只是这一人不可把自己那四肘里的东西拿到那一人的四肘里去。
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只是这一人不可把自己那四肘里的东西拿到那一人的四肘里去。
provided that the one does not carry anything from his four-cubit limit into that of his fellow.
← 移入纹卷总目·第四章 被人带出界的
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 5 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
只是这一人不可把自己那四肘里的东西拿到那一人的四肘里去。
只是这一人不可把自己那四肘里的东西拿到那一人的四肘里去。
provided that the one does not carry anything from his four-cubit limit into that of his fellow.
三个人同在这样的境地,当中那一人的四肘有一段叠在这一边的界内、又有一段叠在那一边的界内,以致他与两边各有一段公用之地,他就可以与这一人同吃,也可以与那一人同吃,两边的人也都可以与他同吃;外边那两个人却不可彼此同吃,因为他们并没有公用之地。
三个人同在这样的境地,当中那一人的四肘有一段叠在这一边的界内、又有一段叠在那一边的界内,以致他与两边各有一段公用之地,他就可以与这一人同吃,也可以与那一人同吃,两边的人也都可以与他同吃;外边那两个人却不可彼此同吃,因为他们并没有公用之地。
With regard to a case where there were three people in this situation, and certain parts of the four cubits of the middle one were subsumed within the respective limits of each of the others, so that he shared a certain area with each of them, he is permitted to eat with either of them, and they are both permitted to eat with him; but the two outer ones are forbidden to eat with each other, since they share no common area.
拉比西缅 说:这可比作什么呢?这如同三个彼此相通、又都通到公共区的院子。外边两个院子若各与当中那个院子立了 合界,当中那个可以往两边搬,两边也可以往当中搬;外边那两个院子却不可彼此相搬,因为它们并没有彼此立 合界。
拉比西缅 说:这可比作什么呢?
Rabbi Shimon said: To what is this comparable?
这如同三个彼此相通、又都通到公共区的院子。
It is like three courtyards that open into one another, and also open into a public domain.
外边两个院子若各与当中那个院子立了 合界,当中那个可以往两边搬,两边也可以往当中搬;外边那两个院子却不可彼此相搬,因为它们并没有彼此立 合界。
If the two outer courtyards established an eiruv with the middle one, the middle one is permitted to carry to the two outer ones, and they are permitted to carry to it, but the two outer courtyards are prohibited to carry from one to the other, as they did not establish an eiruv with one another.
拉瓦 提出一疑:拉比约哈难·本·努里 所执的是哪一样呢?他是以为无主之物也定居处么——就是说,纵不属谁的物件,安息日一起首也定下居处,因此可以各方各搬二千肘?
拉瓦 提出一疑:拉比约哈难·本·努里 所执的是哪一样呢?
Rava raised a dilemma: What does Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri hold?
他是以为无主之物也定居处么——就是说,纵不属谁的物件,安息日一起首也定下居处,因此可以各方各搬二千肘?
Does he hold that ownerless objects acquire residence for Shabbat, i.e., even an article that does not belong to anyone acquires residence at the onset of Shabbat and can therefore be carried two thousand cubits in each direction?
若照这样解,拉比约哈难·本·努里 本该连撇在田间的器皿也与众拉比相争才是,就是说照 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的意思,无主的器皿也可以各方各挪二千肘。他们所以单就人相争,是要显出众拉比这条严断严到什么地步:虽然有话可说——人醒着既为自己得二千肘,睡着也照样得——密释纳仍教我们说,众拉比不领这话,所以这一争才特特就着人来教。
若照这样解,拉比约哈难·本·努里 本该连撇在田间的器皿也与众拉比相争才是,就是说照 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的意思,无主的器皿也可以各方各挪二千肘。
And according to this understanding, Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri should by right have disagreed with the Rabbis even about utensils that were left in the field, i.e., that according to the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri, ownerless utensils can be moved two thousand cubits in each direction.
