只是平常日子他一概不可喝酒,恐怕弥赛亚已经来了而他还没有得着信。
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只是平常日子他一概不可喝酒,恐怕弥赛亚已经来了而他还没有得着信。
However, he is prohibited to drink wine on all weekdays, in case the Messiah has come and he has not yet been informed.
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这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 11 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
只是平常日子他一概不可喝酒,恐怕弥赛亚已经来了而他还没有得着信。
只是平常日子他一概不可喝酒,恐怕弥赛亚已经来了而他还没有得着信。
However, he is prohibited to drink wine on all weekdays, in case the Messiah has come and he has not yet been informed.
革玛拉 讲明:你若说安息日之界通到十掌以上,那么他安息日与节期可以喝酒才讲得通——因为那几日弥赛亚断不至从安息日之界以外来。可你若说安息日之界不通到十掌以上,他安息日与节期何以就可以喝酒呢?
革玛拉 讲明:你若说安息日之界通到十掌以上,那么他安息日与节期可以喝酒才讲得通——因为那几日弥赛亚断不至从安息日之界以外来。
The Gemara clarifies: Granted, if you say that the prohibition of Shabbat limits applies above ten handbreadths, that is why on Shabbat and Festivals he is permitted to drink wine, for the Messiah will certainly not arrive from outside the Shabbat limit on those days.
可你若说安息日之界不通到十掌以上,他安息日与节期何以就可以喝酒呢?
But if you say that the prohibition of Shabbat limits does not apply above ten handbreadths, why is he permitted to drink wine on Shabbat and Festivals?
革玛拉 答:那里不同,因为经上说:「看哪,耶和华大而可畏之日未到以前,我必差遣先知以利亚到你们那里去。他必使父亲的心转向儿女,儿女的心转向父亲」(玛拉基书 3:23–24)。这一句教人:以利亚必在弥赛亚来到的前一日来。以利亚既没有前一日来,弥赛亚今日就不来,所以他可以喝。
革玛拉 答:那里不同,因为经上说:「看哪,耶和华大而可畏之日未到以前,我必差遣先知以利亚到你们那里去。他必使父亲的心转向儿女,儿女的心转向父亲」(玛拉基书 3:23–24)。
The Gemara answers: It is different there, as the verse stated: “Behold I will send you Elijah the prophet, before the coming of the great and dreadful day of the Lord; and he shall turn the heart of the fathers to the children, and the heart of the children to their fathers” (Malachi 3:23–24).
这一句教人:以利亚必在弥赛亚来到的前一日来。
This verse teaches that Elijah will arrive the day before the coming of the Messiah.
以利亚既没有前一日来,弥赛亚今日就不来,所以他可以喝。
Since Elijah did not come the previous day, the Messiah will not come today, and therefore he may drink.
革玛拉 驳这个讲法:若是这样,平常日子他也当天天都可以喝酒,因为以利亚前一日并没有来。所以平常日子所以禁,缘故必是:我们说以利亚或已到了大公会那里,只是还没有传开、成了众人所知的事。照样,这里我们也当说:以利亚或已在前一日、就是安息日或节期前夕,到了大公会那里。
革玛拉 驳这个讲法:若是这样,平常日子他也当天天都可以喝酒,因为以利亚前一日并没有来。
The Gemara rejects this argument: If so, on weekdays, too, he should be permitted to drink wine each and every day, as Elijah did not arrive the previous day.
所以平常日子所以禁,缘故必是:我们说以利亚或已到了大公会那里,只是还没有传开、成了众人所知的事。
Rather, the reason for the prohibition on weekdays must be that we say that Elijah may already have arrived at the Great Court, but it has not yet become a matter of public knowledge.
照样,这里我们也当说:以利亚或已在前一日、就是安息日或节期前夕,到了大公会那里。
Likewise, here too we should say that Elijah already arrived the previous day at the Great Court, on the eve of Shabbat or a Festival.
