接上叶末句的后半:那 《巴拉伊塔》 说,人若勤于 妥拉、又行慈惠,并且埋葬了自己的儿子,他一切的过犯都得赦免。下段 拉比约哈难 即追问这后一项的凭据。
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并且埋葬了自己的儿子,他一切的过犯就都得赦免。
<b>and buries his sons, all his transgressions are forgiven.</b>
← 祝祷卷总目·第一章 从何时起
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 5 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
接上叶末句的后半:那 《巴拉伊塔》 说,人若勤于 妥拉、又行慈惠,并且埋葬了自己的儿子,他一切的过犯都得赦免。下段 拉比约哈难 即追问这后一项的凭据。
并且埋葬了自己的儿子,他一切的过犯就都得赦免。
<b>and buries his sons, all his transgressions are forgiven.</b>
拉比约哈难 问其所据:前两项有经文可凭——箴言 16:6「因怜悯诚实,罪孽得赎」,「怜悯」指慈惠,「诚实」指 妥拉;至于「埋葬儿子」一项,凭据何在?
拉比约哈难 对他说:这话你从何处得来?
<b>Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him:</b> What is your source for this?
人若勤于 妥拉 与慈惠的事,过犯得赦,这是不错的,正如经上所写:「因怜悯诚实,罪孽得赎」(箴言 16:6);「怜悯」指的是慈惠的事,正如经上所说:「追求公义仁慈的,就寻得生命、公义和尊荣」(箴言 21:21)——仁慈与公义在此并列。
<b>Granted,</b> if one engages in <b>Torah and acts of charity,</b> his transgressions are forgiven, <b>as it is written: “With mercy and truth, iniquity is expiated”</b> (Proverbs 16:6); <b>mercy refers to acts of charity, as it is stated: “He who pursues charity and mercy finds life, charity and honor”</b> (Proverbs 21:21), mercy and charity are listed together.
「诚实」指的是 妥拉,正如经上所说:「你当买真理,不可卖出;智慧、训诲和聪明也都不可卖」(箴言 23:23)。
<b>And truth refers to Torah, as it is stated: “Buy truth and do not sell it;</b> also wisdom, guidance and understanding” (Proverbs 23:23).
「诚实」与「真理」在此是同一个字 emet:箴言 16:6 的「诚实」与 23:23 的「真理」,中文分作两词,那条「诚实即妥拉」的推论便断了。和合本两处译法不同,本项目随和合本,故只能在此标出。
然而,「埋葬儿子的人」过犯亦得赦免,这是从哪里得来的?
<b>However, from where is it derived</b> that the transgressions of <b>one who buries his sons</b> are also forgiven?
一位老者以 拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 的名义作答:由「罪孽」与「罪孽」两字作同辞类推——此处「罪孽得赎」,那处「将父亲的罪孽报在他后世子孙的怀中」;既报在子身,父的罪孽便得赦。
有一位老者以 拉比西缅·本·约哈伊 的名义教导 拉比约哈难,答案由此而得:这个结论是由「罪孽」与「罪孽」两字作 同辞类推 推出的。
An answer was provided to Rabbi Yoḥanan when <b>a certain elder taught him in the name of Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai:</b> This conclusion <b>is derived</b> from a verbal analogy between the words <b>iniquity</b> and <b>iniquity.</b>
英译此处作 “Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai”,别处作 ben——亚兰语的「之子」是 bar,希伯来语是 ben,同一人两种写法。本项目人名取一种写法到底(此处作 ben),以免页面上像是两个人;英译原句可开注音下方的「显示英译原句」自行对照。
此处写着:「因怜悯诚实,罪孽得赎」;那处写着:「将父亲的罪孽报在他后世子孙的怀中」(耶利米书 32:18)。
<b>Here, it is written: “With mercy and truth, iniquity is expiated,” and there it is written: “He repays the iniquity of the fathers onto the bosom of their children”</b> (Jeremiah 32:18).
既然他「将父亲的罪孽报在他后世子孙的怀中」,父亲的过犯便得了赦免。
Because he “repays the iniquity of the fathers onto the bosom of their children,” the father’s transgressions are forgiven.
