——须爬下井去,在那里喝。
-
——须爬下井去,在那里喝。
must climb up and climb down into the well, and drink there.
← 移入纹卷总目·第二章 井边立板
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
——须爬下井去,在那里喝。
——须爬下井去,在那里喝。
must climb up and climb down into the well, and drink there.
革玛拉 提一难:果真如此么?井四围立竖板这一许,单是为牲畜么?拉夫以撒 岂不是奉 拉夫犹大 之名、拉夫犹大 奉 撒母耳 之名说过:井四围的竖板,单在那井有可喝的活泉水时才许?这一许若单为牲畜,那么泉水与蓄的水于我有何分别呢?蓄的水固然不及泉水,牲畜喝却还合用。革玛拉 答:我们要的是合人喝的水。
革玛拉 提一难:果真如此么?
The Gemara raises a difficulty: Is that so?
井四围立竖板这一许,单是为牲畜么?
Is the allowance of upright boards for animals alone?
拉夫以撒 岂不是奉 拉夫犹大 之名、拉夫犹大 奉 撒母耳 之名说过:井四围的竖板,单在那井有可喝的活泉水时才许?
Didn’t Rav Yitzḥak say that Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: Upright boards surrounding wells were permitted only where the wells contain potable, running spring water?
这一许若单为牲畜,那么泉水与蓄的水于我有何分别呢?
If the allowance is only for animals, what is the difference to me if it is spring water and what is the difference to me if it is collected water?
蓄的水固然不及泉水,牲畜喝却还合用。
Granted, collected water is inferior to spring water, but it is still suitable for animals to drink.
革玛拉 答:我们要的是合人喝的水。
The Gemara answers: We require something that is fit for humans.
革玛拉 细看上头议论中所引的那条 《巴拉伊塔》。回到那一件本身,就是上头所引的话:井四围的竖板单是为牲畜才许的,人却须爬下井去,在那里喝。只是那井若宽得他爬不下去,那么为人也是许的。安息日人不可把桶盛满水、拿在自己牲畜面前;只可把水盛来倒在槽里、放在那牲畜面前,让它自己去喝。
革玛拉 细看上头议论中所引的那条 《巴拉伊塔》。
The Gemara examines the baraita cited in the course of the previous discussion.
回到那一件本身,就是上头所引的话:井四围的竖板单是为牲畜才许的,人却须爬下井去,在那里喝。
Returning to the matter itself, the statement quoted above: Upright boards surrounding wells were permitted only for cattle, but a person must climb up and climb down into the well and drink there.
只是那井若宽得他爬不下去,那么为人也是许的。
But if the wells were too wide for him to climb, they are permitted for a person as well.
安息日人不可把桶盛满水、拿在自己牲畜面前;只可把水盛来倒在槽里、放在那牲畜面前,让它自己去喝。
A person may not fill a bucket with water and hold it before his animal on Shabbat, but he may fill it and pour it out before the animal into a trough, and the animal drinks of its own accord.
拉夫阿南 力驳这个讲法:若是这样,井四围的板还有什么用处呢?革玛拉 当即诧异:他怎能问「还有什么用处」呢?那几片板使人可以从井里打水,不然那是禁的。
拉夫阿南 力驳这个讲法:若是这样,井四围的板还有什么用处呢?
Rav Anan strongly objects to this explanation: If so, what purpose do the boards surrounding a well serve?
革玛拉 当即诧异:他怎能问「还有什么用处」呢?
The Gemara immediately expresses its surprise: How can he ask what purpose do they serve?
那几片板使人可以从井里打水,不然那是禁的。
They allow people to draw water from the wells, which would otherwise be prohibited.
所以 拉夫阿南 那一问当这样领会:既然一概不许拿桶直接给母牛喝,那么定要所围之地大得容母牛的头与大半身子,又有什么用处呢?
所以 拉夫阿南 那一问当这样领会:既然一概不许拿桶直接给母牛喝,那么定要所围之地大得容母牛的头与大半身子,又有什么用处呢?
Rather, Rav Anan’s question should be understood as follows: What purpose is served in requiring that the enclosed area be large enough for the cow’s head and most of its body, if in any case the cow may not be given to drink straight from the bucket?
