小城的人却不可走遍整座大城。
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小城的人却不可走遍整座大城。
And the residents of a small city may not walk through an entire large city.
← 移入纹卷总目·第五章 怎样量定城界
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 8 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
小城的人却不可走遍整座大城。
小城的人却不可走遍整座大城。
And the residents of a small city may not walk through an entire large city.
这两样有什么分别的缘故呢?岂不是因为小城的人所量那二千肘止在大城当中,所以只可走到自己二千肘的尽头;大城的人所量那二千肘却止在小城那一头,所以可以走遍全城、当它只是四肘,再在城那一边把安息日之界余下的走完么?
这两样有什么分别的缘故呢?
What is the reason for this difference?
岂不是因为小城的人所量那二千肘止在大城当中,所以只可走到自己二千肘的尽头;大城的人所量那二千肘却止在小城那一头,所以可以走遍全城、当它只是四肘,再在城那一边把安息日之界余下的走完么?
Is it not because these, the residents of the small city, their measure of two thousand cubits terminated in the middle of the large city, and therefore they may walk only to the end of their two thousand cubits; and these, the residents of the large city, their measure of two thousand cubits terminated at the far end of the small city, allowing them to walk through the entire city as though it were four cubits and complete the two thousand cubit measure of their Shabbat limit on the other side of the city?
至于说 拉比约书亚·本·利未 那话没有出处的 拉比伊迪,他或者以为密释纳两句是一样的说法。既说「大城的人可以走遍整座小城」,也就照样说「小城的人可以走遍整座大城」。他所传的密释纳并没有「小城的人不可走遍整座大城」这一句。他又把密释纳讲作论人把 合界 放在那一城之内的情形。那样,那一城就成了他安息日的居处,他可以走遍那城,再往外走二千肘。至于人在城外自己的居处量二千肘的情形,我们却什么也没有学到——那样才分得出整座城是否都在他二千肘之内,还是只有一段在内。
至于说 拉比约书亚·本·利未 那话没有出处的 拉比伊迪,他或者以为密释纳两句是一样的说法。
And Rabbi Idi, who said that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi’s statement has no source, may hold that the mishna teaches the two cases with the same formulation.
既说「大城的人可以走遍整座小城」,也就照样说「小城的人可以走遍整座大城」。
Just as it states: The residents of a large city may walk through an entire small city, it similarly states: The residents of a small city may walk through an entire large city.
他所传的密释纳并没有「小城的人不可走遍整座大城」这一句。
His version of the mishna did not state that the residents of a small city may not walk through an entire large city.
他又把密释纳讲作论人把 合界 放在那一城之内的情形。
And he establishes the mishna as referring to one who placed his eiruv inside the other city.
那样,那一城就成了他安息日的居处,他可以走遍那城,再往外走二千肘。
Consequently, that city becomes his Shabbat residence, and he may walk anywhere in that city and an additional two thousand cubits beyond it.
至于人在城外自己的居处量二千肘的情形,我们却什么也没有学到——那样才分得出整座城是否都在他二千肘之内,还是只有一段在内。
But we did not learn anything about one who was measuring two thousand cubits from his Shabbat residence outside the city, in which case it makes a difference whether the entire city is within his two thousand cubits or whether only part of it is within this limit.
革玛拉 问:论到量界的人,我们在密释纳里岂不是学过么?我们在密释纳里岂不是学过:至于量界的人——众贤者说要给他二千肘的那一位——他的量数纵是止在一个洞当中,也是这样?那洞虽有私人区的分位,他也只可进到自己二千肘所到的那一段。这一样正与二千肘止在城当中那一样相当。
革玛拉 问:论到量界的人,我们在密释纳里岂不是学过么?
The Gemara asks: And did we not learn in the mishna about one who was measuring?
我们在密释纳里岂不是学过:至于量界的人——众贤者说要给他二千肘的那一位——他的量数纵是止在一个洞当中,也是这样?
Didn’t we learn in the mishna: And as for one who is measuring his Shabbat limit, with regard to whom the Sages said that one gives him two thousand cubits, that applies even if the end of his measurement terminates in the middle of a cave?
