(续上)……那节经(诗篇 33:7)是论创世之时,那时众水都聚在深渊里。
-
……那节经是论创世之时,那时众水都聚在深渊里。
verse deals with the creation of the world, when all the water was contained in the deep.
← 斋戒卷总目·第一章 从何时起
这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 4 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
(续上)……那节经(诗篇 33:7)是论创世之时,那时众水都聚在深渊里。
……那节经是论创世之时,那时众水都聚在深渊里。
verse deals with the creation of the world, when all the water was contained in the deep.
众贤在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教:以色列地先被造,世界其余各地后被造,如经上说:「耶和华还没有创造大地和田野」(箴言 8:26)——「地」指以色列地,「田野」指别地的田野。以色列地由圣者——愿他受称颂——亲自浇灌,世界其余各地借着中介浇灌,如经上说:「降雨在地上,赐水于田里」(约伯记 5:10)。
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:以色列地先被造,整个世界其余各地是后来才被造的,正如经上所说:「耶和华还没有创造大地和田野」(箴言 8:26)。
The Sages taught in a baraita: Eretz Yisrael was created first and the rest of the entire world was created afterward, as it is stated: “While as yet He had not made the land, nor the fields” (Proverbs 8:26).
在这里以及下面几句话里,「地」这个词被理解为指以色列地,而「田野」是指别地的一切田野。
Here, and in the following statements, the term “land” is understood as a reference to the Land of Israel, while “the fields” means all the fields in other lands.
此外,以色列地是由圣者——愿他受称颂——亲自浇灌的,而整个世界其余各地是借着一个中介浇灌的,正如经上所说:「降雨在地上,赐水于田里」(约伯记 5:10)。
Furthermore, Eretz Yisrael is watered by the Holy One, Blessed be He, Himself, and the rest of the entire world is watered through an intermediary, as it is stated: “Who gives rain upon the land, and sends water upon the fields” (Job 5:10).
《巴拉伊塔》 续:以色列地喝雨水,世界其余各地喝云里剩下的余滓——他先「降雨在地上」,然后才把剩下的「赐水于田里」。以色列地先喝,世界其余各地后喝。有一比喻:做奶酪的人把凝结的奶揉过,取了食物,留下渣滓。
此外,以色列地喝的是雨水,而整个世界其余各地喝的是云里剩下的雨水余滓,正如经上说神是那「降雨在地上」的,然后才取那剩下的「赐水于田里」。以色列地先喝,整个世界其余各地后喝,正如经上所说:「降雨在地上,赐水于田里」。有一个比喻说明这事:一个在奶凝结之后揉他奶酪的人,取了食物,留下渣滓。
Additionally, Eretz Yisrael drinks rainwater and the rest of the entire world drinks from the remaining residue of rainwater left in the clouds, as it is stated that God is He “who gives rain upon the land” and only afterward takes what is left “and sends water upon the fields.” Eretz Yisrael drinks first, and the rest of the entire world afterward, as it is stated: “Who gives rain upon the land and sends water upon the fields.” There is a parable that illustrates this: A person who kneads his cheese after it has curdled takes the food and leaves the refuse.
夫子在上面说:海水在云里变甜。革玛拉问:拉比以利以谢 从何推出?拉夫以撒·巴尔·约瑟 传 拉比约哈难 说:经上写着「水的黑暗、天空的厚云」(诗篇 18:11),又写着「聚集的水、天空的厚云」(撒母耳记下 22:12)。
夫子在上面说:海水在云里被变甜。
The Master said above: The ocean waters are sweetened in the clouds.
革玛拉问:拉比以利以谢 从哪里推出这一点?
The Gemara asks: From where does Rabbi Eliezer derive this?
革玛拉答:拉夫以撒·巴尔·约瑟 说 拉比约哈难 说,经上写着:「水的黑暗、天空的厚云」(诗篇 18:11)。
The Gemara answers that Rav Yitzḥak bar Yosef said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said that it is written: “Darkness [ḥeshkhat] of waters, thick clouds of the skies” (Psalms 18:12).