这条推论的分量全在同字:两节都用 avon(罪孽)。中文虽也两处同作「罪孽」,却不带那条法则的凭据之力——在原文里,同字重出本身即可据以立论。又:此处所解的是「父之罪报在子身」,读来严酷,塔木德却由此推出赦免;这一层反转是原文自身的走向,非中文所能柔化。
拉比约哈难 另立一说:大麻疯与因儿女而来的苦,都不算慈爱的苦难。以下数段逐一驳问。
拉比约哈难 说:大麻疯,以及因儿女而来的苦,都不是慈爱的苦难。
<b>Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Leprosy and</b> suffering due to <b>children are not afflictions of love.</b>
「大麻疯」原文作 tzaraat,是一套洁净律法上的范畴(利未记 13 章),凭祭司查验断定,与今日医学所称的麻风病不是一回事。中文取和合本的「大麻疯」,律法范畴那一面便看不出来。
驳:大麻疯岂不算慈爱的苦难?一则 《巴拉伊塔》 明说,人若有那四样疯症之一,那不过是一座赎罪的坛。
革玛拉 问:大麻疯岂不是慈爱的苦难?
The Gemara asks: Is <b>leprosy not</b> an affliction of love?
我们不是在一则 《巴拉伊塔》 里学过:人若有那四样疯症之一(利未记 13 章),那不过是一座赎罪的坛?
<b>Didn’t we learn</b> in a <i>baraita</i>: <b>If one has any of the four signs of leprosy</b> (Leviticus 13) <b>they are nothing other than an altar of atonement?</b>
「赎罪的坛」原文作 mizbaḥ kappara:把病人的身体比作祭坛,受苦即献祭,故得赎。中文照字面译出,比喻还在,但坛与献祭在圣殿律法里的实指没有了,读者只当是修辞。
答:那 《巴拉伊塔》 说的是「能赎罪」,拉比约哈难 说的是「不算慈爱的苦难」——两者不相碍:疯症确能赎过犯,却不属慈爱的苦难。
革玛拉 答:那些疯症虽是为人过犯赎罪的坛,却不是慈爱的苦难。
The Gemara answers: Although the signs of leprosy <b>are an altar of atonement</b> for one’s transgressions, <b>they are not an affliction of love.</b>
另一解:两说各就一地而言。那 《巴拉伊塔》 是对我们巴比伦人说的——此地于洁净之律不那样严,患疯症的人仍可与人往来,苦轻;拉比约哈难 是对以色列地的人说的——那里守得极严,患者被逐出人群,苦重(拉夫哈伊·高昂)。
你若愿意,也可以这样说:那则说大麻疯属慈爱苦难的 《巴拉伊塔》,是就我们巴比伦而言——在 以色列地 以外,我们于洁净之律守得不那样严,患疯症的人仍可与人往来,他的苦便轻些。
<b>And if you wish, say</b> instead: <b>This</b> <i>baraita</i>, which says that leprosy is an affliction of love, <b>is for us</b> in Babylonia, because outside of Eretz Yisrael we are not as careful of the laws of ritual impurity, and one afflicted with leprosy may interact with others, mitigating his suffering.
而 拉比约哈难 说大麻疯不属慈爱苦难,是就他们 以色列地 而言——那里于洁净之律守得极严,患疯症的人被逐出人群,所受的苦极重(拉夫哈伊·高昂)。
<b>And that</b> statement of Rabbi Yoḥanan, that leprosy is not an affliction of love, <b>is for them</b> in Eretz Yisrael, where they are exceedingly careful of the laws of ritual impurity and the suffering of a leper is great because he is banished from society (Rav Hai Gaon).
「我们」与「他们」在原文只作 lan 与 lehu 两字,指巴比伦与以色列地两地的学派,不必点出地名——听者自明。中文须把地名补出才读得通,那份「不言而喻」也就随之失去。又:句末的解说出自十至十一世纪的 拉夫哈伊·高昂,非塔木德原文。
再一解:两说各就一种疯症而言。那 《巴拉伊塔》 指隐处的疯症,只发在身上遮蔽之处;拉比约哈难 指显处的疯症,人一见便远避。
你若愿意,也可以这样说:那则说大麻疯属慈爱苦难的 《巴拉伊塔》,指的是隐处的疯症——只发在身上遮蔽之处。
<b>And if you wish, say</b> instead: <b>This</b> <i>baraita</i>, which says that leprosy is an affliction of love, refers to <b>concealed</b> leprosy that only strikes the concealed areas of one’s body.
