他若遇见「别样东西」、就是猪,那于「别样东西」、就是大麻风,是有害的。
-
——「别样东西」、就是猪,那于「别样东西」、就是大麻风,是有害的。
something else, a euphemism for a pig, it is harmful with regard to something else, a euphemism for leprosy.
← 安息日卷总目·第十八章 可以挪开
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 3 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
他若遇见「别样东西」、就是猪,那于「别样东西」、就是大麻风,是有害的。
——「别样东西」、就是猪,那于「别样东西」、就是大麻风,是有害的。
something else, a euphemism for a pig, it is harmful with regard to something else, a euphemism for leprosy.
拉夫 与 撒母耳 两位都说:人放了血,当稍等一等再起来;因为夫子说过:有五样事叫人近死过于近生,就是:吃了就起来、喝了就起来、睡了就起来、放了血就起来、同房了就起来。
拉夫 与 撒母耳 两位都说:人放了血,当稍等一等再起来;因为夫子说过:有五样事叫人近于死过于近于生,就是这几样:吃了就立时起来、喝了就起来、睡了就立时起来、放了血就起来、与妻同房了就起来。
It was Rav and Shmuel who both said: With regard to one who performs the practice of bloodletting, let him wait a bit and then let him rise, as the Master said: There are five matters that render one closer to death than life, and they are these: If one ate and immediately rose, if one drank and rose, if one slept and immediately rose, if one let blood and rose, if one engaged in conjugal relations and rose.
撒母耳 说:放血的常期是三十日一次;到了中年,当减少次数;到了晚年,再减少些。
撒母耳 说:放血的常期是三十日一次。
Shmuel said: The interval for bloodletting is every thirty days.
人到中年,当把放血的次数减少;到了晚年,当再减少些。
And during the middle periods of one’s life, he should decrease the frequency of bloodletting; and during the later periods, he should decrease its frequency again.
撒母耳 又说:放血的日子是周一、周四与周五;周二与周五那两日不可,因为夫子说过:惟有倚仗列祖功德的人,才可在周二周五放血,因为天上的法庭与地上的法庭那两日一同开庭。
撒母耳 又说:放血的日子是一周的头一日、第四日与安息日前一日。
And Shmuel said: The times for bloodletting are the first day of the week, the fourth day of the week and Shabbat eve.
至于一周的第二日与第五日,就不可放血;因为夫子说过:惟有那有列祖功德可倚仗的人,才可在一周的第二日与第五日放血,因为天上的法庭与地下的法庭那两日是一同开庭的。
However, on the second and the fifth days of the week, no, one should not let blood, as the Master said: Only one who has the merit of his ancestors and relies on it should let blood on the second and on the fifth days of the week, as the court on High, in the heavens, and the court below are equal.
各城的法庭在周一与周四开庭,天上的法庭也是这样。
The courts in the cities convene on Mondays and Thursdays, as does the heavenly court.
在审判之日放血是有危险的。
Letting blood on a day of judgment is dangerous.
人若被断为不义,他的血就可能都流尽了。
If one is judged unfavorably all his blood could flow out.
革玛拉 讲明:一周的第三日何以不放血呢?因为那日火星在双数的时辰当权;火星既是主血的星,双数的时辰又是凶兆,两下相合就可虑。诘曰:安息日前一日火星也在双数时辰当权。答曰:众人既素常在那一日放血,就应了「耶和华保护愚人」(诗篇 116:6)那一句。
革玛拉 讲明:一周的第三日,何以不放血呢?
The Gemara explains: On the third day of the week, what is the reason that one does not let blood?
因为那一日火星在双数的时辰当权。
It is because the planet Mars is dominant during the even hours.
火星既是主血的星,双数的时辰又是凶兆,两下相合就可虑了。
Since it is a planet of blood, and the even hours are a bad omen, that combination gives cause for concern.
革玛拉 问:安息日前一日,火星也在双数的时辰当权。
The Gemara asks: On Shabbat eve, Mars also dominates during the even hours.
革玛拉 答:众人既素常在安息日前一日放血,就应了那一句:「耶和华保护愚人」(诗篇 116:6)。
The Gemara answers: Since the multitudes have already become accustomed to letting blood on Shabbat eve, the verse: “The Lord protects the simple-hearted” (Psalms 116:6) applies in this case.