「黑暗」原文 חֶשְׁכַת,「聚集」原文 חַשְׁרַת。诗篇此节英译作 18:12(希伯来本节数),照和合本作 18:11。
又在一节相似的经里写着:「聚集的水、天空的厚云」(撒母耳记下 22:12)。
And it is written, in a similar verse: “Gathering of [ḥashrat] waters, thick clouds of the skies” (II Samuel 22:12).
革玛拉解释这细微的差别:两语只差一个词,而这两个词又只差一个字母——一个是 卡弗,一个是 雷什。把两种写法合起来,取头一种的 卡弗 放进带 雷什 的第二种里,就读出一个新词,意为「使合用」。所以这节经可解作:水在天空的云里被弄得合用。
革玛拉解释这个细微差别的意义。
The Gemara explains the significance of this minor variation.
这两个语句只在一个词上不同,而这两个词本身又只差一个字母,一个是 卡弗,一个是 雷什。
These two phrases vary in only one word, which themselves differ by only one letter, a kaf for a reish.
你若把两种写法合在一起,从头一种写法里取出 卡弗 这个字母,放进带 雷什 的第二种写法里,就能从这节经里读出一个新词,意思是「使合用」。
If you join the two versions together, and take the letter kaf from the first version and place it with the second version of the word, which has a reish, you can read into the verse a new word meaning rendering fit [ḥakhsharat].
「使合用」原文 הַכְשָׁרַת,即取 חֶשְׁכַת 的 כ 与 חַשְׁרַת 的 ר 合成。
照这样,这节经可以解作:水的「使合用」,是在天空的云里完成的。
Accordingly, the verse can be interpreted as: The rendering fit of water is performed in the clouds of the sky.
革玛拉问:拉比约书亚 从这两节经学到什么?答:他照 拉夫迪米 的意见——后者从以色列地来到巴比伦时说:西边的人说,云明亮,水少;云黑暗,水多。所以他解作:云里有「水的黑暗」,就也有「聚集的水」,雨要从其中降下。
革玛拉问:而 拉比约书亚,论这两节经,他从中学到什么?
The Gemara asks: And Rabbi Yehoshua, with regard to these verses, what does he learn from them?
革玛拉答:拉比约书亚 照这位贤者 拉夫迪米 的意见。
The Gemara answers that Rabbi Yehoshua holds in accordance with the opinion of this Sage, Rav Dimi.
因为 拉夫迪米 从以色列地来到巴比伦时说:在西边,就是以色列地,他们说:云明亮的时候,水就少;云黑暗的时候,水就多。
As when Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he said that they say in the West, Eretz Yisrael: When clouds are bright, they have little water; when clouds are dark, they have much water.
照这样,拉比约书亚 解释说:云里有「水的黑暗」的时候,也就有「聚集的水」,因为雨要从其中降下。
Accordingly, Rabbi Yehoshua explains that when there is “a darkness of waters” in the clouds, there is also “a gathering of waters,” as rain will fall from them.
革玛拉问:《巴拉伊塔》 所教——上面的水不停在任何一定之处,而是凭神的话悬着,它们的果子是雨水,如经上说:「他从天上的楼阁中浇灌山岭;因他作为的功效,地就丰足」(诗篇 104:13)——照谁的意见?照 拉比约书亚。拉比以利以谢 怎样解这节经?他可以说:那节经是论圣者——愿他受称颂——手所作的工,不是论上面的水。
革玛拉问:那条 《巴拉伊塔》 里所教的,是照谁的意见:上面的水并不停在任何一定的地方,而是凭着神的话悬着,它们的果子是雨水,正如经上所说:「他从天上的楼阁中浇灌山岭;因他作为的功效,地就丰足」(诗篇 104:13)?