而 拉比约哈难 所说的,指的是显处的疯症——见者都要远避那患疯症的人。
<b>But that</b> statement of Rabbi Yoḥanan refers to <b>visible</b> leprosy that causes those who see it to distance themselves from the leper.
再驳后一项:因儿女而来的苦岂不算慈爱的苦难?拉比约哈难 自己就以第十个儿子的骨头安慰遭难的人。故当分别:他说不算的,是指全然无子的人;儿女生而复亡者,仍可算慈爱的苦难。
革玛拉 接着驳问:因儿女而来的苦,竟不是慈爱的苦难?
The Gemara continues to object: <b>And</b> suffering due to <b>children</b> is <b>not</b> an affliction of love?
革玛拉 先辨明:所说的是哪一种情形?
The Gemara clarifies: <b>What are the circumstances?</b>
你若说是生了儿女而儿女死了,那么 拉比约哈难 自己安慰遭难的人时,岂不是说过:这是我第十个儿子的骨头?
<b>If you say that he had</b> children <b>and they died, didn’t Rabbi Yoḥanan</b> himself <b>say,</b> while consoling the victim of a catastrophe: <b>This is the bone of my tenth son?</b>
拉比约哈难 曾有十个儿女先他而死,他留着第十个孩子的一小块骨头作痛切的记念。
Rabbi Yoḥanan experienced the death of ten of his children, and he kept a small bone from his tenth child as a painful memorial.
他把那骨头拿给人看,为的是安慰他们;既拿出来给人看,他儿女之死必定是慈爱的苦难。
He would show that bone to others in order to console them, and since he showed it to them, the deaths of his children must certainly have been affliction of love.
他这样安慰人,是要显明:那样的苦里有一份与神的亲近(托萨福)。
He consoled others by displaying that there is an element of intimacy with God that exists in that suffering (<i>Tosafot</i>).
那么 拉比约哈难 何以又说因儿女而来的苦不是慈爱的苦难?
Why, then, would Rabbi Yoḥanan have said that suffering due to children is not afflictions of love?
倒须这样断定:拉比约哈难 说那些苦不算慈爱苦难,说的是全然无子的人;至于儿女生了又死了的,那尽可以算是慈爱的苦难。
<b>Rather,</b> one must conclude that when Rabbi Yoḥanan said that those afflictions are not afflictions of love, he was speaking with regard to <b>one who has no</b> children, <b>and when one had</b> children <b>who died,</b> this could very well be considered afflictions of love.
三则同式的探病记之一:拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 病了,其师 拉比约哈难 探视,问「你所受的苦,于你可爱么」;答「这苦与它的赏,我都不要」。师伸手扶他起来。
革玛拉 接着仍讲苦难一事:拉比约哈难 的学生 拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 病了。
The Gemara continues to address the issue of suffering and affliction: Rabbi Yoḥanan’s student, <b>Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, fell ill.</b>
拉比约哈难 进去探他,对他说:你所受的苦,于你可爱么?
Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>entered to</b> visit <b>him, and said to him: Is your suffering dear to you?</b>
你愿意这样病着、这样受苦么?
Do you desire to be ill and afflicted?
拉比希亚 对他说:这苦我不要,它的赏我也不要——因为以爱心领受这苦的人是有赏的。
Rabbi Ḥiyya <b>said to him:</b> I welcome <b>neither</b> this suffering <b>nor its reward,</b> as one who welcomes this suffering with love is rewarded.
拉比约哈难 对他说:把你的手给我。
Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>said to him: Give me your hand.</b>
拉比希亚·巴尔·阿巴 把手给了他,拉比约哈难 就扶他起来,使他复了健康。
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba <b>gave him his hand, and</b> Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>stood him up</b> and restored him to health.
第二则,同一套问答:拉比约哈难 病了,拉比哈尼纳 探视,问同一句、得同一答,也伸手扶他起来。
同样,拉比约哈难 也病了。
Similarly, <b>Rabbi Yoḥanan fell ill.</b>
拉比哈尼纳 进去探他,对他说:你所受的苦,于你可爱么?