他们所以单就人相争,是要显出众拉比这条严断严到什么地步:虽然有话可说——人醒着既为自己得二千肘,睡着也照样得——密释纳仍教我们说,众拉比不领这话,所以这一争才特特就着人来教。
And the reason that they disagreed about a person is to convey the far-reaching nature of the stringent ruling of the Rabbis, that although there is room to say: Since a person who is awake acquires for himself two thousand cubits, he also acquires them if he is sleeping, the mishna nonetheless teaches us that the Rabbis did not accept this argument, and this is why the dispute is taught specifically with respect to a person.
还是我们该另作一解:拉比约哈难·本·努里 大体上是以为无主之物自己并不定居处的。这里论到人,缘故乃是这样:人醒着既为自己得二千肘,睡着也照样得。
还是我们该另作一解:拉比约哈难·本·努里 大体上是以为无主之物自己并不定居处的。
Or perhaps we should understand his position differently, that in general Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri holds that ownerless objects do not acquire residence of their own.
这里论到人,缘故乃是这样:人醒着既为自己得二千肘,睡着也照样得。
But here, with regard to a person, the reason is as follows: Since a person who is awake acquires for himself two thousand cubits, he also acquires them if he is sleeping.
拉夫约瑟 说:来听下面这条 《巴拉伊塔》,可解这疑:节期前夕下的雨,各方各得二千肘,就是说人可以在二千肘的范围里搬那雨水。雨若是节期当日下的,就如同众人的脚一样,因为它并没有定下居处,所以人走得到哪里,就可以把这水搬到哪里。
拉夫约瑟 说:来听下面这条 《巴拉伊塔》,可解这疑:节期前夕下的雨,各方各得二千肘,就是说人可以在二千肘的范围里搬那雨水。
Rav Yosef said: Come and hear a solution to this dilemma from the following baraita: Rain that fell on the eve of a Festival has two thousand cubits in each direction, meaning that one is permitted to carry the rainwater within a radius of two thousand cubits.
雨若是节期当日下的,就如同众人的脚一样,因为它并没有定下居处,所以人走得到哪里,就可以把这水搬到哪里。
But if the rain fell on the Festival itself, it is like the feet of all people, as it did not acquire residence, and consequently one is permitted to carry this water wherever he is permitted to walk.
你若说 拉比约哈难·本·努里 以为无主之物也定居处,那还讲得通:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是依谁的说法呢?是依 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的,所以节期前夕下的雨就在落处定了居处。
你若说 拉比约哈难·本·努里 以为无主之物也定居处,那还讲得通:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是依谁的说法呢?
Granted, it is understandable if you say that Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri holds that ownerless objects acquire residence; in accordance with whose opinion is this baraita?
是依 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的,所以节期前夕下的雨就在落处定了居处。
It is that of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri, and consequently the rain that fell on the eve of the Festival acquired residence in the spot where it fell.
你若说他执定无主之物不定居处,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 又是依谁的说法呢?既不是 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的,也不是众拉比的,因为它明说雨虽无主,仍定下居处。倒不如说:拉比约哈难·本·努里 是以为无主之物也定居处的,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 正是依他的说法。
你若说他执定无主之物不定居处,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 又是依谁的说法呢?
However, if you say that he maintains that ownerless objects do not acquire residence, in accordance with whose opinion is this baraita?
既不是 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的,也不是众拉比的,因为它明说雨虽无主,仍定下居处。
Neither that of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri, nor that of the Rabbis, as it clearly indicates that rain acquires a place of residence even though it has no owner.
倒不如说:拉比约哈难·本·努里 是以为无主之物也定居处的,这条 《巴拉伊塔》 正是依他的说法。
Rather, we must say that Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri is of the opinion that ownerless objects acquire residence, and this baraita is in accordance with his opinion.
