——因她们也在出埃及那一番神迹之内,所以也当同享这一番欢庆。
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——因她们也在出埃及那一番神迹之内,所以也当同享这一番欢庆。
As they too were included in that miracle of the Exodus, they are therefore obligated to participate in the celebration.
← 逾越节卷总目·第十章 逾越节前夕
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——因她们也在出埃及那一番神迹之内,所以也当同享这一番欢庆。
——因她们也在出埃及那一番神迹之内,所以也当同享这一番欢庆。
As they too were included in that miracle of the Exodus, they are therefore obligated to participate in the celebration.
拉夫犹大 传 撒母耳 的话说:这四杯里所盛的纯酒,要够兑出一杯像样的酒来。塔木德的时代,人是不喝纯酒的。他们素常兑水,大抵一分酒兑三分水。人若把这四杯不兑水就喝了,也算尽了本分。人若一气都喝了,就是把四杯酒都倒在一个大杯里喝下去,也算尽了本分。人若把这几杯分给自己的儿子或家里的人喝,仍算尽了本分。
拉夫犹大 传 撒母耳 的话说:这四杯里所盛的纯酒,要够兑出一杯像样的酒来。
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: These four cups must contain enough undiluted wine to allow for diluting a significant cup.
塔木德的时代,人是不喝纯酒的。
In talmudic times, people would not drink pure wine.
他们素常兑水,大抵一分酒兑三分水。
They would dilute it with water, generally adding three times as much water as wine.
人若把这四杯不兑水就喝了,也算尽了本分。
If one drank them undiluted, he has fulfilled his obligation.
人若一气都喝了,就是把四杯酒都倒在一个大杯里喝下去,也算尽了本分。
If one drank them all at once, i.e., he poured all four cups of wine into one large cup and drank it, he has fulfilled the obligation.
人若把这几杯分给自己的儿子或家里的人喝,仍算尽了本分。
If one gave his sons or the members of his household to drink from them, he has nevertheless fulfilled the obligation.
革玛拉如今把 撒母耳 这几断逐一论过。撒母耳 说人若不兑水就喝了,也算尽了本分。拉瓦 说:他算尽了「喝四杯」这一分,却没有尽了「以显自由的样式而喝」那一分——那才是把这条诫命行得更好的样式,因贵人是不喝纯酒的。
革玛拉如今把 撒母耳 这几断逐一论过。
The Gemara now addresses each of these rulings of Shmuel in turn.
撒母耳 说人若不兑水就喝了,也算尽了本分。
Shmuel said that if one drank them undiluted he has fulfilled his obligation.
拉瓦 说:他算尽了「喝四杯」这一分,却没有尽了「以显自由的样式而喝」那一分——那才是把这条诫命行得更好的样式,因贵人是不喝纯酒的。
Rava said: He has fulfilled the obligation to drink the four cups of wine, but he has not fulfilled the obligation to drink in a way that expresses freedom, which is the preferable way to fulfill the mitzva, as aristocrats do not drink undiluted wine.
人若把四杯一气喝了,拉夫 说他算尽了「节期以酒守欢乐」那一分,却没有尽了「喝四杯」那一分——那一分要的是四杯分明、各自喝下。撒母耳 又说人若把这几杯分给自己的儿子或家里的人喝,仍算尽了本分。拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:这话惟有在他自己喝了那一杯的大半时才算。
人若把四杯一气喝了,拉夫 说他算尽了「节期以酒守欢乐」那一分,却没有尽了「喝四杯」那一分——那一分要的是四杯分明、各自喝下。
If one drank the four cups all at once, Rav said that he has fulfilled the obligation to drink wine as an expression of rejoicing on the Festival, but he has not fulfilled the obligation to drink four cups, which requires four distinct cups, each drunk separately.
撒母耳 又说人若把这几杯分给自己的儿子或家里的人喝,仍算尽了本分。
Shmuel also stated that if one gave his sons or the members of his household to drink from them, he has nevertheless fulfilled his obligation.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:这话惟有在他自己喝了那一杯的大半时才算。
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: And this is the case only if he himself drank the majority of the cup.