<b>Rabbi Ḥanina entered to</b> visit <b>him,</b> and <b>said to him: Is your suffering dear to you?</b>
拉比约哈难 对他说:这苦我不要,它的赏我也不要。
Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>said to him:</b> I welcome <b>neither</b> this suffering <b>nor its reward.</b>
拉比哈尼纳 对他说:把你的手给我。
Rabbi Ḥanina <b>said to him: Give me your hand.</b>
他把手给了他,拉比哈尼纳 就扶他起来,使他复了健康。
<b>He gave him his hand, and</b> Rabbi Ḥanina <b>stood him up</b> and restored him to health.
既然他能治学生,何不自己扶自己起来?此段只发问。
革玛拉 问:拉比约哈难 为什么要等 拉比哈尼纳 来使他复健?
The Gemara asks: <b>Why</b> did Rabbi Yoḥanan wait for Rabbi Ḥanina to restore him to health?
他既能治好自己的学生,那就让 拉比约哈难 自己扶自己起来。
If he was able to heal his student, <b>let Rabbi Yoḥanan stand himself up.</b>
答以一句谚语:囚犯不能自己放自己出监——总要靠别人解他的锁链。
革玛拉 答说,他们有一句话:囚犯不能自己放自己出监——总要靠别人来解他的锁链。
The Gemara answers, <b>they say: A prisoner cannot</b> generally <b>free himself from prison,</b> but depends on others to release him from his shackles.
第三则探病:拉比以利亚撒 病卧暗室,拉比约哈难 露臂而屋中生光。见他哭,便一一猜他所哭为何——学 妥拉 不足?献多献少同功,只在存心向天。缺衣食?不是人人得兼两席。丧儿女?「这是我第十个儿子的骨头。」
革玛拉 又讲:拉比约哈难 的另一个学生 拉比以利亚撒 病了。
The Gemara relates that <b>Rabbi Elazar,</b> another of Rabbi Yoḥanan’s students, <b>fell ill.</b>
拉比约哈难 进去探他,见他躺在一间暗屋里。
<b>Rabbi Yoḥanan entered</b> to visit him, and <b>saw that he was lying in a dark room.</b>
拉比约哈难 露出自己的臂膊,光就从他身上发出,照满了屋子。
Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>exposed his arm, and light</b> radiated from his flesh, <b>filling the house.</b>
他见 拉比以利亚撒 在哭,就对他说:你为什么哭?
He <b>saw that</b> Rabbi Elazar <b>was crying,</b> and <b>said to him: Why are you crying?</b>
拉比约哈难 以为他哭的是自己一生所受的苦,便设法安慰他:你若因所学的 妥拉 不如所愿的多而哭,我们学过:献得多的与献得少的功德相等,只在乎他存心向天。
Thinking that his crying was over the suffering that he endured throughout his life, Rabbi Yoḥanan attempted to comfort him: <b>If</b> you are weeping <b>because you did not study</b> as <b>much Torah</b> as you would have liked, <b>we learned: One who brings a substantial</b> sacrifice <b>and one who brings a meager</b> sacrifice have equal merit, <b>as long as he directs his heart toward Heaven.</b>
所引的是《密释纳》里论献祭的话(多寡同功,只在存心),此处借来说学问:妥拉 学得多少与祭牲献得多少同理。中文两处都译得出,却读不出这是把献祭之律移用于学问——原文是把一条成句整个搬来的。
你若因缺衣食、无从谋生而哭——拉比以利亚撒 实在很穷——要知道并非人人都配在两席上吃饭:一席是财富,一席是 妥拉;所以你不必为自己不富而怨叹。
<b>If</b> you are weeping <b>because</b> you lack <b>sustenance</b> and are unable to earn a livelihood, as Rabbi Elazar was, indeed, quite poor, <b>not every person merits</b> to eat off of <b>two tables,</b> one of wealth and one of Torah, so you need not bemoan the fact that you are not wealthy.
你若为已死的儿女而哭,这是我第十个儿子的骨头——那样的苦临到大人物身上,它们是慈爱的苦难。
<b>If</b> you are crying <b>over children</b> who have died, <b>this is the bone of my tenth son,</b> and suffering of that kind afflicts great people, and they are afflictions of love.