阿巴耶 坐着诵这一条传述。拉夫萨夫拉 对 阿巴耶 说:这里所议的,或者是落在城旁的雨,那城里的人存意要用它,所以才各方各得二千肘。
阿巴耶 坐着诵这一条传述。
Abaye sat and recited this tradition.
拉夫萨夫拉 对 阿巴耶 说:这里所议的,或者是落在城旁的雨,那城里的人存意要用它,所以才各方各得二千肘。
Rav Safra said to Abaye: Perhaps we are dealing with rain that fell near a city, and the inhabitants of that city had it in mind, and that is why it acquires two thousand cubits in each direction.
阿巴耶 对他说:不可存这样的想头,因为我们在一段密释纳里学过:井若属一个人,井里的水就如同那人、就是井主的脚一样,他走得到哪里,水就可以搬到哪里。井若属一座城,水就如同那城众人的脚一样,那城的人走得到哪里,水就可以搬到哪里,就是从城起各方各二千肘。井若属从巴比伦上以色列地来的众朝圣者,就是属众犹太人、并不专属谁,井里的水就如同打水那人的脚一样,他走得到哪里,水就可以搬到哪里。
阿巴耶 对他说:不可存这样的想头,因为我们在一段密释纳里学过:井若属一个人,井里的水就如同那人、就是井主的脚一样,他走得到哪里,水就可以搬到哪里。
Abaye said to him: It should not enter your mind that such an understanding is correct, as we learned in a mishna: A cistern that belongs to an individual, its water is like the feet of that individual, the owner of the cistern, in that it may be carried wherever he is permitted to walk.
井若属一座城,水就如同那城众人的脚一样,那城的人走得到哪里,水就可以搬到哪里,就是从城起各方各二千肘。
And a cistern that belongs to a particular city, its water is like the feet of the people of that city, in that it may be carried wherever the inhabitants of that city may walk, i.e., two thousand cubits in each direction from the city.
井若属从巴比伦上以色列地来的众朝圣者,就是属众犹太人、并不专属谁,井里的水就如同打水那人的脚一样,他走得到哪里,水就可以搬到哪里。
And a cistern that belongs to pilgrims from Babylonia on the way to Eretz Yisrael, meaning that it belongs to all Jews and has no particular owner, its water is like the feet of the one who draws the water, in that it may be carried wherever he is permitted to walk.
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 又教说:井若属某一支派、并不专属谁,井里的水各方各得二千肘。这样,这两处就彼此相碍了:密释纳教说属全众的水不定居处,那条 《巴拉伊塔》 的 坦拿 却以为水可以从原处搬开二千肘。
一条 《巴拉伊塔》 又教说:井若属某一支派、并不专属谁,井里的水各方各得二千肘。
And it was taught in a baraita: A cistern that belongs to one of the tribes and has no particular owner, its water has two thousand cubits in each direction.
这样,这两处就彼此相碍了:密释纳教说属全众的水不定居处,那条 《巴拉伊塔》 的 坦拿 却以为水可以从原处搬开二千肘。
If so, these two sources contradict each other, as the mishna teaches that water that belongs to the entire community does not establish residence, whereas the tanna of the baraita holds that it may be carried two thousand cubits from its place.
倒不如说,要解这相碍,就从这里断定:那说水可搬二千肘的一处,是依 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的说法教的——他说无主之物也定居处;那说不专属谁的水如同打水人之脚的一处,是依众拉比的说法教的——他们说无主之物不定居处。
倒不如说,要解这相碍,就从这里断定:那说水可搬二千肘的一处,是依 拉比约哈难·本·努里 的说法教的——他说无主之物也定居处;那说不专属谁的水如同打水人之脚的一处,是依众拉比的说法教的——他们说无主之物不定居处。
Rather, in order to resolve the contradiction, learn from here: This source, which states that the water may be carried two thousand cubits, was taught in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri, who says that even ownerless objects acquire residence; that source, which states that water that does not belong to any particular person is like the feet of the one who draws it, was taught in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, who say that ownerless objects do not acquire residence.