那洞虽有私人区的分位,他也只可进到自己二千肘所到的那一段。
Although a cave has the status of a private domain, he may enter only the part of the cave that is within his two thousand cubits.
这一样正与二千肘止在城当中那一样相当。
This case is directly parallel to the case of one whose two thousand cubits end in the middle of a city.
革玛拉 答:量数止在城当中那一样虽有出处,拉比约书亚·本·利未 仍须教量数止在城那一头那一样——那一样是整座城算作四肘、余下的界在城那一边走完,这一层我们并没有学过。
革玛拉 答:量数止在城当中那一样虽有出处,拉比约书亚·本·利未 仍须教量数止在城那一头那一样——那一样是整座城算作四肘、余下的界在城那一边走完,这一层我们并没有学过。
The Gemara answers: Although there is a source for the case of one whose limit ends in the middle of a city, it was nevertheless necessary for Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi to teach the case where one’s measure ends at the far end of the city, in which case the entire city is regarded as four cubits and the rest of the Shabbat limit is completed on the other side of the city, as we did not learn anything about such a case.
就上面所引那段密释纳,拉夫纳赫曼 说:把下半段诵作「小城的人可以走遍整座大城」的,不算诵错。把它诵作「小城的人不可走遍整座大城」的,也不算诵错。两样传法都讲得通。
就上面所引那段密释纳,拉夫纳赫曼 说:把下半段诵作「小城的人可以走遍整座大城」的,不算诵错。
With regard to the mishna cited above, Rav Naḥman said: One who teaches the following in the second clause: The residents of a small city may walk through an entire large city, does not err in his rendering of the mishna.
把它诵作「小城的人不可走遍整座大城」的,也不算诵错。
And one who teaches: The residents of a small city may not walk through an entire large city, also does not err.
两样传法都讲得通。
Both renderings are plausible.
拉夫纳赫曼 讲明说:诵作「小城的人可以走遍整座大城」的不算错,因为他把密释纳讲作论人把 合界 放在那一城之内的情形。诵作「小城的人不可走遍整座大城」的也不算错,因为他把密释纳讲作论人从城外量自己安息日之界、走到那城的情形。
拉夫纳赫曼 讲明说:诵作「小城的人可以走遍整座大城」的不算错,因为他把密释纳讲作论人把 合界 放在那一城之内的情形。
Rav Naḥman explains: One who teaches: The residents of a small city may walk through an entire large city, does not err, as he establishes the mishna as referring to one who places his eiruv inside the other city.
诵作「小城的人不可走遍整座大城」的也不算错,因为他把密释纳讲作论人从城外量自己安息日之界、走到那城的情形。
And one who teaches: The residents of a small city may not walk through an entire large city also does not err, as he establishes the mishna as referring to one who measures his Shabbat limit and arrives at the city from the outside.
这样,密释纳的话是没有说全的,它的意思是:大城的人可以走遍整座小城,小城的人却不可走遍整座大城。这话是就哪一样说的呢?是就人从自己安息日的居处量那二千肘说的。至于人在大城而把 合界 放在小城的,或人在小城而把 合界 放在大城的,他可以走遍放 合界 的那整座城,再往外走二千肘。
这样,密释纳的话是没有说全的,它的意思是:大城的人可以走遍整座小城,小城的人却不可走遍整座大城。
And the mishna is incomplete and it teaches the following: The residents of a large city may walk through an entire small city, but the residents of a small city may not walk through an entire large city.
这话是就哪一样说的呢?
In what case is this statement said?
是就人从自己安息日的居处量那二千肘说的。
It was said with regard to one who was measuring his two thousand cubits from his Shabbat residence.
至于人在大城而把 合界 放在小城的,或人在小城而把 合界 放在大城的,他可以走遍放 合界 的那整座城,再往外走二千肘。
But one who was in the large city and placed his eiruv in the small city, and similarly one who was in the small city and placed his eiruv in the large city, he may walk through the entire city in which he placed his eiruv and beyond it two thousand cubits.