The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion is that which is taught in a baraita: The upper waters do not stand in any defined place; rather, they are suspended by the word of God, and their fruit is rainwater, as it is stated: “Who waters the mountains from His upper chambers; the earth is full of the fruit of Your works” (Psalms 104:13).
「功效」原文 פְּרִי,英译作「果子」,《巴拉伊塔》 据此说雨水是上面之水的果子。
这句话是照谁的意见?
In accordance with whose opinion is this statement?
是照 拉比约书亚 的意见。
It is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua.
而 拉比以利以谢,他怎样解释这节经?
And Rabbi Eliezer, how does he explain this verse?
拉比以利以谢 可以说:诗篇的那节经,是论圣者——愿他受称颂——手所作的工而写的,不是论上面的水。
Rabbi Eliezer could say: That verse from Psalms is written with regard to the handiwork of the Holy One, Blessed be He, not the upper waters.
拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:全世界喝的是伊甸园流出的余水,如经上说:「有河从伊甸流出来滋润那园子」(创世记 2:10)。《巴拉伊塔》 教:一 歌珥之地——能播一 歌珥 种子之田——流出的余水,能浇灌一 半塞亚 之地,就是播半 塞亚 种子之田,为前者的六十分之一。由此可推:世界其余各地的大小是伊甸园的六十分之一。
拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:全世界喝的是伊甸园流出的余水,正如经上所说:「有河从伊甸流出来滋润那园子」(创世记 2:10)。
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: The entire world drinks from the runoff of the Garden of Eden, as it is stated: “And a river went out of Eden to water the garden” (Genesis 2:10).
在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:从一 歌珥之地——就是一块可以播种一 歌珥 种子的田,约七万五千平方肘——流出的余水,可以浇灌一块播种半 塞亚 种子的田,就是一 半塞亚 之地,即一 歌珥之地 大小的六十分之一。
It was taught in a baraita: From the runoff of a beit kor, a field in which a kor of seed can be planted, which is approximately seventy-five thousand square cubits, a field in which a half-se’a [tarkav], of seed can be sown, i.e. one-sixtieth the size of a beit kor, can be watered.
一 歌珥之地 的余水既足够浇灌一块六十分之一大的田,就可以推知:世界其余各地的大小,是伊甸园的六十分之一。
If the runoff from a beit kor is sufficient for a field one-sixtieth its size, it can be inferred that the rest of the world is one-sixtieth the size of the Garden of Eden.
众贤在 《巴拉伊塔》 里教:埃及地的面积是四百 帕尔萨 乘四百 帕尔萨;它是古实的六十分之一,古实是世界其余各地的六十分之一,世界是伊甸园的六十分之一,伊甸园是伊甸的六十分之一,伊甸又是革希嫩的六十分之一。可见全世界对革希嫩来说,如同一个锅盖。有人说:革希嫩没有量度;另有人说:伊甸没有量度。
众贤在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:埃及地的面积是四百 帕尔萨 乘四百 帕尔萨。
The Sages taught in a baraita: The area of the land of Egypt is four hundred parasangs [parsa] by four hundred parasangs.
而这是古实的六十分之一大小,古实本身又是世界其余各地的六十分之一大小。
And this is one sixtieth the size of Cush, and Cush itself is one sixtieth the size of the rest of the world.
而世界是伊甸园的六十分之一,伊甸园是伊甸本身的六十分之一,伊甸又是革希嫩的六十分之一。
And the world is one sixtieth of the Garden of Eden, and the Garden of Eden is one sixtieth of Eden itself, and Eden is one sixtieth of Gehenna.
你就发现,整个世界对革希嫩来说,如同一个锅盖,因为伊甸比世界其余各地大得多,却只是革希嫩的六十分之一大小。
You find that the entire world is like a pot cover for Gehenna, as Eden, which is far larger than the rest of the world, is only one sixtieth the size of Gehenna.