拉比以利亚撒 答:我哭的不是自己的不幸,是你这般美好也要朽在土里。拉比约哈难 说:为这个哭,是该哭的。于是两人同哭。
拉比以利亚撒 对 拉比约哈难 说:我哭的不是自己的不幸,是哭你这般的美好也要朽坏在土里——拉比约哈难 的俊美使他想到人终必死。
Rabbi Elazar <b>said to</b> Rabbi Yoḥanan: <b>I am</b> not <b>crying</b> over my misfortune, but rather, <b>over this beauty</b> of yours <b>that will decompose in the earth,</b> as Rabbi Yoḥanan’s beauty caused him to consider human mortality.
拉比约哈难 对他说:为这个哭,是该哭的。
<b>Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him: Over this, it is certainly</b> appropriate <b>to weep.</b>
两人就一同哭了——为这世上的美好转眼即逝,为那终必胜过众人的死。
<b>Both cried</b> over the fleeting nature of beauty in the world and death that eventually overcomes all.
同一场探病里,仍是那句问答:苦于你可爱么?答:这苦与它的赏我都不要。于是伸手扶他起来。三则至此成一式。
正说话间,拉比约哈难 对他说:你所受的苦,于你可爱么?
<b>Meanwhile,</b> Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>said to him: Is your suffering dear to you?</b>
拉比以利亚撒 对他说:这苦我不要,它的赏我也不要。
Rabbi Elazar <b>said to him:</b> I welcome <b>neither</b> this suffering <b>nor its reward.</b>
拉比约哈难 听了这话,就对他说:把你的手给我。
Upon hearing this, Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>said to him: Give me your hand.</b>
拉比以利亚撒 把手给了他,拉比约哈难 就扶他起来,使他复了健康。
Rabbi Elazar <b>gave him his hand, and</b> Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>stood him up</b> and restored him to health.
另一则:拉夫胡纳 四百坛酒变酸,损失极大。众贤者来探,劝他省察自己的行为。他问「我在你们眼中可疑么」,众人反问:难道神可疑,会不按公义施罚么?
革玛拉 再讲一事,论到人当承认神所施之罚是公义的:拉夫胡纳 有四百坛酒发酵变酸,使他大受钱财上的损失。
The Gemara relates another story regarding acknowledgement of the justice of divine punishment: <b>Four hundred barrels of Rav Huna’s wine fermented</b> and turned into vinegar, causing him great financial loss.
拉夫萨拉——那位敬虔者——的弟弟 拉夫犹大 同着众贤者进去探他(也有人说是 拉夫阿达·巴尔·阿哈瓦 同着众贤者),对他说:师尊当省察自己的行为,或许你犯了什么过,才受这责罚。
<b>Rav Yehuda, the brother of Rav Sala the Pious, along with the Sages, and some say Rav Adda bar Ahava, along with the Sages, entered to visit him, and said: The Master should examine his actions,</b> as perhaps he committed a transgression for which he is being punished.
拉夫胡纳 对他们说:我在你们眼中是可疑的么?
Rav Huna <b>said to them: Am I suspect in your eyes?</b>
难道我犯了什么过,以致你们劝我省察自己的行止?
Have I committed a transgression on account of which you advise me to examine my behavior?
他们对他说:难道神是可疑的,会不按公义施行责罚么?
<b>They said to him: Is the Holy One, Blessed be He, suspect that He exacts punishment without justice?</b>
你所受的损失必定是公义的,你须省察自己的行止,查出缘由。
Your loss was certainly just, and you must examine your conduct to find out why.
众贤者本已知道 拉夫胡纳 行事上的一处不妥,才这样点他(托萨福)。
The Sages were aware of a flaw in Rav Huna’s conduct, to which they alluded (<i>Tosafot</i>).
拉夫胡纳 请他们直说。众人说:听说师尊不把葡萄藤的份给佃户。按例佃户既得田产收成的一份,也得当年所栽藤蔓的一份。
拉夫胡纳 对他们说:若有人听见我行了什么不妥的事,就请说出来。
Rav Huna <b>said to them: If someone has heard something</b> improper that I have done, <b>let him say so.</b>
他们对他说:我们听说师尊不把自己葡萄藤的一份给佃户。
<b>They said to him: We have heard that the Master does not give</b> a share of his <b>grapevines to his tenant farmers.</b>
按例,佃户既得地主田上所产收成的一份,也得当年所栽藤蔓的一份。
A tenant farmer is entitled to a portion of the crop grown on his landlord’s property, as well as a share of the vines planted during a given year.