阿巴耶 说:其实在井四围板所围之内,不拘怎样给牲畜喝水都是许的。那么这里我们说的是哪一样呢?我们说的是一样特例:一个槽立在公共区里,高十掌宽四掌、就是算作私人区,而它有一头插在井四围的竖板之间。那样情形,众贤者才禁人在竖板所围之内把桶盛满水、拿在自己牲畜面前——他们顾虑那槽可能坏了,人去修它的时候就可能把桶从私人区带到公共区,或从公共区带进私人区。
阿巴耶 说:其实在井四围板所围之内,不拘怎样给牲畜喝水都是许的。
Abaye said: In fact, it is permitted to give the animal to drink in any manner in the area enclosed by the boards surrounding the well.
那么这里我们说的是哪一样呢?
With what are we dealing here?
我们说的是一样特例:一个槽立在公共区里,高十掌宽四掌、就是算作私人区,而它有一头插在井四围的竖板之间。
We are dealing with a special case, with a manger or trough that stands in the public domain, and is ten handbreadths high and four handbreadths wide, i.e., it constitutes a private domain, and one end of it interposes into the area between the upright boards surrounding a well.
那样情形,众贤者才禁人在竖板所围之内把桶盛满水、拿在自己牲畜面前——他们顾虑那槽可能坏了,人去修它的时候就可能把桶从私人区带到公共区,或从公共区带进私人区。
In such a case, the Sages prohibited one to fill a bucket with water in the area enclosed by the upright boards and hold it before his animal; they were concerned that the manger might become damaged, and one might come to carry the bucket from the private domain into the public domain or vice versa while fixing the damaged manger.
安息日人不可离城走过二千肘。只是城外若有几座小小的 守望棚、彼此相隔不远的,那几座就算作城的一部分,二千肘之限就从末后那一座量起。拉夫耶利米·巴尔·阿巴 奉 拉夫 之名说:论那几座 守望棚 的律,在巴比伦不用;井四围立竖板这一许,在以色列地以外也不用。
安息日人不可离城走过二千肘。
It is prohibited to walk more than two thousand cubits from a city on Shabbat.
只是城外若有几座小小的 守望棚、彼此相隔不远的,那几座就算作城的一部分,二千肘之限就从末后那一座量起。
However, if there are small watchmen’s huts [burganin] outside the city that are relatively close together, they are considered part of the city, and consequently the two thousand cubit limit is measured from the last such hut.
拉夫耶利米·巴尔·阿巴 奉 拉夫 之名说:论那几座 守望棚 的律,在巴比伦不用;井四围立竖板这一许,在以色列地以外也不用。
Rav Yirmeya bar Abba said that Rav said: The law with regard to these huts [burganin] does not apply in Babylonia, nor does the allowance with regard to upright boards surrounding a well apply outside of Eretz Yisrael.
革玛拉 讲明:论棚的律在巴比伦不用,是因那里常有大水;那几座棚既容易被水冲去,就算不得住处。井四围立竖板这一许在以色列地以外不用,是因那里少有 学院,而这一许原是单为那为诫命之事出行的人开的,如为学 妥拉 出行的。只是反过来我们倒说:棚的律在以色列地以外也用,井四围竖板这一许在巴比伦也用。
革玛拉 讲明:论棚的律在巴比伦不用,是因那里常有大水;那几座棚既容易被水冲去,就算不得住处。
The Gemara explains: The law with regard to huts does not apply in Babylonia because floods are common there; and since the huts are liable to be swept away by the floodwaters, they are not regarded as dwellings.
井四围立竖板这一许在以色列地以外不用,是因那里少有 学院,而这一许原是单为那为诫命之事出行的人开的,如为学 妥拉 出行的。
The allowance with regard to upright boards surrounding a well does not apply outside of Eretz Yisrael, because yeshivot are not common there, and the allowance was only granted to those traveling for the sake of a mitzva such as Torah study.
只是反过来我们倒说:棚的律在以色列地以外也用,井四围竖板这一许在巴比伦也用。
But we do say the opposite, i.e., we apply the law of huts outside of Eretz Yisrael and we apply the allowance of upright boards surrounding a well in Babylonia.
革玛拉 又引上头那一番议论的另一传法。有人说 拉夫耶利米·巴尔·阿巴 奉 拉夫 之名说:棚与井四围竖板这两条律,不但在巴比伦不用,在以色列地以外一概也不用。革玛拉 讲明:棚的律在巴比伦不用,是因那里常有大水。在以色列地以外也不用,是因那里常有贼偷那样的棚;所以人不把那些棚当作住处。
革玛拉 又引上头那一番议论的另一传法。
The Gemara cites an alternative version of the previous discussion.
