54a.1
引证
她踢了他一脚,对他说:经上岂不是写着「都有次序,凡事坚稳」(撒母耳记下二十三章五节)么?这就含着说:妥拉 若在你二百四十八肢里都摆得有次序、就是你全身都下过力气去学,它才坚稳;不然就不坚稳。革玛拉 记着,一条 《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教:拉比以利以谢 有一个门生诵书只低声念,过了三年就把所学的忘了。
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她踢了他一脚,对他说:经上岂不是写着「都有次序,凡事坚稳」(撒母耳记下二十三章五节)么?这就含着说:妥拉 若在你二百四十八肢里都摆得有次序、就是你全身都下过力气去学,它才坚稳;不然就不坚稳。
She kicked him and said to him: Isn’t it written as follows: “Ordered in all things and secure” (ii Samuel 23:5), which indicates that if the Torah is ordered in your 248 limbs, i.e., if you exert your entire body in studying it, it will be secure, and if not, it will not be secure.
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革玛拉 记着,一条 《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教:拉比以利以谢 有一个门生诵书只低声念,过了三年就把所学的忘了。
The Gemara relates that it was similarly taught in a baraita: Rabbi Eliezer had a student who would study quietly, and after three years he forgot his studies.
54a.2
引证
就着上面 拉比以利以谢 那门生一事,革玛拉 记下这一件:有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教说,拉比以利以谢 有一个门生,按他干犯神的罪本该受火刑,众拉比却说:由他去罢,不必照他所该受的办,因为他服事过一位大人物。
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就着上面 拉比以利以谢 那门生一事,革玛拉 记下这一件:有一条 《巴拉伊塔》 教说,拉比以利以谢 有一个门生,按他干犯神的罪本该受火刑,众拉比却说:由他去罢,不必照他所该受的办,因为他服事过一位大人物。
Incidental to the story cited above involving a student of Rabbi Eliezer, the Gemara cites the following episode: It was taught in a baraita: Rabbi Eliezer had a student who was liable for the punishment of death by burning, for his sins against God, but the Rabbis said: Let him alone and do not punish him as he deserves, because he served a great person.
54a.3
引证
革玛拉 举 撒母耳 所嘱、与 贝鲁莉娅 相仿的话。撒母耳 对 拉夫犹大 说:利齿,张口诵 妥拉,张口习 塔木德,好叫你所学的存住、你得享长寿;正如经上所说:「因为得着它的,就得了生命,又得了医全体的良药」(箴言四章二十二节)。不要读作 לְמֹצְאֵיהֶם「得着它的」,当读作 לְמוֹצִיאֵיהֶם「用口发出它的」。
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革玛拉 举 撒母耳 所嘱、与 贝鲁莉娅 相仿的话。
The Gemara cites instructions issued by Shmuel that are similar to those of Berurya.
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撒母耳 对 拉夫犹大 说:利齿,张口诵 妥拉,张口习 塔木德,好叫你所学的存住、你得享长寿;正如经上所说:「因为得着它的,就得了生命,又得了医全体的良药」(箴言四章二十二节)。
Shmuel said to Rav Yehuda: Keen scholar [shinnana], open your mouth and read from the Torah, open your mouth and study the Talmud, in order that your studies should endure in you and that you should live a long life, as it is stated: “For they are life to those who find them, and health to all their flesh” (Proverbs 4:22).
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不要读作 לְמֹצְאֵיהֶם「得着它的」,当读作 לְמוֹצִיאֵיהֶם「用口发出它的」。
Do not read: “To those who find them [lemotzeihem],” but rather “to those who express them [lemotzi’eihem],” with their mouth.