拉夫胡纳 自辩:那佃户在我田上所收的,可曾给我留下什么?他全都偷了去。故不给他藤蔓的份,不过是取回被偷的。
拉夫胡纳 对他们说:那佃户在我田上所种所收的,可曾给我留下什么?
Rav Huna <b>said to</b> them: <b>Does</b> this tenant farmer <b>leave me anything from</b> the produce that he grows on my property?
他全都偷去了。
<b>He steals it all.</b>
所以我不给他葡萄藤的份,不过是把那佃户从我这里偷去的取回来罢了。
Consequently, in denying him his share of the grapevines I am simply recouping that which was stolen from me by this tenant farmer.
众人以俗谚答之:「从贼那里偷,也尝到了偷的滋味。」拉夫胡纳 应许此后照给。其后损失得复——有说酸酒变回好酒,有说醋价上涨,卖得了酒价。
他们对他说:这正是俗语所说的:从贼那里偷的人,也尝到了偷的滋味。
<b>They said to him: That is the</b> meaning of the <b>folk saying: One who steals from a thief has a taste of theft.</b>
那东西固然本是偷来的,人从中取回,仍旧是在行偷。
Despite the fact that the property was stolen to begin with, one nevertheless engages in theft.
他虽没有犯下明文的禁令,那仍是一种偷;而人所受的标准既比别人高,就要为这事受责罚。
Although he did not violate a prohibition per se, it is still a form of theft, and one who is held to a higher standard than others will be punished for it.
此处的分寸在原文里很清楚:不是判他犯了禁令,是说「以他的身分不该如此」。中文的「标准比别人高」是解释,原文只以一句俗谚点到,余下的留给听者自明。
他对他们说:我应许此后必把那份给我的佃户。
<b>He said to them: I accept upon myself to give</b> my tenant farmer his portion in the future.
于是因 拉夫胡纳 悔改,神使他所失的复得。
Thereupon, as a result of Rav Huna’s repentance, God restored his loss.
有人说是他的酸酒变回了好酒,也有人说是醋价上涨,卖得了酒的价钱。
<b>Some say his vinegar turned back into wine, and some say that the price of vinegar rose and it was sold at the price of wine.</b>
转回祷告。一则 《巴拉伊塔》 引坦拿 阿巴·宾雅明 说:他一生在两件事上格外用心——祷告须在床前,床须南北向。「床前」当作何解?若指身在床前而祷,则与「祷告时身与墙之间不可有物相隔」相碍,故当解作「挨着上床之时」(拉比奴·哈纳内尔)。
革玛拉 转回祷告一事。
The Gemara returns to the topic of prayer.
一则 《巴拉伊塔》 教说,坦拿 阿巴·宾雅明 常说:我一生在两件事上格外用心——我的祷告要在我床前,我的床要南北向摆放。
<b>It was taught</b> in a <i>baraita</i> that the <i>tanna</i> <b>Abba Binyamin</b> would <b>say: All of my life I have taken great pains with regard to two things: That my prayer should be before my bed and that my bed should be placed north to south.</b>
阿巴·宾雅明 这话须加解释。
Abba Binyamin’s statement requires explanation.
论到他所说「我的祷告要在我床前」,革玛拉 问:「在我床前」是什么意思?
With regard to his statement: <b>That my prayer should be before my bed,</b> the Gemara asks, <b>what does before my bed</b> mean?
你若说这话是照字面讲,即他站在自己床前祷告,那就难通了;因为 拉夫犹大 说,拉夫 说过(也有人说是 拉比约书亚·本·利未 说的):何以见得祷告的人,身与墙之间不可有物相隔?
<b>If you say</b> that it <b>literally</b> means that he would stand <b>before his bed</b> and pray, it is difficult, as <b>Rav Yehuda said</b> that <b>Rav said, and some say</b> that <b>Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi</b> said: <b>From where</b> is it derived <b>that one who prays should have nothing separating between him and the wall?</b>
正如经上所说:「希西家 就转脸朝墙祷告」(以赛亚书 38:2)——如此才易于专心祷告。
<b>As it is stated: “And Hezekiah turned to face the wall and prayed”</b> (Isaiah 38:2), in order to facilitate his concentration during prayer.
既然如此,阿巴·宾雅明 何以要在床前祷告呢?