而有人说:革希嫩没有量度。
And some say: Gehenna has no measure.
又有人说:伊甸没有量度。
And some say that Eden has no measure.
拉比奥沙亚 讲耶利米书论巴比伦的一节:「住在众水之上多有财宝的啊」(耶利米书 51:13)——巴比伦的仓里满了谷物,是因它住在众水之上,就是底格里斯河与伯拉河,田地易于灌溉。拉夫 说:巴比伦富足,因为没有雨也能收成。阿巴耶 说:我们以为地像巴比伦那样泥泞胜过干燥,因为巴比伦的庄稼终年生长。
拉比奥沙亚 说:论巴比伦所写的「住在众水之上多有财宝的啊」(耶利米书 51:13),是什么意思?
Rabbi Oshaya said: What is the meaning of that which is written about Babylonia: “You who dwells on many waters, abundant in storehouses” (Jeremiah 51:13)?
是什么使巴比伦的仓库里满了谷物?
What caused Babylonia to have storehouses full of grain?
你必须说:是因为它住在众水之上,就是底格里斯河与伯拉河,使它的地容易灌溉。
You must say that it is due to the fact that it resides on many waters, the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers, which render its land easy to irrigate.
同样,拉夫 说:巴比伦是富足的,因为即便没有雨,它也能长出庄稼来收割。
Similarly, Rav said: Babylonia is wealthy since it can grow crops for harvest even without rain.
阿巴耶 说:我们认为,一块地像巴比伦那样泥泞,比干燥的好,因为巴比伦的庄稼终年都在生长。
Abaye said: We hold that it is better for a land to be swampy like Babylonia, and not dry, as crops in Babylonia grow all year.
密释纳:玛西班月初三开始求雨,在 《立祷》 第九道祝祷「年岁」之祝里加上「并赐下露水与雨」。拉班迦玛列 说:玛西班月初七才开始,就是 住棚节 之后十五日——多等这四日,好叫以色列民中最后一个徒步上耶路撒冷守节的人,回家路上不受雨阻,能走到伯拉河。
在玛西班月初三,人开始求雨,在 《立祷》 的第九道祝祷,就是「年岁」之祝里,加上这一语:「并赐下露水与雨」。
On the third of the month of Marḥeshvan one starts to request rain by inserting the phrase: And give dew and rain, in the blessing of the years, the ninth blessing of the Amida.
拉班迦玛列 说:人在玛西班月初七才开始求雨,那是 住棚节 节期之后的第十五日。
Rabban Gamliel says: One starts to request rain on the seventh of Marḥeshvan, which is fifteen days after the festival of Sukkot.
拉班迦玛列 解释:人多等这四日,是为要让以色列民中最后一个徒步上耶路撒冷守节的朝圣者,能在回家的路上走到伯拉河,而不致被雨所阻。
Rabban Gamliel explains that one waits these extra four days so that the last pilgrim of the Jewish people, who traveled to Jerusalem on foot for the Festival, can reach the Euphrates River without being inconvenienced by rain on his journey home.
拉比以利亚撒 说:哈拉哈 照 拉班迦玛列,要到玛西班月初七才开始求雨。《巴拉伊塔》 教:哈纳尼亚 说:在散居之地,要到这一季的第六十日才开始求雨,就是秋分之后六十日。拉夫胡纳·巴尔·希亚 传 撒母耳 说:哈拉哈 照他。
拉比以利亚撒 说:哈拉哈 照 拉班迦玛列 的意见,就是人要到玛西班月初七才开始求雨。
Rabbi Elazar said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Gamliel, that one does not begin to request rain until the seventh of Marḥeshvan.
在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教导:哈纳尼亚 说:在散居之地,人要到这一季的第六十日才开始求雨,就是秋分之后六十日。
It is taught in a baraita that Ḥananya says: And in the Diaspora one does not begin to request rain until sixty days into the season, i.e., sixty days after the autumnal equinox.