54a.4
引证
革玛拉 再举 撒母耳 所嘱的话:撒母耳 对他所爱的门生 拉夫犹大 说:利齿,趁着能吃就吃,趁着能喝就喝,因为我们所要离开的这世界如同婚筵一样,那喜乐是暂时的;此时不享,将来就享不着了。
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革玛拉 再举 撒母耳 所嘱的话:撒母耳 对他所爱的门生 拉夫犹大 说:利齿,趁着能吃就吃,趁着能喝就喝,因为我们所要离开的这世界如同婚筵一样,那喜乐是暂时的;此时不享,将来就享不着了。
The Gemara cites additional instructions issued by Shmuel: Shmuel said to Rav Yehuda, his beloved student: Keen scholar, grab and eat, grab and drink, as the world from which we are departing is like a wedding feast, whose joy is only temporary, and one who does not take pleasure in it now will not be able to do so in the future.
54a.5
引证
照样,拉夫 对 拉夫哈姆努纳 说:我儿,你若有银钱,就善待自己。不必等候,因为阴间里并无享乐,死也不迟延。你若说:我要积蓄下来留给儿女——谁告诉你阴间的规矩呢?就是说,你怎知你们谁先死(依 《阿鲁赫》 之解)?人如同田间的草:这一等发旺、所行的蒙福,那一等枯干而死。
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照样,拉夫 对 拉夫哈姆努纳 说:我儿,你若有银钱,就善待自己。
Similarly, Rav said to Rav Hamnuna: My son, if you have money, do well for yourself.
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不必等候,因为阴间里并无享乐,死也不迟延。
There is no point waiting, as there is no pleasure in the netherworld, and death does not tarry.
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你若说:我要积蓄下来留给儿女——谁告诉你阴间的规矩呢?就是说,你怎知你们谁先死(依 《阿鲁赫》 之解)?
And if you say: I will save up in order to leave for my children, who told you the law of the netherworld, i.e., how do you know which of you will die first (Arukh)?
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人如同田间的草:这一等发旺、所行的蒙福,那一等枯干而死。
People are similar to grass of the field, in that these blossom, i.e., grow, and their actions are blessed, and these wither and die.
54a.6
引证
既解了「得着它的,就得了生命」一句为指 妥拉,革玛拉 就再举一条就这一节称赞 妥拉 的教训。拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:人在路上走,没有同伴、心里害怕,就当默想 妥拉;因为论 妥拉 的话,经上说:「因为这要作你头上的华冠,你项上的金链」(箴言一章九节)。这里把「华冠」(לִוְיַת)解作 לְוָיָה「伴行」,所以那一节的意思是:妥拉 是行路人可爱的伴。
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既解了「得着它的,就得了生命」一句为指 妥拉,革玛拉 就再举一条就这一节称赞 妥拉 的教训。
Having expounded the verse “For they are life to those who find them” as referring to the Torah, the Gemara cites another teaching related to this verse that praises the Torah.
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拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:人在路上走,没有同伴、心里害怕,就当默想 妥拉;因为论 妥拉 的话,经上说:「因为这要作你头上的华冠,你项上的金链」(箴言一章九节)。
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: One who is walking along the way without a companion and is afraid should engage in Torah study, as it is stated with regard to the words of Torah: “For they shall be a graceful wreath [livyat ḥen] for your head, and chains about your neck” (Proverbs 1:9).
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这里把「华冠」(לִוְיַת)解作 לְוָיָה「伴行」,所以那一节的意思是:妥拉 是行路人可爱的伴。
The word livyat is understood here as a reference to levaya, accompaniment, so that the verse is interpreted to mean that Torah is a graceful accompaniment to one who is traveling.
54a.7
引证
人头痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「这要作你头上的华冠。」人喉咙痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「你项上的金链。」人肚腹痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「这便医治你的肚脐」(箴言三章八节)。人骨头痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「滋润你的百骨」(箴言三章八节)。人浑身都痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「又得了医全体的良药」(箴言四章二十二节)。
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人头痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「这要作你头上的华冠。」人喉咙痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「你项上的金链。」人肚腹痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「这便医治你的肚脐」(箴言三章八节)。
One who feels pain in his head should engage in Torah study, as it is stated: “For they shall be a graceful wreath for your head.” One who feels pain in his throat should engage in Torah study, as it is stated: “And chains about your neck.” One who feels pain in his intestines should engage in Torah study, as it is stated: “It shall be health to your navel” (Proverbs 3:8).