革玛拉 答:早已应许了以色列人:以利亚不在安息日前夕、也不在节期前夕来,免得添搅扰——只怕众人出去迎他,来不及办完那圣日一切当预备的。
革玛拉 答:早已应许了以色列人:以利亚不在安息日前夕、也不在节期前夕来,免得添搅扰——只怕众人出去迎他,来不及办完那圣日一切当预备的。
The Gemara answers: It has already been promised to the Jewish people that Elijah will not come either on the eve of Shabbat or on the eve of a Festival, due to the trouble, lest people go out to greet him and not have time to complete all their preparations for the sacred day.
革玛拉 说:你心里或以为:以利亚既因搅扰之故不在安息日前夕来,弥赛亚也就不在那时来;若是这样,他安息日前夕也当可以喝酒。只是这个推法当撤回:不来的单是以利亚,弥赛亚自己倒可以来——因为弥赛亚一来,万民都要服事以色列人,帮他们预备安息日一切所需的。
革玛拉 说:你心里或以为:以利亚既因搅扰之故不在安息日前夕来,弥赛亚也就不在那时来;若是这样,他安息日前夕也当可以喝酒。
The Gemara comments: It might enter your mind to say that since Elijah will not come on Shabbat eve due to the trouble involved, the Messiah will also not come then, and if so, on Shabbat eve he should also be permitted to drink wine.
只是这个推法当撤回:不来的单是以利亚,弥赛亚自己倒可以来——因为弥赛亚一来,万民都要服事以色列人,帮他们预备安息日一切所需的。
However, this reasoning is rejected: It is only Elijah who will not arrive on Shabbat eve, but the Messiah himself may arrive, for once the Messiah comes, all the nations will be subservient to the Jewish people, and they will help them prepare whatever is needed for Shabbat.
革玛拉 提一难:那么安息日次日他也当可以喝酒,因为以利亚既不能在安息日来,弥赛亚就不在次日来。我们何不从这里断定安息日之界不通到十掌以上呢——因为安息日之界若通到十掌以上,那么安息日次日他就当可以喝酒,因为以利亚不能在安息日来。
革玛拉 提一难:那么安息日次日他也当可以喝酒,因为以利亚既不能在安息日来,弥赛亚就不在次日来。
The Gemara raises a difficulty: He should be permitted to drink wine on a Sunday, for if Elijah cannot come on Shabbat, the Messiah will not come on a Sunday.
我们何不从这里断定安息日之界不通到十掌以上呢——因为安息日之界若通到十掌以上,那么安息日次日他就当可以喝酒,因为以利亚不能在安息日来。
Let us resolve from here that the prohibition of Shabbat limits does not apply above ten handbreadths, as if the prohibition of Shabbat limits applies above ten handbreadths, on Sunday he should be permitted to drink wine, as Elijah cannot come on Shabbat.
革玛拉 答:这一位 坦拿 于「十掌以上有没有安息日之界」本是未定的。所以他论安息日次日就从严断了。
革玛拉 答:这一位 坦拿 于「十掌以上有没有安息日之界」本是未定的。
The Gemara answers: This tanna was uncertain whether there is a prohibition of Shabbat limits above ten handbreadths or there is no prohibition of Shabbat limits.
所以他论安息日次日就从严断了。
Therefore, he ruled stringently in this regard concerning Sunday.
革玛拉 提一问:那许拿细耳之愿的人,是几时起来许的呢?你若说他是平常日子起来许的,那么拿细耳之愿既已生效,安息日怎能来把它废了呢?拿细耳之愿断不能今日生效、明日就废;一生了效,就在他所许的整段日子里一直生效。
革玛拉 提一问:那许拿细耳之愿的人,是几时起来许的呢?
The Gemara poses a question: When did the person who took the vow of naziriteship arise and take his vow?
你若说他是平常日子起来许的,那么拿细耳之愿既已生效,安息日怎能来把它废了呢?
If you say he arose and took his vow on a weekday, since the vow of naziriteship already took effect, how can Shabbat come and annul it?
拿细耳之愿断不能今日生效、明日就废;一生了效,就在他所许的整段日子里一直生效。
Naziriteship cannot take effect one day and be annulled on the next; rather, once it applies, it remains in effect for the entire period of his vow.