有人说 拉夫耶利米·巴尔·阿巴 奉 拉夫 之名说:棚与井四围竖板这两条律,不但在巴比伦不用,在以色列地以外一概也不用。
Some say that Rav Yirmeya bar Abba said that Rav said: The laws with regard to huts and upright boards surrounding a well apply neither in Babylonia specifically, nor outside of Eretz Yisrael generally.
革玛拉 讲明:棚的律在巴比伦不用,是因那里常有大水。
The Gemara explains: The law with regard to huts does not apply in Babylonia, because floods are common there.
在以色列地以外也不用,是因那里常有贼偷那样的棚;所以人不把那些棚当作住处。
It also does not apply outside of Eretz Yisrael, because thieves who steal from such huts are common there; therefore, people do not regard the huts as dwellings.
井四围立竖板这一许在巴比伦不用,是因那里水多。巴比伦河渠甚多,所以那里并不缺井。在以色列地以外一概也不用,是因那里少有 学院。
井四围立竖板这一许在巴比伦不用,是因那里水多。
The allowance with regard to upright boards surrounding a well does not apply in Babylonia, because water is common there.
巴比伦河渠甚多,所以那里并不缺井。
Babylonia has many rivers and canals, and therefore wells are not essential there.
在以色列地以外一概也不用,是因那里少有 学院。
Outside of Eretz Yisrael in general it also does not apply, because yeshivot are not common there.
拉夫希斯达 对 拉夫胡纳之子马雷——就是 拉夫耶利米·巴尔·阿巴 的孙子——说:人说你安息日从 巴尔尼什 城走到但以理会堂,那有三 帕尔萨 之远。你所靠的是什么呢?你靠的是城外那几座棚、以为它们把安息日的界域往会堂那边延了么?你祖父岂不是奉 拉夫 之名说过:棚的律在巴比伦不用?
拉夫希斯达 对 拉夫胡纳之子马雷——就是 拉夫耶利米·巴尔·阿巴 的孙子——说:人说你安息日从 巴尔尼什 城走到但以理会堂,那有三 帕尔萨 之远。
Rav Ḥisda said to Marei, son of Rav Huna, son of Rav Yirmeya bar Abba: People say that you walk from the city of Barnish to Daniel’s synagogue, which is a distance of three parasangs [parsei], on Shabbat.
你所靠的是什么呢?
Upon what do you rely?
你靠的是城外那几座棚、以为它们把安息日的界域往会堂那边延了么?
Do you rely on the huts located at the city’s outskirts that extend the Shabbat boundary toward the synagogue?
你祖父岂不是奉 拉夫 之名说过:棚的律在巴比伦不用?
Didn’t your father’s father say in the name of Rav: The law of huts does not apply in Babylonia?
拉夫胡纳之子马雷 就出去,指给 拉夫希斯达 看几处城的废墟,彼此相隔都在七十肘零三分之二肘之内。他所靠的是那几处废墟,不是那几座棚,所以许他从 巴尔尼什 一直走到但以理会堂。
拉夫胡纳之子马雷 就出去,指给 拉夫希斯达 看几处城的废墟,彼此相隔都在七十肘零三分之二肘之内。
Marei then went out and showed Rav Ḥisda certain ruins of towns that were subsumed within a distance of seventy cubits and a remainder, two-thirds of a cubit, of each other.
他所靠的是那几处废墟,不是那几座棚,所以许他从 巴尔尼什 一直走到但以理会堂。
He relied upon the ruins, rather than upon the huts, to be permitted to walk the entire distance from Barnish to Daniel’s synagogue.
拉夫希斯达 说:马里·巴尔·马尔 讲说:经上写着「我看万事尽有穷尽,惟有你的命令极其宽广」(诗篇 119:96)——这是什么意思呢?妥拉 何等宽广这个意思,大卫 说过,却没有讲明;约伯 说过,也没有讲明;以西结 说过,也没有讲明;直到 撒迦利亚——比利家的儿子、易多的孙子——来了,才讲明了。
拉夫希斯达 说:马里·巴尔·马尔 讲说:经上写着「我看万事尽有穷尽,惟有你的命令极其宽广」(诗篇 119:96)——这是什么意思呢?
