双数之杯所致,因他说:那一伤所以临到 拉巴·巴尔·莱瓦伊,是因他在公开讲席上难为我。
Although Rava bar Livai was injured on one such occasion, Rava was not concerned that the matter had been caused by his consumption of an even number of cups, as he said: That injury occurred because Rava bar Livai challenged me during the public lecture.
门生在公开讲席上难为自己的拉比,本是不合式的,恐怕拉比答不上来、落了面子。
It is improper for a student to raise difficulties against his rabbi during a public lecture, lest the rabbi be embarrassed by his inability to answer.
拉夫约瑟 说:那鬼约瑟对我说:众鬼之王亚斯摩太是管着凡成双而行之事的;而王不称为害人的灵。王是不害人的。既如此,人因着成双而行,就不必怕鬼魔加害。也有人把这一句反过来传:倒不然——他是个动怒的王,凡事任着自己的意思行,正如那条 哈拉哈 所说:王为给自己开一条路,尽可拆毁人的篱笆,没有人拦阻得了。照样,众鬼之王也尽有权柄加害那成双而行的人。
拉夫约瑟 说:那鬼约瑟对我说:众鬼之王亚斯摩太是管着凡成双而行之事的;而王不称为害人的灵。
Rav Yosef said: Yosef the Demon said to me: Ashmedai, the king of the demons, is appointed over all who perform actions in pairs, and a king is not called a harmful spirit.
王是不害人的。
A king would not cause harm.
既如此,人因着成双而行,就不必怕鬼魔加害。
Consequently, there is no reason to fear the harm of demons for having performed an action in pairs.
也有人把这一句反过来传:倒不然——他是个动怒的王,凡事任着自己的意思行,正如那条 哈拉哈 所说:王为给自己开一条路,尽可拆毁人的篱笆,没有人拦阻得了。
Some say this statement in this manner: On the contrary, he is an angry king who does what he wants, as the halakha is that a king may breach the fence of an individual in order to form a path for himself, and none may protest his action.
照样,众鬼之王也尽有权柄加害那成双而行的人。
Similarly, the king of demons has full license to harm people who perform actions in pairs.
拉夫帕帕 说:那鬼约瑟对我说:人喝两杯,我们众鬼就杀他;他喝四杯,我们就不杀他。只是这喝了四杯的人,我们要伤他。两杯与四杯之间还有一样分别:喝两杯的,不拘他是无心还是明知故犯,我们都伤他。喝四杯的,他若是明知故犯,就受伤;他若是无心的,就不受伤。
拉夫帕帕 说:那鬼约瑟对我说:人喝两杯,我们众鬼就杀他;他喝四杯,我们就不杀他。
Rav Pappa said: Yosef the Demon said to me: If one drinks two cups, we demons kill him; if he drinks four, we do not kill him.
只是这喝了四杯的人,我们要伤他。
But this person who drank four, we harm him.
两杯与四杯之间还有一样分别:喝两杯的,不拘他是无心还是明知故犯,我们都伤他。
There is another difference between two and four: With regard to one who drinks two, whether he did so unwittingly or intentionally, we harm him.
喝四杯的,他若是明知故犯,就受伤;他若是无心的,就不受伤。
With regard to one who drinks four, if he does so intentionally, yes, he is harmed; if he does so unwittingly, no, he will not be harmed.
革玛拉问:人若忘了,喝了双数的杯以后竟出了门,他有什么法子解救呢?革玛拉答:他当把右手的大拇指握在左手里、左手的大拇指握在右手里,这样说:你们两个大拇指与我,共是三个,不是成双。他若听见有声音说:你与我共是四个,那就成双了——他就当对它说:你与我共是五个。他若听见它说:你与我共是六个——他就当对它说:你与我共是七个。革玛拉记道:曾有一件事,有人一直跟着那鬼数下去,数到一百零一,那鬼就气炸了。
革玛拉问:人若忘了,喝了双数的杯以后竟出了门,他有什么法子解救呢?
The Gemara asks: And if one forgets and it happens that he goes outside after having drunk an even number of cups, what is his solution?
革玛拉答:他当把右手的大拇指握在左手里、左手的大拇指握在右手里,这样说:你们两个大拇指与我,共是三个,不是成双。
The Gemara answers: He should take his right thumb in his left hand, and his left thumb in his right hand, and say as follows: You, my thumbs, and I are three, which is not a pair.
他若听见有声音说:你与我共是四个,那就成双了——他就当对它说:你与我共是五个。
And if he hears a voice that says: You and I are four, which makes a pair, he should say to it: You and I are five.
他若听见它说:你与我共是六个——他就当对它说:你与我共是七个。
And if he hears it say: You and I are six, he should say to it: You and I are seven.
革玛拉记道:曾有一件事,有人一直跟着那鬼数下去,数到一百零一,那鬼就气炸了。
The Gemara relates that there was an incident in which someone kept counting after the demon until he reached a hundred and one, and the demon burst in anger.
阿梅马尔 说:众巫之首对我说:人遇见行巫术的,当念这一段咒语:热粪装在破枣篮里,塞你们的口,你们这些行巫术的;愿你们的头发脱落,因你们拿它行巫术;愿你们行巫术所用的碎屑随风吹散;
阿梅马尔 说:众巫之首对我说:人遇见行巫术的,当念这一段咒语:热粪装在破枣篮里,塞你们的口,你们这些行巫术的;愿你们的头发脱落,因你们拿它行巫术;愿你们行巫术所用的碎屑随风吹散;
Ameimar said: The chief of witches said to me: One who encounters witches should say this incantation: Hot feces in torn date baskets in your mouth, witches; may your hairs fall out because you use them for witchcraft; your crumbs, which you use for witchcraft, should scatter in the wind;