所以那必是他安息日起来许的,或是节期起来许的;惟那一日他可以喝酒,因为弥赛亚不来;从那日以后他就不可喝酒了——因为那愿一在平常日子生了效,从那时起就一直生效,连安息日与节期也是一样。
所以那必是他安息日起来许的,或是节期起来许的;惟那一日他可以喝酒,因为弥赛亚不来;从那日以后他就不可喝酒了——因为那愿一在平常日子生了效,从那时起就一直生效,连安息日与节期也是一样。
Rather, it must be that he arose on Shabbat and took his vow, or else he arose on a Festival and took his vow, and it is only on that day that he is permitted to drink wine, as the Messiah will not come; but from that day on he is prohibited to drink wine, for once the naziriteship takes effect on a weekday, it remains in effect from that point onwards, even on Shabbat and Festivals.
密释纳里教说:有一次安息日前夕,他们直到天黑以后才进港,就问 拉班迦玛列 可否下船。他对他们说可以下船,因为他看着,知道天黑以先他们已进了城界之内,所以可以在全城走动。
密释纳里教说:有一次安息日前夕,他们直到天黑以后才进港,就问 拉班迦玛列 可否下船。
It was taught in the mishna: On one occasion, they did not enter the port until after nightfall on Shabbat eve, and they asked Rabban Gamliel whether they were permitted to alight from the boat.
他对他们说可以下船,因为他看着,知道天黑以先他们已进了城界之内,所以可以在全城走动。
He told them that they were permitted to alight, for he had been watching, and he knew that they had entered within the city’s limit before nightfall, and therefore they may walk throughout the city.
为讲明这一件,革玛拉 引一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的:拉班迦玛列 有一根特制的管,他从那管里望出去,在陆上能看二千肘,在海上也能量出相当的二千肘。
为讲明这一件,革玛拉 引一条 《巴拉伊塔》 所教的:拉班迦玛列 有一根特制的管,他从那管里望出去,在陆上能看二千肘,在海上也能量出相当的二千肘。
In order to clarify this issue, the Gemara cites that which was taught in a baraita: Rabban Gamliel had a special tube through which he would look and see a distance of two thousand cubits on land, and also determine a corresponding distance of two thousand cubits at sea.
通常人若要知道一个谷有多深,可以拿这样一根管来望,就知道那谷的深浅了。
通常人若要知道一个谷有多深,可以拿这样一根管来望,就知道那谷的深浅了。
In general, one who wishes to know the depth of a valley can bring such a tube and look through it, and he will know the depth of the valley.
革玛拉 又引一段论量法的话:人若要知道一棵棕树有多高、又不愿真爬上去量,可以量自己的身量、自己影子的长、并那棕树影子的长,按比例算一算,就知道那棕树的高了。
革玛拉 又引一段论量法的话:人若要知道一棵棕树有多高、又不愿真爬上去量,可以量自己的身量、自己影子的长、并那棕树影子的长,按比例算一算,就知道那棕树的高了。
The Gemara cites another statement with regard to measurements: One who wishes to know the height of a palm tree, but does not want to actually climb the tree to measure it, can measure his own height, and the length of his own shadow, and the length of the shadow of the height of the palm tree, and calculate the proportions, and he will know the height of the palm tree.
革玛拉 又引一条相关的法子:人若为敬重死者、不愿野兽卧在坟的荫下,可以在白日第四时之末、约上午十点、日头正烈而荫下正凉、野兽开始寻荫的时候,把一根苇插在地上。他看那苇的影子往哪一边斜,就把墓石一上一下地斜过来,直到寻着一个角度、那时候不投下影子;如此白日炎热之时野兽就不来卧在坟上了。
革玛拉 又引一条相关的法子:人若为敬重死者、不愿野兽卧在坟的荫下,可以在白日第四时之末、约上午十点、日头正烈而荫下正凉、野兽开始寻荫的时候,把一根苇插在地上。
The Gemara cites related advice: If, out of honor for the dead, one wishes that a wild beast should not rest in the shade of a grave, he should insert a reed into the ground at the end of the fourth hour of the day, roughly ten o’clock in the morning, when it is hot in the sun and cooler in the shade, and beasts begin to seek shelter in the shade.