Rav Ḥisda said: Mari bar Mar interpreted homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “I have seen a limit to every purpose; but Your commandment is exceedingly broad” (Psalms 119:96)?
妥拉 何等宽广这个意思,大卫 说过,却没有讲明;约伯 说过,也没有讲明;以西结 说过,也没有讲明;直到 撒迦利亚——比利家的儿子、易多的孙子——来了,才讲明了。
This idea with regard to the breadth of the Torah was stated by David, but he did not explain it; it was stated by Job, but he too did not explain it; it was stated by Ezekiel, but he also did not explain it, until Zechariah, son of Berechiah, son of Iddo, came and explained it.
拉夫希斯达 讲说:这个意思 大卫 说过却没有讲明,因为经上写着:「我看万事尽有穷尽,惟有你的命令极其宽广」——他只说 妥拉 极其宽广,并没有讲明宽到什么地步。照样,约伯 说过也没有讲明,因为经上写着:「其量比地长,比海宽」(约伯记 11:9)。
拉夫希斯达 讲说:这个意思 大卫 说过却没有讲明,因为经上写着:「我看万事尽有穷尽,惟有你的命令极其宽广」——他只说 妥拉 极其宽广,并没有讲明宽到什么地步。
Rav Ḥisda explains: This idea was stated by David, but he did not explain it, as it is written: “I have seen a limit to every purpose; but Your commandment is exceedingly broad,” i.e., he stated that the Torah is exceedingly broad, but he did not explain how broad.
照样,约伯 说过也没有讲明,因为经上写着:「其量比地长,比海宽」(约伯记 11:9)。
And likewise this idea was stated by Job, but he too did not explain it, as it is written: “Its measure is longer than the earth and broader than the sea” (Job 11:9).
照样,以西结 说过也没有讲明,因为经上写着:「他将那书卷在我面前展开,内外都写着字,其上所写的有哀号、有叹息(הֶגֶה)、有悲痛(וָהִי)」(以西结书 2:10)。
照样,以西结 说过也没有讲明,因为经上写着:「他将那书卷在我面前展开,内外都写着字,其上所写的有哀号、有叹息(הֶגֶה)、有悲痛(וָהִי)」(以西结书 2:10)。
And similarly, it was stated by Ezekiel, but he also did not explain it, as it is written: “And He spread it,” the scroll, “before me, and it was written inside and outside; and in it was written lamentations, and melody [hegeh], and woe [vahi]” (Ezekiel 2:10).
革玛拉 讲明:「哀号」是指义人在今世所受的苦,正如经上说:「这是哀歌,人必用以举哀」(以西结书 32:16)。「叹息(הֶגֶה)」是指义人在来世所得的赏——这字是喜乐之词,可从这一句得证:「用十弦的乐器和琴,用琴的清音(הִגָּיוֹן)」(诗篇 92:4)。「悲痛(וָהִי)」是指恶人在来世所受的罚,正如经上说:「灾祸(הֹוָה)加上灾祸」(以西结书 7:26)。
革玛拉 讲明:「哀号」是指义人在今世所受的苦,正如经上说:「这是哀歌,人必用以举哀」(以西结书 32:16)。
The Gemara explains: “Lamentations,” this refers to the punishment of the righteous in this world, and so it is stated: “It is a lamentation and they shall make lament with it” (Ezekiel 32:16).
「叹息(הֶגֶה)」是指义人在来世所得的赏——这字是喜乐之词,可从这一句得证:「用十弦的乐器和琴,用琴的清音(הִגָּיוֹן)」(诗篇 92:4)。
“And melody [hegeh],” this refers to the reward of the righteous in the World-to-Come, and the proof that this word is an expression of joy is the verse that states: “Upon an instrument of ten strings, and upon the harp, to the melody [higayon] of a lyre” (Psalms 92:4).
「悲痛(וָהִי)」是指恶人在来世所受的罚,正如经上说:「灾祸(הֹוָה)加上灾祸」(以西结书 7:26)。
And “woe [vahi],” this is the punishment of the wicked in the World-to-Come, and so it states: “Calamity [hova] shall follow upon calamity” (Ezekiel 7:26).