拉夫胡纳·巴尔·希亚 说 撒母耳 说:哈拉哈 照 哈纳尼亚 的意见。
Rav Huna bar Ḥiyya said that Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Ḥananya.
革玛拉问:是这样吗?众人岂不是在他面前提出疑问:从何时起提「并赐下露水与雨」?他对他们说:从人们把柴搬进捕鸟人猎户塔武特家里的时候起。这看来与 哈纳尼亚 所说的日期不同。革玛拉提议:或许这两样是同一段时间——他只是为秋分后六十日给了一个记号。
革玛拉问:是这样吗?
The Gemara asks: Is that so?
可是众人岂不是在 撒母耳 面前提出一个疑问:人从何时起提「并赐下露水与雨」?
But they raised a dilemma before Shmuel: From when does one mention: And give dew and rain?
他对他们说:从人们把柴搬进那位 捕鸟人,就是 猎户塔武特 家里的时候起。
He said to them: From when they bring wood into the house of Tavut the bird hunter [rishba].
这看来是一个与 哈纳尼亚 所说不同的日期。
This is apparently a different date than that mentioned by Ḥananya.
革玛拉提议:或许这个与那个是同一段时间,就是 撒母耳 只是为秋分之后六十日提供了一个记号。
The Gemara suggests: Perhaps this and that are one measure of time, i.e., Shmuel merely provided a sign of sixty days after the autumnal equinox.
众贤面前提出一个疑问:第六十日本身算在第六十日之前那段,还是算在之后那段?革玛拉答:请来听,这里有争论——拉夫 说第六十日算在之后那段,撒母耳 说算在之前那段。
众贤面前提出了一个疑问:第六十日本身,是被看作第六十日之前那段时间的一部分,还是包括在第六十日之后那段时间里?
A dilemma was raised before the Sages: Is the sixtieth day itself treated as part of the period before the sixtieth day or is it included in the period after the sixtieth day?
革玛拉作答。
The Gemara answers.
请来听:在这件事上有一个争论。
Come and hear that there is a dispute in this regard.
拉夫 说:第六十日是第六十日之后那段时间的一部分;而 撒母耳 说:第六十日是第六十日之前那段时间的一部分。
Rav said: The sixtieth day is part of the period after the sixtieth day, and Shmuel said: The sixtieth day is part of the period before the sixtieth.
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:你记这两种意见的记法是:「在上的需要水,在下的不需要水」——水往低处流,住在低处的人从上面得水,较不缺水。所以住在巴比伦低地的 撒母耳 裁定较晚开始求雨,在以色列地研读、地势较高、更需雨水的 拉夫 说了较早的日期。拉夫帕帕 说:哈拉哈 是第六十日算在之后那段,照后者,所以在秋分之后第六十日就开始提求雨。
拉夫纳赫曼·巴尔·以撒 说:你用来记住这两种相异意见的记法是:在上的需要水;在下的不需要水。
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: And your mnemonic to remember the divergent opinions is: Those above require water; those below do not require water.
既然水往下流,住在低处的人就从上面得到他们的水,一般较不需要额外的水。
Since water flows downward, those who live in low places receive their water from above and are generally in less need of additional water.
照这样,住在巴比伦低地的 撒母耳,裁定人较晚才开始求雨;而在以色列地研读的 拉夫,因以色列地地势较高、更需要雨,就说了一个较早的日期。
Accordingly, Shmuel, who lived in the lowlands of Babylonia, ruled that one begins to request for rain later, whereas Rav, who studied in Eretz Yisrael, which is higher in elevation and has a greater need for rain, stated an earlier date.
拉夫帕帕 说:哈拉哈 是,第六十日是第六十日之后那段时间的一部分,正如 拉夫 所说;所以人在秋分之后的第六十日,就开始提求雨。
Rav Pappa said: The halakha is that the sixtieth day is part of the period after the sixtieth day, as stated by Rav, and therefore one begins to mention the request for rain on the sixtieth day after the autumnal equinox.