That being said, why would Abba Binyamin pray before his bed?
倒不要把「在我床前」讲作祷告时所站之处,要讲作他祷告的时候挨着他上床之时——他谨守着在睡前才诵 《听》、才作晚祷(拉比奴·哈纳内尔)。
Rather, <b>do not say</b> that <b>before my bed</b> refers to where he stood during prayer, but <b>rather, say</b> that he prayed <b>adjacent to</b> the time that he would retire to <b>bed;</b> he was careful to recite <i>Shema</i> and recite the evening prayer just before going to sleep (Rabbeinu Ḥananel).
「在我床前」的原文 lifnei mitati 兼指处所与时候:lifnei 既是「在……之前(面前)」,也是「在……之前(时间)」。整段驳难与化解全靠这一词两解;中文的「床前」只剩处所,那「挨着上床之时」的读法便无从由字面看出。
解「床须南北向」:因舍金纳居东西之间——那是圣殿的向位,至圣所在西、正门在东;贤者不愿在东西向上行与那圣洁不合的事,故床不东西向。
阿巴·宾雅明 所说「我的床要南北向摆放」,是出于对 舍金纳 的敬重——舍金纳 居于东西之间,那正是圣殿的向位:至圣所在西,正门在东。
Abba Binyamin’s statement: <b>And my bed should be placed north to south</b> was in deference to the Divine Presence, which rests between east and west, the direction of the Temple; as the Holy of Holies was to the west, while the main entrance was to the east.
所以贤者谨慎,不在面朝东西的向位上行与那圣洁不合的事;阿巴·宾雅明 因此谨慎,不睡在东西向的床上。
Therefore, the Sages were careful not to perform actions inconsistent with that sanctity while facing east to west; and, therefore, Abba Binyamin was careful not to sleep in a bed that faced east to west.
「与那圣洁不合的事」在原文并未明说,只以「不宜」一语带过——所指是夫妇之事与便溺。中文若照字面直译便近于无所指,若明说又比原文说得多;此处从英译,只标出原文本是含而不露的。
赞这一严守:拉比哈马 传 拉比哈尼纳 传 拉比以撒 说,床南北向的人必得男孩——据诗篇 17:14「你把你的珍宝充满他们的肚腹,他们儿女众多」。
为称赞这一严守,贤者又添上一句:拉比哈马 说,拉比哈尼纳 说,拉比以撒 说过:凡把自己的床摆成南北向的人,必得男孩为赏,正如经上所说:「你把你的珍宝充满他们的肚腹,他们儿女众多,将余财留给他们的婴孩」(诗篇 17:14)。
In praise of that stringency, the Sages added that <b>Rabbi Ḥama said</b> that <b>Rabbi Ḥanina said</b> that <b>Rabbi Yitzḥak said: One who places his bed facing north to south will</b> be rewarded with <b>male children, as it is stated: “And whose belly You fill with Your treasure [<i>utzfunekha</i>], who have sons in plenty</b> and leave their abundance to their babies” (Psalms 17:14).
这一节表明:凡把床朝北摆的人,必得众多儿女为赏。
This verse indicates that one who sets his bed facing north will be rewarded with sons in plenty, as north [<i>tzafon</i>] is etymologically similar to Your treasure [<i>tzfunekha</i>].
所据全在字音相牵:「北」(tzafon)与「你的珍宝」(tzfunekha)同一词根 צ-פ-נ,本义是「藏起来的」——北方与珍宝在希伯来文里共这一个「藏」字。中文的「北」与「珍宝」毫无牵连,这条推论在中文里只能靠注说明。
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 再添一层:其妻也不至流产。凭据是「充满」二字相牵——此处「你的珍宝充满他们的肚腹」,那处论利百加「生产的日子满足,腹中果有双子」。
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:不止如此,他的妻子也不至流产。
<b>Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Moreover, his wife will not miscarry.</b>
这是从哪里得来的?
From where do we derive this?
此处写着:「你把你的珍宝充满他们的肚腹」;那处论 利百加 怀孕的事写着:「她生产的日子满足,腹中果有双子」(创世记 25:24)——由此可知:「你的珍宝充满」所指的,正是一胎怀到底、不出岔子。
<b>It is written here: “And whose belly You fill [<i>temaleh</i>] with Your treasure,” and it is written there,</b> concerning Rebecca’s pregnancy: <b>“And her time to give birth was fulfilled [<i>vayimle’u</i>] and there were twins in her belly”</b> (Genesis 25:24), consequently: You fill with Your treasure refers to a pregnancy that proceeds without complication.