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人骨头痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「滋润你的百骨」(箴言三章八节)。
One who feels pain in his bones should engage in Torah study, as it is stated: “And marrow to your bones” (Proverbs 3:8).
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人浑身都痛,就当默想 妥拉,因为经上说:「又得了医全体的良药」(箴言四章二十二节)。
One who feels pain in his entire body should engage in Torah study, as it is stated: “And health to all their flesh” (Proverbs 4:22).
54a.8
引证
拉比希亚之子拉夫犹大 说:你看,血肉之人的常度与圣者、当受颂赞的常度不同。血肉之人的常度是:人给同伴一味药,于他这一处有益,于他那一处却有损。圣者、当受颂赞的常度却不然:他把 妥拉 赐给以色列人,那是医全身的活命之药,正如经上所说:「又得了医全体的良药。」
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拉比希亚之子拉夫犹大 说:你看,血肉之人的常度与圣者、当受颂赞的常度不同。
Rav Yehuda, son of Rabbi Ḥiyya, said: Come and see that the attribute of flesh and blood is unlike the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He.
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血肉之人的常度是:人给同伴一味药,于他这一处有益,于他那一处却有损。
The attribute of flesh and blood is that when a person gives a drug to his fellow, it is good for this part of his body and it is harmful to that other part of his body.
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圣者、当受颂赞的常度却不然:他把 妥拉 赐给以色列人,那是医全身的活命之药,正如经上所说:「又得了医全体的良药。」
But the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He, is not so; He gave the Torah to the Jewish people, and it is a drug of life for one’s entire body, as it is stated: “And health to all their flesh.”
54a.9
引证
革玛拉 接着称赞习 妥拉、明 妥拉 之事。拉夫阿米 说:经上所写「你若心中存记,嘴上咬定,这便为美」(箴言二十二章十八节),是什么意思呢?妥拉 的话几时才为美呢?是你心中存记、心里明白的时候。几时才心中存记得住呢?是它们都在你嘴上咬定的时候,就是你出声念出来、讲说出来的时候。
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革玛拉 接着称赞习 妥拉、明 妥拉 之事。
The Gemara continues with praise for Torah study and knowledge.
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拉夫阿米 说:经上所写「你若心中存记,嘴上咬定,这便为美」(箴言二十二章十八节),是什么意思呢?
Rav Ami said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “For it is a pleasant thing if you keep them within you; let them be firmly attached together to your lips” (Proverbs 22:18)?
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妥拉 的话几时才为美呢?
When are words of Torah pleasant?
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是你心中存记、心里明白的时候。
When you keep them within you and know them.
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几时才心中存记得住呢?
And when will you keep them within you?
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是它们都在你嘴上咬定的时候,就是你出声念出来、讲说出来的时候。
When they will be attached together to your lips, i.e., when you articulate them audibly and expound them.
54a.10
引证
拉比泽拉 说这个意思是从这里出来的:「口善应对,自觉喜乐;话合其时,何等美好」(箴言十五章二十三节)。人几时自觉喜乐呢?是他口里有 妥拉 的应对的时候。另有一样传法:人几时因口善应对而喜乐呢?是他应了「话合其时,何等美好」那一句的时候,就是他晓得什么话当在什么时候怎样说的时候。
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拉比泽拉 说这个意思是从这里出来的:「口善应对,自觉喜乐;话合其时,何等美好」(箴言十五章二十三节)。
Rabbi Zeira said that this idea is derived from here: “A man has joy in the answer of his mouth; and a word in due season, how good it is” (Proverbs 15:23).
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人几时自觉喜乐呢?
When does a man have joy?
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是他口里有 妥拉 的应对的时候。
When an answer related to Torah study is in his mouth.
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另有一样传法:人几时因口善应对而喜乐呢?
Another version: When does a man have joy in the answer of his mouth?