革玛拉 记着:阿巴耶 到 拉夫约瑟 面前,对他说:拉夫萨夫拉 是这样说的,我是这样答他的。拉夫约瑟 对他说:你为什么不就用那条 《巴拉伊塔》 自身来答他呢?你若想说这里议的是落在城旁的雨,那么「雨水各方各得二千肘」这句话,你要怎样讲得通呢?
革玛拉 记着:阿巴耶 到 拉夫约瑟 面前,对他说:拉夫萨夫拉 是这样说的,我是这样答他的。
The Gemara relates that when Abaye came before Rav Yosef, he said to him: This is what Rav Safra said, and this is what I answered him.
拉夫约瑟 对他说:你为什么不就用那条 《巴拉伊塔》 自身来答他呢?
Rav Yosef said to him: And why did you not answer him from the baraita itself?
你若想说这里议的是落在城旁的雨,那么「雨水各方各得二千肘」这句话,你要怎样讲得通呢?
If it should enter your mind that we are dealing with rain that fell near a city, how can you understand the statement that the rainwater has two thousand cubits in each direction?
照你的解法,雨水所以可搬二千肘,是因城里的人存意要用它;那么这条 《巴拉伊塔》 该说:雨水如同那城众人的脚一样才是。倒不如说:城里的人并没有取得那水,水所以可在二千肘的范围里搬动,是因这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是依 拉比约哈难·本·努里「无主之物也定居处」的说法教的。
照你的解法,雨水所以可搬二千肘,是因城里的人存意要用它;那么这条 《巴拉伊塔》 该说:雨水如同那城众人的脚一样才是。
According to your understanding, that the rainwater may be carried two thousand cubits because the inhabitants of the town had it in mind, the baraita should have said: The rainwater is like the feet of the inhabitants of that city.
倒不如说:城里的人并没有取得那水,水所以可在二千肘的范围里搬动,是因这条 《巴拉伊塔》 是依 拉比约哈难·本·努里「无主之物也定居处」的说法教的。
Rather, you must say that the inhabitants of the city did not acquire the water and that it may be carried within a radius of two thousand cubits, because the baraita was taught in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Nuri, that ownerless objects acquire residence.
革玛拉 再往下究那条先前引过的 《巴拉伊塔》。师尊说:雨若是节期当日下的,就如同众人的脚一样。革玛拉 提一难:这是为什么呢?节期起首的时候,那水本在 大洋 里,居处该定在那里才是。水既在节期当日蒸腾成云、出了自己的界,就该禁人把它挪出四肘以外。
革玛拉 再往下究那条先前引过的 《巴拉伊塔》。
The Gemara further examines the baraita cited earlier.
师尊说:雨若是节期当日下的,就如同众人的脚一样。
The Master said: If rain fell on the Festival itself, it is like the feet of all people.
革玛拉 提一难:这是为什么呢?
The Gemara raises a difficulty: And why should this be?
节期起首的时候,那水本在 大洋 里,居处该定在那里才是。
The water should have acquired residence in the ocean [okeyanos], where it was when the Festival began.
水既在节期当日蒸腾成云、出了自己的界,就该禁人把它挪出四肘以外。
And since the water went out on the Festival beyond its limit after it evaporated and formed into clouds, moving the water more than four cubits should be prohibited.
我们且说:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 不是依 拉比以利以谢 的说法教的。因为若是依 拉比以利以谢 的,他说过:全世界都饮 大洋 的水——这就是说,雨的来源是大洋蒸腾的水气。
我们且说:这条 《巴拉伊塔》 不是依 拉比以利以谢 的说法教的。
Let us say that this baraita was taught not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer.
因为若是依 拉比以利以谢 的,他说过:全世界都饮 大洋 的水——这就是说,雨的来源是大洋蒸腾的水气。
Because if it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer, he said: The entire world drinks from the waters of the ocean; that is to say, evaporated ocean water is the source of rain.