照样,撒母耳 说:一周的第四日若正是月的第四日、第十四日、第二十四日,或那日以后月内不满四日的,放血都是危险的。
照样,撒母耳 说:一周的第四日若正是月的第四日、或月的第十四日、或月的第二十四日,又或那一日以后月内不满四日的,在那几日放血都是危险的。
Similarly, Shmuel says: On the fourth day of the week that is the fourth day of the month; on the fourth day of the week that is the fourteenth of the month; on the fourth day of the week that is the twenty-fourth of the month; and on the fourth day of the week after which there are not four days remaining in the month it is dangerous to let blood.
月朔与月的第二日放血使人虚弱,第三日放血有危险。节期前一日放血使人虚弱,七七节前一日放血有危险;众贤就因七七节的缘故,把凡节期前一日放血都禁了。七七节有一个名叫 提布阿赫 的恶灵出来——以色列人若不在七七节领受托拉,牠就要宰他们的肉与血。
月朔与月的第二日放血,使人虚弱;月的第三日放血,就有危险。
Bloodletting on the New Moon and on the second day of the month causes weakness; bloodletting on the third day of the month leads to danger.
节期前一日放血,使人虚弱;七七节 前一日放血,就有危险。
Bloodletting on the eve of a Festival causes weakness; bloodletting on the eve of the festival of Shavuot leads to danger.
众贤就因 七七节 的缘故,立例禁人在凡节期的前一日放血。
And the Sages issued a decree prohibiting bloodletting on the eve of every Festival due to the festival of Shavuot.
到 七七节,有一个名叫 提布阿赫 的恶灵出来——那名取「宰杀」之义;以色列人若不在 七七节 领受托拉,提布阿赫 就要宰他们的肉与血。
On Shavuot, an evil spirit named Tibbuaḥ, from the Hebrew word meaning slaughter, emerges, as had the Jewish people not accepted the Torah on the festival of Shavuot, Tibbuaḥ would have slaughtered their flesh and their blood.
所以那一日至今仍是有危险的日子。
Consequently, it remains a dangerous day.
撒母耳 说:人吃了麦子随后放血的,他所放的不过是那麦子——那血放得无效,因为麦子把所放的血补上了。这话单指他为医病而放血说的;他若是为解不适而放,吃过麦子再放血仍解得了他的不适。
撒母耳 说:人吃了麦子,随后放血的,他所放的不过是那麦子罢了。
Shmuel said: If one ate wheat and afterward let blood, he only let that wheat.
那血放得无效,因为那麦子把所放的血补上了。
The bloodletting was ineffective as the wheat replaced any blood that was let.
这话单指他为医病而放血说的;他若是为解身上的不适而放,吃过麦子再放血,仍解得了他的不适。
And this ineffectiveness applies only if he let blood to cure an illness; however, to relieve discomfort, bloodletting after eating wheat relieves one’s discomfort.
人放了血,当立时喝;至于吃,要等走半 米尔 那么些时候才可。
人放了血,当立时喝;至于吃,要等到走半 米尔 那么些时候过去了才可。
One who lets blood should engage in drinking immediately; he should not engage in eating until the time that it takes to walk half a mil has elapsed.
众贤面前提出一疑:他们说当立时喝,意思是立时喝才有益、过后喝反有害呢?还是说过后喝既无害也无益呢?这一疑没有断出来,且悬着。
众贤面前提出一疑:他们说当立时喝,意思是不是说:立时喝才有益,过了那时候喝反倒有害呢?
A dilemma was raised before the Sages: When they said that one should engage in drinking immediately, does that mean that drinking immediately is beneficial; however, thereafter, it is injurious?
还是说:过了那时候喝,既不有害,也不有益呢?
Or perhaps, thereafter it is neither injurious nor beneficial.
这一疑没有断出来,所以且悬着。
No resolution is found for this dilemma, therefore it stands unresolved.
照样,众贤面前提出一疑:他们说要等走半 米尔 那么些时候才可吃,意思是单在那时候吃才有益、早于或迟于那时候都有害呢?还是说早于迟于都既无害也无益呢?这一疑也没有断出来,且悬着。
照样,众贤面前提出一疑:他们说要等到走半 米尔 那么些时候过去了才可吃,意思是不是说:单在那时候吃才有益,过了那时候或未到那时候吃都有害呢?
Similarly, a dilemma was raised before the Sages: When they said one should not engage in eating until the time that it takes to walk half a mil has elapsed, does that mean that only at that time it is beneficial, however, after that time or before that time it is injurious?
还是说:未到那时候与过了那时候吃,既不有害,也不有益呢?
Or perhaps, before and after that time it is neither injurious nor beneficial.