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是他应了「话合其时,何等美好」那一句的时候,就是他晓得什么话当在什么时候怎样说的时候。
When he experiences the fulfillment of: A word in due season, how good it is, i.e., when he knows when and how to address each issue.
54a.11
引证
拉比以撒 说这个意思是从这里出来的:「这话却离你甚近,就在你口中,在你心里,使你可以遵行」(申命记三十章十四节)。几时才离你甚近呢?是它在你口中、在你心里,使你可以遵行的时候,就是你把所学的念出声来的时候。
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拉比以撒 说这个意思是从这里出来的:「这话却离你甚近,就在你口中,在你心里,使你可以遵行」(申命记三十章十四节)。
Rabbi Yitzḥak said that this idea is derived from here: “But the matter is very near to you, in your mouth and in your heart, that you may do it” (Deuteronomy 30:14).
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几时才离你甚近呢?
When is it very near to you?
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是它在你口中、在你心里,使你可以遵行的时候,就是你把所学的念出声来的时候。
When it is in your mouth and in your heart, that you may do it, i.e., when you articulate your Torah study.
54a.12
引证
拉瓦 说这个意思其实是从这里出来的:「他心里所愿的,你已经赐给他;他嘴唇所求的,你未尝不应允。细拉」(诗篇二十一篇二节)。你几时把他心里所愿的赐给他呢?是你未尝不应允他嘴唇所求的时候,就是他把 妥拉 的话说出口来的时候。
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拉瓦 说这个意思其实是从这里出来的:「他心里所愿的,你已经赐给他;他嘴唇所求的,你未尝不应允。细拉」(诗篇二十一篇二节)。
Rava said that this idea is actually derived from here: “You have given him his heart’s desire, and have not withheld the request of his lips, Selah” (Psalms 21:3).
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你几时把他心里所愿的赐给他呢?
When have You given him his heart’s desire?
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是你未尝不应允他嘴唇所求的时候,就是他把 妥拉 的话说出口来的时候。
When You have not withheld the request of his lips, Selah, i.e., when he converses in words of Torah.
54a.13
提问
拉瓦 就这一节自身提出一处相碍:节的上半写着「他心里所愿的,你已经赐给他」,含着说人心里求就够了;节的下半却写着「他嘴唇所求的,你未尝不应允。细拉」,含着说人须把所求的说出口来。拉瓦 自己解开这相碍:人若有福,「他心里所愿的,你已经赐给他」,纵不出口说也蒙赐。人若没有这福,至少还有「他嘴唇所求的,你未尝不应允。细拉」。
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拉瓦 就这一节自身提出一处相碍:节的上半写着「他心里所愿的,你已经赐给他」,含着说人心里求就够了;节的下半却写着「他嘴唇所求的,你未尝不应允。细拉」,含着说人须把所求的说出口来。
Rava raised an internal contradiction in that very verse: In the beginning of the verse it is written: “You have given him his heart’s desire,” implying that it is enough for one to request in his heart, whereas in the end of the verse it is written: “And You have not withheld the request of his lips, Selah,” indicating that one must express his prayers verbally.
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拉瓦 自己解开这相碍:人若有福,「他心里所愿的,你已经赐给他」,纵不出口说也蒙赐。
Rava himself resolved the contradiction: If one is fortunate, “You have given him his heart’s desire,” even if he does not give verbal expression to his wants.
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人若没有这福,至少还有「他嘴唇所求的,你未尝不应允。细拉」。
But if he is not fortunate, at least “You have not withheld the request of his lips, Selah.”
54a.14
引证
就着这一节的末句,拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 门下一位贤者教过这样一条 《巴拉伊塔》:凡经上说 נֶצַח、סֶלָה、וָעֶד 的地方,那事都永不止息。נֶצַח,因为经上写着:「我必不永远相争,也不长久发怒」(以赛亚书五十七章十六节)——这就显出 נֶצַח 与「永远」同义。
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就着这一节的末句,拉比以利以谢·本·雅各 门下一位贤者教过这样一条 《巴拉伊塔》:凡经上说 נֶצַח、סֶלָה、וָעֶד 的地方,那事都永不止息。
With regard to the end of this verse, a Sage of the school of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov taught the following baraita: Wherever it states netzaḥ, Selah, or va’ed, the matter will never cease.