革玛拉引一条 《巴拉伊塔》 驳上头那几断:这四杯各当盛四分之一 罗格 ,不拘那酒是纯的还是兑过水的,不拘是新的还是陈的。拉比犹大 说:它总要有酒的味、有酒的色。无论如何,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 教说每一杯至少要盛四分之一 罗格 ,而你却说每一杯要够兑出一杯像样的酒来。
革玛拉引一条 《巴拉伊塔》 驳上头那几断:这四杯各当盛四分之一 罗格 ,不拘那酒是纯的还是兑过水的,不拘是新的还是陈的。
The Gemara raises an objection to the above rulings from a baraita: These four cups must contain one quarter-log, whether the wine is undiluted or diluted, whether it is new or aged.
拉比犹大 说:它总要有酒的味、有酒的色。
Rabbi Yehuda says: It must have the taste and appearance of wine.
无论如何,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 教说每一杯至少要盛四分之一 罗格 ,而你却说每一杯要够兑出一杯像样的酒来。
In any event, this baraita is teaching that each cup must contain at least the amount of one quarter-log, and yet you said that each must contain enough for diluting a significant cup.
人这样答:这一说与那一说其实是同一个分量。革玛拉解道:撒母耳 所说「够兑出一杯像样的酒来」,是什么意思呢?他的意思是:那纯酒总要够这四杯每一杯各兑成四分之一 罗格 的兑酒。这样算来,四杯合起来的纯酒共是四分之一 罗格 。一杯像样的酒盛四分之一 罗格 。这四分之一 罗格 里,四分之一是纯酒,四分之三是水。既如此,每一杯至少要盛四分之一 罗格 的四分之一那么多纯酒,好叫人从每一杯里喝下满满四分之一 罗格 的液体。
人这样答:这一说与那一说其实是同一个分量。
They say in response that this and that are one and the same measure.
革玛拉解道:撒母耳 所说「够兑出一杯像样的酒来」,是什么意思呢?
The Gemara explains: What is the meaning of the expression: Enough for diluting a significant cup, which Shmuel said?
他的意思是:那纯酒总要够这四杯每一杯各兑成四分之一 罗格 的兑酒。
He meant that there must be enough undiluted wine for each and every one of the cups, i.e., one quarter-log of diluted wine.
这样算来,四杯合起来的纯酒共是四分之一 罗格 。
This amounts to one quarter-log of undiluted wine for all of them combined.
一杯像样的酒盛四分之一 罗格 。
A significant cup contains one quarter-log.
这四分之一 罗格 里,四分之一是纯酒,四分之三是水。
This quarter-log is comprised of one quarter undiluted wine and three quarters water.
既如此,每一杯至少要盛四分之一 罗格 的四分之一那么多纯酒,好叫人从每一杯里喝下满满四分之一 罗格 的液体。
Therefore, each cup must contain at least one quarter of one quarter-log of undiluted wine, so that one consumes a full quarter-log of liquid from each cup.
那条 《巴拉伊塔》 说 拉比犹大 以为人所喝那一杯总要有酒的味、有酒的色。拉瓦 说:拉比犹大 的缘由是什么呢?因经上写着:「酒发红的时候,你不可观看」(箴言 23:31)。这一节正证明酒的色也是要紧的,不单是它的味。
那条 《巴拉伊塔》 说 拉比犹大 以为人所喝那一杯总要有酒的味、有酒的色。
The baraita stated that Rabbi Yehuda says the cup from which one drinks must have the taste and appearance of wine.
拉瓦 说:拉比犹大 的缘由是什么呢?
Rava said: What is the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda?
因经上写着:「酒发红的时候,你不可观看」(箴言 23:31)。
As it is written: “Look not upon wine when it is red” (Proverbs 23:31).
这一节正证明酒的色也是要紧的,不单是它的味。
This verse proves that the appearance of wine and not only its taste is important.
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教道:众人在这四杯上都有这一分,男人、妇人、孩子都在内。拉比犹大 说:孩子从酒上得着什么益处呢?他们并不以它为乐。倒不如分给他们
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教道:众人在这四杯上都有这一分,男人、妇人、孩子都在内。
The Sages taught in a baraita: All are obligated in these four cups, including men, women, and children.
拉比犹大 说:孩子从酒上得着什么益处呢?
Rabbi Yehuda said: What benefit do children receive from wine?
他们并不以它为乐。
They do not enjoy it.
倒不如分给他们
Rather, one distributes to them