他看那苇的影子往哪一边斜,就把墓石一上一下地斜过来,直到寻着一个角度、那时候不投下影子;如此白日炎热之时野兽就不来卧在坟上了。
And he should observe in which direction the shadow of the reed inclines, and then slant the gravestone upwards and downwards until he finds an angle at which it casts no shadow at that hour, and the beasts will not come to rest at the grave during the heat of the day.
革玛拉 记着:拉夫哈尼莱之子尼希米 有一次专心研习,竟不觉自己走出了安息日之界。拉夫希斯达 对 拉夫纳赫曼 说:你的门生尼希米在难处——他在安息日之界以外,进不来了。我们能为他怎样办呢?
革玛拉 记着:拉夫哈尼莱之子尼希米 有一次专心研习,竟不觉自己走出了安息日之界。
The Gemara relates that Neḥemya, son of Rav Ḥanilai, was once so engrossed in his learning that he did not notice that he was going out beyond his Shabbat limit.
拉夫希斯达 对 拉夫纳赫曼 说:你的门生尼希米在难处——他在安息日之界以外,进不来了。
Rav Ḥisda said to Rav Naḥman: Your student Neḥemya is in distress, as he is outside the Shabbat limit and cannot enter.
我们能为他怎样办呢?
What can we do for him?
拉夫纳赫曼 对他说:给他立一道人作的隔断——就是那几个许出去到那里的人排成人墙;他就可以从其中走过来,如此回到安息日之界以内。
拉夫纳赫曼 对他说:给他立一道人作的隔断——就是那几个许出去到那里的人排成人墙;他就可以从其中走过来,如此回到安息日之界以内。
Rav Naḥman said to him: Establish a human partition for him, i.e., people who are permitted to go out there should line up and form human walls, through which he is permitted to walk and thereby reenter the Shabbat limit.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 坐在 拉瓦 后头,拉瓦 坐在 拉夫纳赫曼 面前的头一排。拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 对 拉瓦 说:拉夫希斯达 论尼希米的难处向 拉夫纳赫曼 所提的,究竟是哪一疑呢?
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 坐在 拉瓦 后头,拉瓦 坐在 拉夫纳赫曼 面前的头一排。
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak sat behind Rava, and Rava sat in the first row before Rav Naḥman.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 对 拉瓦 说:拉夫希斯达 论尼希米的难处向 拉夫纳赫曼 所提的,究竟是哪一疑呢?
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to Rava: What precisely was Rav Ḥisda’s dilemma that he addressed to Rav Naḥman with regard to Neḥemya’s distress?
革玛拉 讲明:你若说我们所议的是那样一件——尼希米与安息日之界之间那一段,可以由几个立过 合界、因而许出界的人站满、为尼希米立成人墙——那么可以说他所提的一疑是:所断的 哈拉哈 依 拉班迦玛列 的意思么?那一位说,人纵没有在安息日以先、天还亮着的时候在那围地之内定居处,也可以在整片围地里走动;照样,这样一道人作的隔断也当如此。
革玛拉 讲明:你若说我们所议的是那样一件——尼希米与安息日之界之间那一段,可以由几个立过 合界、因而许出界的人站满、为尼希米立成人墙——那么可以说他所提的一疑是:所断的 哈拉哈 依 拉班迦玛列 的意思么?那一位说,人纵没有在安息日以先、天还亮着的时候在那围地之内定居处,也可以在整片围地里走动;照样,这样一道人作的隔断也当如此。
The Gemara explains: If you say that we are dealing with a case where the space between Neḥemya and the Shabbat limit could be filled with people who had established an eiruv and were permitted to go out beyond the Shabbat limit and establish a human partition for Neḥemya, and then it can be argued that the dilemma that he raised was: Is the halakha in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Gamliel that a person may walk throughout an enclosed area, although he had not established residence there before Shabbat while it was still day, and the same applies to a human partition of this kind;