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נֶצַח,因为经上写着:「我必不永远相争,也不长久发怒」(以赛亚书五十七章十六节)——这就显出 נֶצַח 与「永远」同义。
Netzaḥ, as it is written: “For I will not contend forever; neither will I be eternally [lanetzaḥ] angry” (Isaiah 57:16), which demonstrates that netzaḥ bears a similar meaning to forever.
54a.15
引证
סֶלָה,因为经上写着:「我们在万军之耶和华的城中,就是我们神的城中,所看见的正如我们所听见的。神必坚立这城,直到永远。细拉」(诗篇四十八篇八节)——这就显出 סֶלָה 是「直到永远」的意思。וָעֶד,因为经上写着:「耶和华必作王,直到永永远远」(出埃及记十五章十八节)。
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סֶלָה,因为经上写着:「我们在万军之耶和华的城中,就是我们神的城中,所看见的正如我们所听见的。神必坚立这城,直到永远。细拉」(诗篇四十八篇八节)——这就显出 סֶלָה 是「直到永远」的意思。
Selah, as it is written: “As we have heard, so have we seen in the city of the Lord of Hosts, in the city of our God; may God establish it forever, Selah” (Psalms 48:9), which demonstrates that Selah means forever.
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וָעֶד,因为经上写着:「耶和华必作王,直到永永远远」(出埃及记十五章十八节)。
Va’ed, as it is written: “The Lord shall reign forever and ever [va’ed]” (Exodus 15:18).
54a.16
引证
承上文,革玛拉 举 拉比以利以谢 解经数条,先给一句记诵之诀:金链、两腮、法版、刻。拉比以利以谢 说:经上所写「你项上的金链」(箴言一章九节),是什么意思呢?人若把自己作成松松挂在项上的金链一样——就是学者不逼人、不搅扰人——又是看得见却又看不见的,如同金链被衣裳头发遮着一样,学者也不把自己张扬出来,他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。不然的话,他若粗鲁自高,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
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承上文,革玛拉 举 拉比以利以谢 解经数条,先给一句记诵之诀:金链、两腮、法版、刻。
In light of the previous discussion, the Gemara cites several expositions of verses proposed by Rabbi Eliezer, while first providing them with a mnemonic: Chains, cheeks, tablets, engraved.
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拉比以利以谢 说:经上所写「你项上的金链」(箴言一章九节),是什么意思呢?
Rabbi Eliezer said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And chains about your neck” (Proverbs 1:9)?
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人若把自己作成松松挂在项上的金链一样——就是学者不逼人、不搅扰人——又是看得见却又看不见的,如同金链被衣裳头发遮着一样,学者也不把自己张扬出来,他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。
If a person makes himself like a chain that hangs loosely on the neck, i.e., if a scholar is not pushy and disruptive to others, and he is also seen but not seen, i.e., just as a chain is covered by clothes and hair, so too, the scholar does not let himself be seen, his Torah study will endure.
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不然的话,他若粗鲁自高,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
But if not, if he acts in a rude and arrogant manner, his Torah study will not endure.
54a.17
引证
拉比以利以谢 又说:经上所写「他的两腮如香花畦」(雅歌五章十三节),是什么意思呢?人若把自己作成谦卑的,如同这人人踏过的花畦、如同这人人拿来薰身的香料——就是不单益己、也益人的——他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。不然的话,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
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拉比以利以谢 又说:经上所写「他的两腮如香花畦」(雅歌五章十三节),是什么意思呢?
And Rabbi Eliezer also said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “His cheeks are like a bed of spices” (Song of Songs 5:13)?