这一疑也没有断出来,所以也且悬着。
No resolution is found for this dilemma, therefore it too stands unresolved.
拉夫 素常宣告说:放血一百次值一 祖兹;剃一百个头值一 祖兹;修一百把胡子却不值什么(据 高昂众)。拉夫约瑟 说:我们在 拉夫胡纳 门下作学生的时候,遇着众贤读书懒散的日子,他们就说:今日是胡子日;我那时不明白他们所说的。如今听了 拉夫 那句话,才晓得他们是说那一日白过了。
拉夫 素常宣告说:放血一百次值一 祖兹;剃一百个头值一 祖兹;修一百把胡子却不值什么(据 高昂众)。
Rav would announce: One hundred bloodlettings for a zuz; cutting the hair on one hundred heads for a zuz; grooming one hundred moustaches does not cost anything (ge’onim).
放血的人素常兼作剃头的,修胡子是不取钱的。
Blood letters typically served as barbers as well and did not charge for grooming a moustache.
一日之内若凑巧来了一百个人修胡子,那剃头的就整日作工而分文不得。
If one hundred men happened to arrive one day to have their moustaches groomed, the barber would work all day without receiving any pay.
拉夫约瑟 说:我们在 拉夫胡纳 门下作学生的时候,遇着众贤读书懒散的日子,他们就说:今日是胡子日;我那时不明白他们所说的是什么。
Rav Yosef said: When we were students in Rav Huna’s school, on a day when the Sages were sluggish in their studies, they would say: Today is the day of the moustaches, and I did not know what they were saying.
如今我既听了 拉夫 那句话,才晓得他们是说那一日白过了。
Now that I heard Rav’s statement, I understand that they meant that it was a day without purpose.
密释纳说孩子安息日生的可系脐带。众贤在《托塞夫塔》里也这样教,又添说:拉比约西 说连剪断也可;又可把胎衣裹起来暖着,好使婴孩得温。拉班西缅·本·迦玛列 说:王女用油罐裹胎衣,富家女用梳过的羊毛,贫家女用软布。
我们在密释纳里学过:孩子安息日生的,可以系他的脐带。
We learned in the mishna: And one may tie the umbilical cord of a child born on Shabbat.
众贤在《《托塞夫塔》》里也这样教,又添说:孩子安息日生的,可以系他的脐带。
The Sages taught similarly in the Tosefta and even added to it: One may tie the umbilical cord of a child born on Shabbat.
拉比约西 说:连剪断脐带也可以。
Rabbi Yosei said: One may even cut the umbilical cord.
又可把胎衣裹起来暖着,作医治之法,好使那婴孩得温。
And one may insulate the placenta as a healing remedy so as to warm the newborn.
拉班西缅·本·迦玛列 说:王女用油罐裹胎衣,富家的女儿用梳过的羊毛裹,贫家的女儿用软布裹。
Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: Princesses insulate the placenta in mugs of oil; the daughters of the wealthy do so in combed wool; the daughters of the poor in soft rags.
拉夫纳赫曼 奉 拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫、拉夫 之名说:这条哈拉哈依 拉比约西 的意思断——安息日连剪断脐带也是许的。
拉夫纳赫曼 奉 拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫 之名、拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫 奉 拉夫 之名说:这条 哈拉哈 依 拉比约西 的意思断,就是安息日连剪断脐带也是许的。
Rav Naḥman said that Rabba bar Avuh said that Rav said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei that it is even permitted to cut the umbilical cord on Shabbat.
拉夫纳赫曼 又奉 拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫、拉夫 之名说:众拉比也认,双生子相连的脐带安息日可以剪断。这是什么缘故呢?那样留着是有危险的——两个相连的婴孩要挣着分开,恐怕彼此把脐带扯坏了。
拉夫纳赫曼 又奉 拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫 之名、拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫 奉 拉夫 之名说:众拉比也与 拉比约西 同认:双生子相连的脐带,安息日可以剪断。
And Rav Naḥman said that Rabba bar Avuh said that Rav said: The Rabbis concede to Rabbi Yosei with regard to the umbilical cord attached to twin babies that one may cut it on Shabbat.
这是什么缘故呢?
What is the reason for this?
在那样的事上,把脐带留着不断是有危险的。
In that case, leaving the cord attached is dangerous.
那两个相连的婴孩既要挣着彼此分开,恐怕彼此把脐带扯坏了。
Since the attached twins will try to disengage from each other, they could potentially rip each other’s cords.