拉比以撒 说:这里议的是节期前夕就已结成的云。这些云既在节期以先就结成了,那水就没有在 大洋 里定居处,也没有在节期当日出界。
拉比以撒 说:这里议的是节期前夕就已结成的云。
Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Here we are dealing with clouds that were already formed on the eve of the Festival.
这些云既在节期以先就结成了,那水就没有在 大洋 里定居处,也没有在节期当日出界。
Since these clouds were already formed before the Festival, the water did not acquire residence in the ocean or travel beyond its limit on the Festival.
革玛拉 问:只是节期前夕已结成的那些云,或者已经散去,落这雨的乃是另一些云、是在 大洋 里定了居处的呢?革玛拉 答:这里议的是有记号可认、显明是原来那些云、不是另一些的情形。
革玛拉 问:只是节期前夕已结成的那些云,或者已经散去,落这雨的乃是另一些云、是在 大洋 里定了居处的呢?
The Gemara asks: But perhaps those clouds that had already been formed on the eve of the Festival went away, and these clouds, from which the rain fell, are others that did acquire residence in the ocean?
革玛拉 答:这里议的是有记号可认、显明是原来那些云、不是另一些的情形。
The Gemara answers: We are dealing here with a case where there is an identifying sign that these are the same clouds and not others.
你若愿意,也可以说另有一个不必挂虑是否另一些云的缘故:是不是原来那些云,这一层所疑的是拉比之律,凡所疑的是拉比之律,通例是可以从宽解的。
你若愿意,也可以说另有一个不必挂虑是否另一些云的缘故:是不是原来那些云,这一层所疑的是拉比之律,凡所疑的是拉比之律,通例是可以从宽解的。
And if you wish, say that there is another reason we are not concerned that these might be other clouds: This matter of whether or not they are the same clouds pertains to an uncertainty with respect to a rabbinic law, and the principle is that with regard to an uncertainty concerning a rabbinic law, one may follow the lenient understanding.
革玛拉 问:节期起首的时候那水本在云里,就让它在云里定居处、从那里量它的界,岂不可以么?那条 《巴拉伊塔》 既教说水如同众人的脚一样,这样就可以从这里解开另一疑,说十掌宽以上并无安息日之界的禁,人在这高处可以走过二千肘。因为十掌宽以上若有安息日之界的禁,那水就该在云里定居处了。
革玛拉 问:节期起首的时候那水本在云里,就让它在云里定居处、从那里量它的界,岂不可以么?
The Gemara asks: Let the water acquire residence in the clouds, where it was when the Festival began, and its limit should be measured from there.
那条 《巴拉伊塔》 既教说水如同众人的脚一样,这样就可以从这里解开另一疑,说十掌宽以上并无安息日之界的禁,人在这高处可以走过二千肘。
Since the baraita taught that the water is like the feet of all people, if so, resolve from here another dilemma, and say that there is no prohibition of Shabbat limits above ten handbreadths, and one is permitted to travel more than two thousand cubits above this height.
因为十掌宽以上若有安息日之界的禁,那水就该在云里定居处了。
For if there is a prohibition of Shabbat limits above ten handbreadths, let the water acquire residence in the clouds.
革玛拉 驳这一说:其实我可以对你说:十掌宽以上也有安息日之界的禁;水所以不在云里定居处,是因它吸在云里。水在云里既不是平素的形状、乃是另换了一样形体,就不在那里定居处。
革玛拉 驳这一说:其实我可以对你说:十掌宽以上也有安息日之界的禁;水所以不在云里定居处,是因它吸在云里。
The Gemara rejects this argument: Actually, I can say to you: There is a prohibition of Shabbat limits even above ten handbreadths, and the water does not acquire residence in the clouds because it is absorbed in the clouds.
水在云里既不是平素的形状、乃是另换了一样形体,就不在那里定居处。
Since water does not exist in its usual state within the clouds, but rather takes on a different form, it does not acquire residence there.