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人若把自己作成谦卑的,如同这人人踏过的花畦、如同这人人拿来薰身的香料——就是不单益己、也益人的——他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。
If a person makes himself humble like this garden bed upon which everyone treads, and like this spice with which everyone perfumes himself, i.e., which benefits not only the one who wears it, his Torah study will endure.
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不然的话,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
But if not, his Torah study will not endure.
54a.18
引证
拉比以利以谢 再说:经上所写「石版」(לֻחוֹת,出埃及记三十一章十八节),是什么意思呢?人若把自己的两腮(לְחָיָיו)作成这磨不坏的石头一样,他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。不然的话,就是他学得不勤,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
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拉比以利以谢 再说:经上所写「石版」(לֻחוֹת,出埃及记三十一章十八节),是什么意思呢?
And Rabbi Eliezer further said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Tablets [luḥot] of stone” (Exodus 31:18)?
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人若把自己的两腮(לְחָיָיו)作成这磨不坏的石头一样,他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。
If a person makes his cheeks [leḥayav] like this stone that does not wear away, his Torah study will endure.
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不然的话,就是他学得不勤,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
But if not, i.e., if he is not diligent in his studies, his Torah study will not endure.
54a.19
引证
末了 拉比以利以谢 说:经上所写「这版是神的工作,字是神写的,刻在版上」(出埃及记三十二章十六节),是什么意思呢?这是教我们:那头一副版若不曾摔碎,妥拉 就永不至于从以色列人中间失传,因为 妥拉 本要刻在他们心上。
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末了 拉比以利以谢 说:经上所写「这版是神的工作,字是神写的,刻在版上」(出埃及记三十二章十六节),是什么意思呢?
And, lastly, Rabbi Eliezer said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And the tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved upon the tablets” (Exodus 32:16)?
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这是教我们:那头一副版若不曾摔碎,妥拉 就永不至于从以色列人中间失传,因为 妥拉 本要刻在他们心上。
This teaches that had the first tablets, the subject of this verse, not been broken, the Torah would never have been forgotten from the Jewish people, as the Torah would have been engraved upon their hearts.
54a.20
引证
拉夫阿哈·巴尔·雅各 说:那两块版若不曾摔碎,就没有一邦一族能辖制他们;因为经上说「刻」——不要读作 חָרוּת「刻」,当读作 חֵרוּת「自由」。
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拉夫阿哈·巴尔·雅各 说:那两块版若不曾摔碎,就没有一邦一族能辖制他们;因为经上说「刻」——不要读作 חָרוּת「刻」,当读作 חֵרוּת「自由」。
Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said: Had the tablets not been broken, no nation or tongue would ever have ruled over them, as it is stated: “Engraved”; do not read it engraved [ḥarut] but rather freedom [ḥeirut].
54a.21
引证
照样,拉夫马塔纳 说:经上所写「这井是首领和民中的尊贵人用圭用杖所挖所掘的」,以及「以色列人从旷野往玛他拿去」(民数记二十一章十八节),是什么意思呢?人若把自己作成谦卑的,如同这向众人敞开、人人踏过的旷野一样,他所学的 妥拉 就存得住,并且要作 מַתָּנָה、就是礼物赐给他。不然的话,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
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照样,拉夫马塔纳 说:经上所写「这井是首领和民中的尊贵人用圭用杖所挖所掘的」,
Similarly, Rav Mattana said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “The well that the princes dug out, that the nobles of the people delved, with the scepter, with their staves.
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以及「以色列人从旷野往玛他拿去」(民数记二十一章十八节),是什么意思呢?
And from the wilderness they went to Mattanah” (Numbers 21:18)?
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人若把自己作成谦卑的,如同这向众人敞开、人人踏过的旷野一样,他所学的 妥拉 就存得住,并且要作 מַתָּנָה、就是礼物赐给他。
If a person makes himself humble like this wilderness, which is open to all and upon which everyone treads, his Torah study will endure and be given to him as a gift [mattana].
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不然的话,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
And if not, his Torah study will not endure.