拉夫纳赫曼 又奉 拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫、拉夫 之名说:以西结书 16 章责备之言里所题的诸事,安息日都可为产妇行。那一章既讲一个被撇弃之婴的险境,别的婴孩就都当照料,正如那里所说的(以西结书 16:4)。
拉夫纳赫曼 又奉 拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫 之名、拉巴·巴尔·阿武赫 奉 拉夫 之名说:以西结书十六章那段责备之言里所题的诸事,安息日都可为生产的妇人行。
And Rav Naḥman said that Rabba bar Avuh said that Rav said: Everything stated in the passage of rebuke (Ezekiel 16) one may perform for a woman in childbirth on Shabbat.
那一章既讲一个被撇弃之婴的险境,凡别的婴孩,这几样也都当为他们照料。
Since that chapter speaks of the dangerous birth of an abandoned child, for all other children, these issues should be addressed.
正如那里所说:「论到你出世的景况,在你初生的日子没有为你断脐带,也没有用水洗你,使你洁净,丝毫没有撒盐在你身上,也没有用布裹你」(以西结书 16:4)。
As it is stated there: “And as for your birth, on the day you were born, your navel was not cut, and you were not washed in water for cleansing, and you were not salted, nor were you swaddled” (Ezekiel 16:4).
革玛拉 逐句讲明:「论到你出世的景况,在你初生的日子」——由此知安息日可给妇人接生;「没有为你断脐带」——由此知安息日可剪脐带;「也没有用水洗你」——由此知安息日可洗那婴孩;「丝毫没有撒盐在你身上」——由此知安息日可给婴孩撒盐;「也没有用布裹你」——由此知安息日可裹那婴孩。
革玛拉 讲明:「论到你出世的景况,在你初生的日子」——由此可知安息日可给妇人接生。
The Gemara explains: “And as for your birth, on the day you were born”; from here it is derived that one delivers the newborn on Shabbat.
「没有为你断脐带」——由此可知安息日可剪那脐带。
“Your navel was not cut”; from here it is derived that one cuts the umbilical cord on Shabbat.
「也没有用水洗你,使你洁净」——由此可知安息日可洗那婴孩。
“And you were not washed in water for cleansing”; from here it is derived that one washes the newborn on Shabbat.
「丝毫没有撒盐在你身上」——由此可知安息日可给那婴孩撒盐。
“And you were not salted”; from here it is derived that one salts the newborn on Shabbat.
「也没有用布裹你」——由此可知安息日可裹那婴孩。
“Nor were you swaddled”; from here it is derived that one swaddles the newborn on Shabbat.
章末语:「我们必再回到你这里,可以挪开」——第十八章(Mefanin)到此为止。本章自 126之间.11 起,先立密释纳论安息日可搬四五筐草料果筐,为客人的缘故、为免学塾讲习中断的缘故;随后开列可挪与不可挪的诸物——洁净的举祭、未净什一税之食、已取举祭的头一分什一税、已赎的第二分什一税与圣物、干的羽扇豆可挪;未分什一的出产、未取举祭的、未赎的、并生芋生芥菜不可挪,惟 拉班西缅·本·迦玛列 许挪生芋,因那是乌鸦的食物。由此牵出仓房与堆粮之量(半歌珥)、「四五」是概数还是定数、所搬多少是否照客人的多少而定。次由「为客人的缘故」引出全章最长的一段阿嘉达:接待客人与早起赴学塾孰大、接待客人胜过迎见神的临在(据创世记 18:3),并「往好处断人的自己也被往好处断」三则故事——上加利利的工人与南方的家主、赎回被掳少女的敬虔人、拉比约书亚见罗马贵妇;又列六样今世享利息而本金存到来世的事。随后回到搬挪:腌与不腌的肉与鱼、骨头、露天之水、胀坏的肉;筐倒扣在雏鸡前、推母鸡、扶牛犊驴驹与扶儿子走路、牲畜落在水沟里可否垫垫子被子。末一条密释纳论接生:节期不可给牲畜接生而可助产、怜恤初生的诸法;妇人生产则连安息日也可接生、可请收生婆、可为她点灯带油,并产后三日七日三十日各有分际。由「放血受寒当生火」牵出放血的一大段医方与阿嘉达——日子与时辰、饭食与酒、七家尝酒的巧法、阿夫拉特 与撒母耳晒日头一则。收在系脐带、裹胎衣、并以西结书 16:4 逐句解「接生、断脐、洗、撒盐、包裹」五事上。本卷二十四章,这是第十八处。