两处相牵的是同一个词根 מ-ל-א(「满」):此处的「充满」(temaleh)与那处的「日子满足」(vayimle’u)同根,故能由一节推到另一节。中文两处虽都作「满」,却不带同字重出可据以立论的分量。
另一则 阿巴·宾雅明 的话:两人同入会堂祷告,其一先祷完却不等同伴,径自离去,他的祷告便被摔回他脸上——据约伯记 18:4「你这撕裂自己的,岂因你的缘故地就撇弃么」。
另有一则 《巴拉伊塔》 教说 阿巴·宾雅明 论祷告之律的话:阿巴·宾雅明 说:两个人进城外的会堂去祷告,其中一人先祷,却不等同伴祷完,就把他一人留在会堂里自己走了,那人的祷告要被摔回他脸上。
Another of Abba Binyamin’s statements with regard to the laws of prayer <b>was taught</b> in a <i>baraita</i>: <b>Abba Binyamin says: If two</b> people <b>enter</b> a synagogue outside of the city <b>in order to pray, and one began praying before</b> the other <b>and did not wait for the other</b> person to complete his prayer, <b>and left</b> him alone in the synagogue, <b>his prayer is thrown back in his face.</b>
因为他把同伴一人留下,使他祷告时心神不宁,所以他自己的祷告就被摔回他脸上,正如经上所说:「你这撕裂自己的,岂因你的缘故地就撇弃么?
Because he left the other person alone and caused him to be distracted during his prayer, his own prayer is thrown back in his face, <b>as it is stated: “You who throw your soul in your face, for your sake will the earth be forsaken?</b>
所引那节的 nafsho 一词兼指「他的性命」与「他的心魂」;此处读作后者——祷告即心魂倾于神前,故「撕裂心魂」与「祷告被摔回」是同一件事。中文取「撕裂自己」,那层「所摔回的正是他的祷告」便看不出来。
磐石也要从其原处挪开」(约伯记 18:4)。
The Rock will be moved from its place” (Job 18:4).
这一节表明:那把同伴一人留下的,实是使自己的心魂被摔回他脸上——因为祷告正是人在神前倾吐心魂。
This verse indicates that one who left the other person alone effectively causes his soul, as prayer is the outpouring of the soul before God, to be thrown in his face.
神对那人说:你以为因你的缘故、因你走了,地就要被撇弃,神就要离开这世界,你同伴的祷告就无人听么?
God says to that person: For your sake, do you think because you left, the earth will be forsaken, that God will leave the world and the prayer of the other person will go unheard?
不止如此:这样行的人还使舍金纳离开以色列——据同一节下半「磐石也要从其原处挪开」;而「磐石」不指别的,正指神,据申命记 32:18。
不止如此——这样行的人还使 舍金纳 离开 以色列,正如那一节接着所说:「磐石也要从其原处挪开。」那磐石就是神,他竟被迫挪去他的临在。
<b>Not only that, but it causes the Divine Presence to remove itself from Israel, as it is stated</b> in the continuation of the verse: <b>“The Rock will be moved from its place.”</b> The rock, God, is forced to remove His presence.
而「磐石」不指别的,正指神,正如经上所说:「你轻忽生你的磐石,忘记那生养你的神」(申命记 32:18)。
<b>And Rock means nothing other than the Holy One, Blessed be He, as it is stated: “Of the Rock that gave birth to you, you have been unmindful,</b> and you have forgotten God Who bore you” (Deuteronomy 32:18).
反面一问:若他等了同伴,所得的赏是什么?所赏是否与不等者所受的罚相当?本叶至此为止,答在叶六正。
他若在会堂里等了同伴,所得的赏是什么?
<b>And if he waits for him</b> in the synagogue, what is his reward?
他所得的赏,是否与那不肯等的人所受的罚相当?
Is his reward proportionate to the punishment received by one who failed to do so?
本段在英译里只此一问,答话在叶六正。塔木德以问收束一叶是常有的事——叶界由中世纪印本的版面定,不依论辩的段落。