54a.22
引证
革玛拉 记着:拉夫约瑟 心里怪 拉瓦、就是 拉夫约瑟·巴尔·哈玛 之子——革玛拉 里通常单称他 拉瓦——因这一层,两人一向不相见。到了赎罪日前夕,拉瓦 说:我去向他赔个不是。他去了,见 拉夫约瑟 的仆人正给他调一杯酒。他对那仆人说:给我,我来调。仆人给了他,拉瓦 就调了。拉夫约瑟 眼睛看不见,认不出来客是谁;他一尝那酒就说:这调法像 拉夫约瑟·巴尔·哈玛 之子 拉瓦 调的,他总是多兑些水。拉瓦 对他说:正是我。
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革玛拉 记着:拉夫约瑟 心里怪 拉瓦、就是 拉夫约瑟·巴尔·哈玛 之子——革玛拉 里通常单称他 拉瓦——因这一层,两人一向不相见。
The Gemara relates that Rav Yosef had a grievance against Rava, son of Rav Yosef bar Ḥama, who is usually referred to in the Gemara simply as Rava, and as a result of the grievance the two would never meet.
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到了赎罪日前夕,拉瓦 说:我去向他赔个不是。
When the eve of Yom Kippur arrived, Rava said: I will go and appease him.
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他去了,见 拉夫约瑟 的仆人正给他调一杯酒。
He went and found Rav Yosef’s attendant mixing him a cup of wine.
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他对那仆人说:给我,我来调。
He said to the attendant: Give it to me, and I will mix it.
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仆人给了他,拉瓦 就调了。
He gave it to Rava, and Rava mixed it.
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拉夫约瑟 眼睛看不见,认不出来客是谁;他一尝那酒就说:这调法像 拉夫约瑟·巴尔·哈玛 之子 拉瓦 调的,他总是多兑些水。
Rav Yosef was blind and could not see his visitor, but when he tasted the wine he said: This mixture is similar to the mixture of Rava, son of Rav Yosef bar Ḥama, who would add extra water to the wine.
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拉瓦 对他说:正是我。
Rava said to him: It is I.
54a.23
引证
拉夫约瑟 对他说:你别跪坐下,先给我讲明这几节——经上所写「从旷野往玛他拿去;从玛他拿到拿哈列,从拿哈列到巴末,从巴末到摩押地的谷,又到那下望旷野的毗斯迦山顶」(民数记二十一章十九至二十节),是什么意思呢?
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拉夫约瑟 对他说:你别跪坐下,先给我讲明这几节——经上所写「从旷野往玛他拿去;从玛他拿到拿哈列,从拿哈列到巴末,从巴末到摩押地的谷,又到那下望旷野的毗斯迦山顶」(民数记二十一章十九至二十节),是什么意思呢?
Rav Yosef said to him: Do not sit on your knees until you have explained these verses to me: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And from the wilderness to Mattanah; and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth; and from Bamoth to the valley in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looks out toward the desert” (Numbers 21:19–20)?
54a.24
解答
拉瓦 对他说:人若把自己作成谦卑的,如同这向众人敞开、人人踏过的旷野一样,妥拉 就要作 מַתָּנָה、就是礼物赐给他。既作礼物赐给了他,他就承受它(נְחָלוֹ),神(אֵל)也以它为自己的产业,正如经上说「从玛他拿到拿哈列」;神既以它为产业,他就升到高处,正如经上说「从拿哈列到巴末」——בָּמוֹת 就是高处的意思。
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拉瓦 对他说:人若把自己作成谦卑的,如同这向众人敞开、人人踏过的旷野一样,妥拉 就要作 מַתָּנָה、就是礼物赐给他。
Rava said to him: If a person makes himself humble like this wilderness, which is open to all and upon which everyone treads, the Torah will be given to him as a gift [mattana].