拉夫约瑟 说 拉米·巴尔·阿巴 说 拉夫胡纳 说:城若在深谷边上,城前若有一道四肘高的挡墙,安息日之界就从谷沿量起,因为那算作城的边界。城前若没有四肘高的挡墙,安息日之界就从各人自家门口量起,因为那城算不得长住之处。
拉夫约瑟 说 拉米·巴尔·阿巴 说 拉夫胡纳 说:城若在深谷边上,城前若有一道四肘高的挡墙,安息日之界就从谷沿量起,因为那算作城的边界。
Rav Yosef said that Rami bar Abba said that Rav Huna said: With regard to a city located on the edge of a ravine, if there is a barrier four cubits high in front of it, one measures its Shabbat limit from the edge of the ravine, as it is considered the border of the city.
城前若没有四肘高的挡墙,安息日之界就从各人自家门口量起,因为那城算不得长住之处。
And if there is not a barrier four cubits high in front of it, the Shabbat limit is measured from the entrance of each person’s house, as the city is not considered a permanent settlement.
阿巴耶 对他说:你论这一样,对我们说须有四肘高的挡墙。这一样有什么两样,要一道比别样隔断都高的墙呢——别样隔断只须四掌宽高就够了。
阿巴耶 对他说:你论这一样,对我们说须有四肘高的挡墙。
Abaye said to him: You told us with regard to this case that a barrier four cubits high is required.
这一样有什么两样,要一道比别样隔断都高的墙呢——别样隔断只须四掌宽高就够了。
What is different about this case that it requires a barrier that is higher than all other barriers, which must reach a height of only four handbreadths?
他对他说:那里那一处用起来不叫人害怕,这里这一处用起来却叫人害怕。隔断素来只取个象征的用处,所以四掌宽高也就够了。这一样却不然:谷沿上没有护墙,人站着是害怕的,所以为居民的安全,非筑一道四肘高的挡墙不可。
他对他说:那里那一处用起来不叫人害怕,这里这一处用起来却叫人害怕。
He said to him: There, use of the place is not frightening; here, use of the place is frightening.
隔断素来只取个象征的用处,所以四掌宽高也就够了。
Generally, partitions serve a symbolic function, and therefore it is sufficient for the partition to be four handbreadths high.
这一样却不然:谷沿上没有护墙,人站着是害怕的,所以为居民的安全,非筑一道四肘高的挡墙不可。
In this case, however, it is frightening to stand along the edge of the ravine without a protective barrier, and therefore a barrier four cubits high must be constructed for the safety of the residents.
拉夫约瑟 说:我这条 哈拉哈 是从哪里得来的呢?是从一条 《巴拉伊塔》 来的:拉比犹大·哈纳西 许在坡上的 盖德尔 的人安息日下到坡下的 哈姆坦 去,却不许 哈姆坦 的人上到 盖德尔 去。这是什么缘故呢?岂不是因为 盖德尔 的人在自己城的下沿筑了挡墙,哈姆坦 的人却没有在自己城的上沿筑挡墙么?这样,盖德尔 的人从自己的挡墙量安息日之界,哈姆坦 就落在他们那二千肘之内。哈姆坦 的人却只能从自家门口量,所以 盖德尔 不在他们二千肘的界内。
拉夫约瑟 说:我这条 哈拉哈 是从哪里得来的呢?
Rav Yosef said: From where do I derive to say this halakha?
是从一条 《巴拉伊塔》 来的:拉比犹大·哈纳西 许在坡上的 盖德尔 的人安息日下到坡下的 哈姆坦 去,却不许 哈姆坦 的人上到 盖德尔 去。
As it was taught in a baraita: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi permitted the residents of Geder, situated at the top of a slope, to descend on Shabbat to Ḥamtan, situated at the bottom of the slope, but the residents of Ḥamtan may not ascend to Geder.
这是什么缘故呢?
What is the reason?
岂不是因为 盖德尔 的人在自己城的下沿筑了挡墙,哈姆坦 的人却没有在自己城的上沿筑挡墙么?
Is it not because these, the inhabitants of Geder, constructed a barrier at the lower edge of their city, and these, the members of Ḥamtan, did not construct a barrier at the upper edge of their city?