只是 以西结 到底没有讲明 妥拉 的广度,直到 撒迦利亚——比利家的儿子、易多的孙子——来了,才讲明了,因为经上写着:「他问我说:你看见什么?」我回答说:「我看见一飞行的(עָפָה)书卷,长二十肘,宽十肘」(撒迦利亚书 5:2)。那书卷既是飞行的,就含着说它有两面相等;如此展开来,便是二十肘乘二十肘。经上又写着:「内外都写着字」,就是两面都写着。你把两面揭开分做两张,共有多少呢?合共四十肘乘二十肘,就是神的八百平方肘。
只是 以西结 到底没有讲明 妥拉 的广度,直到 撒迦利亚——比利家的儿子、易多的孙子——来了,才讲明了,因为经上写着:「他问我说:你看见什么?」
But nonetheless, Ezekiel did not explain the extent of the Torah, until Zechariah, son of Berechiah, son of Iddo, came and explained it, as it is written: “And he said to me: What do you see?
我回答说:「我看见一飞行的(עָפָה)书卷,长二十肘,宽十肘」(撒迦利亚书 5:2)。
And I said: I see a flying [afa] scroll; the length of it is twenty cubits, and the breadth of it is ten cubits” (Zechariah 5:2).
那书卷既是飞行的,就含着说它有两面相等;如此展开来,便是二十肘乘二十肘。
Since the scroll was flying, the implication is that it had two equal sides, so that when you open it, it is twenty by twenty cubits.
经上又写着:「内外都写着字」,就是两面都写着。
And it is written: “And it was written inside and outside,” i.e., on both sides.
你把两面揭开分做两张,共有多少呢?
And when you peel them apart and separate the two sides, how much is it?
合共四十肘乘二十肘,就是神的八百平方肘。
Its entire area amounts to forty by twenty cubits, or eight hundred of God’s cubits.
革玛拉 为定神的一肘之量,引一句描写神的大指与小指之间一虎口的经文——那是照人的说法说的。经上写着:「谁曾用手心量诸水,用手虎口量苍天,用升斗盛大地的尘土」(以赛亚书 40:12)。整个世界若只有一虎口见方、就是四分之一平方肘,那么照这算法,整个世界只是 妥拉 的三千二百分之一。
革玛拉 为定神的一肘之量,引一句描写神的大指与小指之间一虎口的经文——那是照人的说法说的。
In order to determine the measure of God’s cubit, the Gemara cites a verse that describes the size of the span between God’s thumb and little finger, in a manner of speaking.
经上写着:「谁曾用手心量诸水,用手虎口量苍天,用升斗盛大地的尘土」(以赛亚书 40:12)。
And it is written: “Who has measured the waters in the hollow of His hand, and meted out heaven with the span, and comprehended the dust of the earth in a measure” (Isaiah 40:12).
整个世界若只有一虎口见方、就是四分之一平方肘,那么照这算法,整个世界只是 妥拉 的三千二百分之一。
If the entire world measures one square span, which is a quarter of one square cubit, we find according to this calculation that the entire world is one part in three thousand and two hundred of the Torah.
拉夫希斯达 又说:马里·巴尔·马尔 讲说:经上写着「耶和华指示我,看见有两筐无花果放在耶和华的殿前。这是巴比伦王尼布甲尼撒掳去犹大王约雅敬的儿子耶哥尼雅和犹大的首领、并工匠、铁匠离开耶路撒冷、带到巴比伦去以后」——这是什么意思呢?其中一筐(דּוּד)是极好的无花果,好像——
拉夫希斯达 又说:马里·巴尔·马尔 讲说:经上写着「耶和华指示我,看见有两筐无花果放在耶和华的殿前。这是巴比伦王尼布甲尼撒掳去犹大王约雅敬的儿子耶哥尼雅和犹大的首领、并工匠、铁匠离开耶路撒冷、带到巴比伦去以后」——这是什么意思呢?
And Rav Ḥisda further said: Mari bar Mar interpreted homiletically: What is the meaning of that which is written: “The Lord showed me, and behold two baskets of figs were set before the temple of the Lord, after Nebuchadrezzar king of Babylon had carried away captive Jeconiah, son of Jehoiakim, the king of Judah, and the princes of Judah with the craftsmen and the smiths, from Jerusalem, and had brought them to Babylon.
其中一筐(דּוּד)是极好的无花果,好像——
One basket [dud] had very good figs, like the figs