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既作礼物赐给了他,他就承受它(נְחָלוֹ),神(אֵל)也以它为自己的产业,正如经上说「从玛他拿到拿哈列」;神既以它为产业,他就升到高处,正如经上说「从拿哈列到巴末」——בָּמוֹת 就是高处的意思。
And once it is given to him as a gift, he inherits it [neḥalo] and God [El] makes it His inheritance, as it is stated: “And from Mattanah to Nahaliel.” And once God has made it His inheritance, he rises to greatness, as it is stated: “And from Nahaliel to Bamoth,” which means heights.
54a.25
引证
他若因此自高,圣者、当受颂赞的就把他降下去,正如经上说「从巴末到那谷」;他若悔改,圣者、当受颂赞的又把他升上来,正如经上说:「一切山洼都要填满」(以赛亚书四十章四节)。
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他若因此自高,圣者、当受颂赞的就把他降下去,正如经上说「从巴末到那谷」;他若悔改,圣者、当受颂赞的又把他升上来,正如经上说:「一切山洼都要填满」(以赛亚书四十章四节)。
And if he becomes haughty, the Holy One, Blessed be He, lowers him, as it is stated: “And from Bamoth to the valley.” And if he repents, the Holy One, Blessed be He, raises him back up, as it is stated: “Every valley shall be exalted” (Isaiah 40:4).
54a.26
引证
拉夫胡纳 说:经上所写「你的会众住在其中;神啊,你的恩惠是为困苦人预备的」(诗篇六十八篇十节),是什么意思呢?人若把自己作成走兽一样——走兽踏住所得的就吃,并不挑拣,就是学者一听见师傅的话就立时温习;也有人说,如同走兽弄脏了也照吃,就是学者习 妥拉 时不顾惜自己的体面,如同走兽不挑食物的好歹——他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。不然的话,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。他若这样行,圣者、当受颂赞的必亲自为他摆设筵席,正如经上所说:「神啊,你的恩惠是为困苦人预备的」——这就含着说,神必以他的恩惠亲自为那困苦人摆筵。
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拉夫胡纳 说:经上所写「你的会众住在其中;神啊,你的恩惠是为困苦人预备的」(诗篇六十八篇十节),是什么意思呢?
Rav Huna said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Your flock found a dwelling in it; You, O God, prepare of Your goodness for the poor” (Psalms 68:11)?
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人若把自己作成走兽一样——走兽踏住所得的就吃,并不挑拣,就是学者一听见师傅的话就立时温习;也有人说,如同走兽弄脏了也照吃,就是学者习 妥拉 时不顾惜自己的体面,如同走兽不挑食物的好歹——他所学的 妥拉 就存得住。
If a person makes himself like an animal that tramples its prey and eats it immediately, without being particular about its food, i.e., if a scholar immediately reviews what he has heard from his teacher; and some say, like an animal that soils and eats, i.e., if a scholar is not particular about maintaining his honor during his Torah study, just as an animal is not particular about the quality of its food, his Torah study will endure.
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不然的话,所学的 妥拉 就存不住。
And if not, his Torah study will not endure.
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他若这样行,圣者、当受颂赞的必亲自为他摆设筵席,正如经上所说:「神啊,你的恩惠是为困苦人预备的」——这就含着说,神必以他的恩惠亲自为那困苦人摆筵。
And if he does so, the Holy One, Blessed be He, will Himself prepare him a feast, as it is stated: “You, O God, prepare of Your goodness for the poor,” indicating that God in His goodness will Himself prepare a feast for that pauper.
54a.27
引证
拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 说 拉比约哈难 说:经上所写「看守无花果树的,必吃树上的果子」(箴言二十七章十八节),是什么意思呢?为什么把 妥拉 的事比作无花果树呢?因为这无花果树,
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拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 说 拉比约哈难 说:经上所写「看守无花果树的,必吃树上的果子」(箴言二十七章十八节),是什么意思呢?
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “He who guards the fig tree shall eat its fruit” (Proverbs 27:18)?
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为什么把 妥拉 的事比作无花果树呢?
Why were matters of Torah compared to a fig tree?
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因为这无花果树,
Just as this fig tree,