这样,盖德尔 的人从自己的挡墙量安息日之界,哈姆坦 就落在他们那二千肘之内。
Consequently, the residents of Geder measured their Shabbat limit from their barrier, and Ḥamtan was included in their two thousand cubits.
哈姆坦 的人却只能从自家门口量,所以 盖德尔 不在他们二千肘的界内。
The residents of Ḥamtan had to measure their Shabbat limits from their homes, and therefore Geder was not within their two thousand cubit limit.
革玛拉 记着:拉夫迪米 从以色列地到巴比伦来的时候说:那一断本不是为着两处的安息日之界,乃是因为 盖德尔 的人素来 欺凌 哈姆坦 的人。那么「拉比犹大·哈纳西 许 盖德尔 的人下到 哈姆坦、不许反过来」是什么意思呢?他是立下这一条规矩。换句话说:那并不是一条断律,乃是为保众人平安、止息争斗而立的规矩。
革玛拉 记着:拉夫迪米 从以色列地到巴比伦来的时候说:那一断本不是为着两处的安息日之界,乃是因为 盖德尔 的人素来 欺凌 哈姆坦 的人。
The Gemara relates that when Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he said: This ruling was issued not due to their respective Shabbat limits, but rather because the residents of Geder would assault [metatreg] the residents of Ḥamtan.
那么「拉比犹大·哈纳西 许 盖德尔 的人下到 哈姆坦、不许反过来」是什么意思呢?
And what does it mean that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi permitted the residents of Geder to descend to Ḥamtan, but not vice versa?
他是立下这一条规矩。
He instituted this.
换句话说:那并不是一条断律,乃是为保众人平安、止息争斗而立的规矩。
In other words, this was not a halakhic ruling, but rather an ordinance instituted to protect the public welfare and prevent fighting.
革玛拉 问:安息日有什么两样,拉比犹大·哈纳西 单为安息日立这条规矩、不为一周别的日子立呢?革玛拉 答:安息日人吃得畅快,容易醉酒。所以那日更容易动粗。
革玛拉 问:安息日有什么两样,拉比犹大·哈纳西 单为安息日立这条规矩、不为一周别的日子立呢?
The Gemara asks: What is different about Shabbat that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi instituted this ordinance only for Shabbat and not for the rest of the week?
革玛拉 答:安息日人吃得畅快,容易醉酒。
The Gemara answers: Drunkenness is common on Shabbat, when people eat to their heart’s content.
所以那日更容易动粗。
Therefore, there is a greater chance of violent behavior.
革玛拉 问:盖德尔 的人到了 哈姆坦,仍要欺凌那里的人;这条规矩又有什么用呢?革玛拉 引一句俗语作答:狗不在自己地方,七年也不吠一声。狗在自己地界上一叫就叫,到了生地方就胆怯,不作声了。照样,盖德尔 的人到 哈姆坦 作客,胆气远不如在自己城里那样壮。
革玛拉 问:盖德尔 的人到了 哈姆坦,仍要欺凌那里的人;这条规矩又有什么用呢?
The Gemara asks: When the residents of Geder go to Ḥamtan, they will assault the residents there; of what use, then, is this ordinance?
革玛拉 引一句俗语作答:狗不在自己地方,七年也不吠一声。
The Gemara answers, citing a popular saying: A dog that is not in its place will not bark for seven years.
狗在自己地界上一叫就叫,到了生地方就胆怯,不作声了。
On its own turf, a dog barks readily, but it becomes scared in unfamiliar surroundings and remains silent.
照样,盖德尔 的人到 哈姆坦 作客,胆气远不如在自己城里那样壮。
Similarly, the people of Geder are not nearly as bold when they visit Ḥamtan as they are in their own town.
革玛拉 问:既是这样,反过来那一层也该虑到——如今 哈姆坦 的人在自己地界上,岂不要报复、欺凌 盖德尔 的人么?革玛拉 答:盖德尔 的人也不至于那样服软。他们在 哈姆坦 作客虽不先动手,人若打他们,他们必是要还手的。所以 哈姆坦 的人也不敢先向他们寻衅。这样,两边的平安都不必挂虑了。
革玛拉 问:既是这样,反过来那一层也该虑到——如今 哈姆坦 的人在自己地界上,岂不要报复、欺凌 盖德尔 的人么?
The Gemara asks: If so, we should be concerned about the reverse scenario, that now too, the residents of Ḥamtan, in their home territory, will take revenge and assault the residents of Geder.
革玛拉 答:盖德尔 的人也不至于那样服软。
The Gemara answers: The people of Geder would not be submissive to such an extent.
他们在 哈姆坦 作客虽不先动手,人若打他们,他们必是要还手的。
While visiting Ḥamtan, they would not initiate fights, but they would certainly fight back if they were attacked.
所以 哈姆坦 的人也不敢先向他们寻衅。
Consequently, the people of Ḥamtan would not dare initiate hostilities with them.
这样,两边的平安都不必挂虑了。
Therefore, there is no concern about the safety of either group.
拉夫萨夫拉 说:盖德尔 是一座形如弓的城,两端相距不足四千肘。那弓里的空处就当作满是房屋,安息日之界从两端之间那想象的弦量起。这样,哈姆坦 就落在它的界内,盖德尔 的人安息日就可以去。至于 哈姆坦 的人,盖德尔 两端之间那一片于他们仍是空地,所以弓背那一弧上的房屋就落在他们的界外了。
拉夫萨夫拉 说:盖德尔 是一座形如弓的城,两端相距不足四千肘。
Rav Safra said: Geder was a city shaped like a bow, whose two ends were separated by less than four thousand cubits.
那弓里的空处就当作满是房屋,安息日之界从两端之间那想象的弦量起。
The empty space of the bow was viewed as though it were filled with houses, and its Shabbat limit was measured from the imaginary bowstring stretched between the two ends of the bow.
这样,哈姆坦 就落在它的界内,盖德尔 的人安息日就可以去。
Consequently, Ḥamtan was included in its Shabbat limit, and the residents of Geder were permitted to go there on Shabbat.
至于 哈姆坦 的人,盖德尔 两端之间那一片于他们仍是空地,所以弓背那一弧上的房屋就落在他们的界外了。
With regard to the inhabitants of Ḥamtan, however, that same area between the ends of Geder was viewed as empty space, and therefore the houses of Geder along the arc of the bow were beyond their Shabbat limit.
拉夫迪米·巴尔·希纳纳 说:盖德尔 的人是大城的居民,哈姆坦 的人是小城的居民。这样,大城 盖德尔 的人可以走遍小城 哈姆坦;小城的人却只可走 盖德尔 的一段,缘由上文已经讲过。
拉夫迪米·巴尔·希纳纳 说:盖德尔 的人是大城的居民,哈姆坦 的人是小城的居民。
Rav Dimi bar Ḥinana said: The people of Geder were residents of a large city, and the people of Ḥamtan were residents of a small city.
这样,大城 盖德尔 的人可以走遍小城 哈姆坦;小城的人却只可走 盖德尔 的一段,缘由上文已经讲过。
Consequently, the residents of the large city, Geder, could walk through all of Ḥamtan, the small city; but the residents of Ḥamtan could walk only through part of Geder, as explained previously.
拉夫卡哈纳 是照上面那样传的;拉夫塔夫约米 却传得简些,说:拉夫萨夫拉 与 拉夫迪米·巴尔·希纳纳 就这一件相争。一位说:盖德尔 是形如弓的城;一位说:哈姆坦 的人是小城的居民,盖德尔 的人是大城的居民。
拉夫卡哈纳 是照上面那样传的;拉夫塔夫约米 却传得简些,说:拉夫萨夫拉 与 拉夫迪米·巴尔·希纳纳 就这一件相争。
Rav Kahana taught it that way, as stated previously; whereas Rav Tavyomi taught it more concisely, in this way: Rav Safra and Rav Dimi bar Ḥinana disagreed about the matter.
一位说:盖德尔 是形如弓的城;一位说:哈姆坦 的人是小城的居民,盖德尔 的人是大城的居民。
One of them said: Geder was a city shaped like a bow; and one of them said: The people of Ḥamtan were residents of a small city and the people of Geder were residents of a large city.
大城的人可以走遍整座小城,小城的人也可以走遍整座大城,纵然那城有一段离他们本城过了二千肘也一样。怎么说呢?人在大城而把 合界 放在小城的,或人在小城而把 合界 放在大城的,可以走遍放 合界 的那整座城,再往外走二千肘,因为整座城算作只是四肘。
大城的人可以走遍整座小城,小城的人也可以走遍整座大城,纵然那城有一段离他们本城过了二千肘也一样。
The residents of a large city may walk through an entire small city, and the residents of a small city may walk through an entire large city, even if part of it is located more than two thousand cubits from their city.
怎么说呢?
How so?
人在大城而把 合界 放在小城的,或人在小城而把 合界 放在大城的,可以走遍放 合界 的那整座城,再往外走二千肘,因为整座城算作只是四肘。
One who was in a large city and placed his eiruv in a small city, or one who was in a small city and placed his eiruv in a large city, may walk through the entire city in which he placed his eiruv and another two thousand cubits beyond it, as the entire city is considered as though it were only four cubits.
拉比阿奇瓦 说:他从 合界 所在之处起只得二千肘,因为那城本身的地是算在这量数之内的。拉比阿奇瓦 对众拉比说:你们岂不承认我这一层么——人把 合界 放在一个洞里的,从 合界 所在之处起只得二千肘,那整个洞并不算作只是四肘。
拉比阿奇瓦 说:他从 合界 所在之处起只得二千肘,因为那城本身的地是算在这量数之内的。
Rabbi Akiva says: He has only two thousand cubits from the place of his eiruv, as the actual area of the city is included in the calculation.
拉比阿奇瓦 对众拉比说:你们岂不承认我这一层么——人把 合界 放在一个洞里的,从 合界 所在之处起只得二千肘,那整个洞并不算作只是四肘。
Rabbi Akiva said to the Rabbis: Do you not concede to me that one who places his eiruv in a cave has only two thousand cubits from the place of his eiruv, and that consequently the entire cave is not considered as merely four cubits?
众拉比对他说:这话是几时用得上呢?是那洞里没有人住的时候。洞里若有人住,就算作只是四肘,人可以走遍全洞,再往外走二千肘。这样,合界 放在洞里那一条 哈拉哈,有时反比放在洞顶上那一条宽。人把 合界 放在有人住的洞里,洞外还得二千肘;放在洞顶上、那里没有人住,就从 合界 所在之处起只得二千肘。
众拉比对他说:这话是几时用得上呢?
The Rabbis said to him: When does this apply?
是那洞里没有人住的时候。
When the cave has no residents.
洞里若有人住,就算作只是四肘,人可以走遍全洞,再往外走二千肘。
But if it has residents, it is considered as though it were only four cubits, and one may walk through all of it and another two thousand cubits beyond it.
这样,合界 放在洞里那一条 哈拉哈,有时反比放在洞顶上那一条宽。
Consequently, the halakha with regard to an eiruv placed inside a cave is sometimes more lenient than the halakha governing an eiruv placed in the area above the cave.
人把 合界 放在有人住的洞里,洞外还得二千肘;放在洞顶上、那里没有人住,就从 合界 所在之处起只得二千肘。
If one places his eiruv inside a cave that has residents, he has two thousand cubits beyond the cave; if he places it above the cave, where there are no residents, he has only two thousand cubits from the place of his eiruv.
至于量界的人——众贤者说要给他二千肘的那一位——他的量数纵是止在一个洞当中,那量数也就到此为止。他不可再往洞里走,纵然那洞是有人住的也一样。
至于量界的人——众贤者说要给他二千肘的那一位——他的量数纵是止在一个洞当中,那量数也就到此为止。
And as for one who is measuring his Shabbat limit, with regard to whom the Sages said that one gives him two thousand cubits, that measurement applies even if the end of his measurement terminates in the middle of a cave.
他不可再往洞里走,纵然那洞是有人住的也一样。
He may not walk further into the cave, even if the cave is inhabited.