密释纳:到了玛西班月十七日还没下雨,个人——不是全会众——开始为雨禁食三次。怎样禁?禁食从早晨开始,天黑以后可以吃喝;禁食之日可以作工、洗浴、抹油、穿鞋、同房。到了基斯流月初一还没下雨,法庭为全会众定三次禁食,同样天黑以后可以吃喝,也许作工、洗浴、抹油、穿鞋、同房。
若到了玛西班月十七日,还没有下雨,个人——而不是全会众——就开始为雨禁食三次。
If the seventeenth of Marḥeshvan arrived and rain has not fallen, individuals, but not the entire community, begin to fast three fasts for rain.
这些禁食是怎样行的?
How are these fasts conducted?
既然禁食是从早晨开始的,天黑以后人可以吃喝;而在禁食的日子本身,人可以作工、洗浴、在身上抹油、穿鞋,以及夫妻同房。
As the fast begins in the morning, one may eat and drink after dark, and one is permitted during the days of the fasts themselves to engage in the performance of work, in bathing, in smearing oil on one’s body, in wearing shoes, and in conjugal relations.
若到了基斯流月初一,还没有下雨,法庭就为全会众定下三次禁食。
If the New Moon of Kislev arrived and rain has still not fallen, the court decrees three fasts on the entire community.
与个人的禁食相似,天黑以后众人都可以吃喝,他们也可以作工、洗浴、在身上抹油、穿鞋,以及夫妻同房。
Similar to the individual fasts, everyone may eat and drink after dark, and they are permitted to engage in the performance of work, in bathing, in smearing one’s body with oil, in wearing shoes, and in conjugal relations.
革玛拉问:密释纳所说的「个人」是谁?拉夫胡纳 说:是众贤,他们受更高的标准要求,即便寻常人不禁食,他们也当禁食。他又说:禁食三次的个人,在星期一、接着的星期四、再接着的星期一禁食。
革玛拉问:密释纳所提的这些「个人」是谁?
The Gemara asks: Who are these individuals mentioned in the mishna?
拉夫胡纳 说:这是指众贤,他们受一个更高的标准所要求,即便寻常人不禁食,他们也被期望去禁食。
Rav Huna said: This is referring to the Sages, who are held to a higher standard and are expected to undertake fasts even when ordinary people do not.
而 拉夫胡纳 又说:禁食三次的个人,是在一个星期一、接着的星期四、再接着的星期一禁食。
And Rav Huna further said: The individuals who fast the three fasts do so on a Monday, and on the next Thursday, and again on the following Monday.
革玛拉问:这位阿摩拉在教我们什么?我们已经学过(叶十五背):法庭不可从星期四起为会众定禁食,免得物价上涨;而是头三次禁食定在星期一、星期四、星期一。拉夫胡纳 的话又添了什么?
革玛拉问:拉夫胡纳 在教我们什么?
The Gemara asks: What is Rav Huna teaching us?
我们已经学过这一点(叶十五背):法庭不可从一个星期四开始为会众定禁食,免得造成物价上涨。
We already learned this (15b): The court may not decree a fast on the community starting from a Thursday, so as not to cause an increase in prices.
而是头三次禁食定在星期一、星期四和星期一。
Rather, the first three fasts are established on Monday, and Thursday, and Monday.
拉夫胡纳 的话对这条裁定又添了什么?
What does Rav Huna’s statement add to this ruling?
革玛拉答:拉夫胡纳 的话是必要的,免得你说这只适用于会众,个人的三次禁食则不必从星期一开始。《巴拉伊塔》 也这样教:个人开始禁食时,在星期一、星期四、星期一禁食;禁食之日若逢有特别礼仪之日,就为月朔中断次序,(下接 10之间)
革玛拉答:拉夫胡纳 的话是必要的,免得你说:这只适用于会众;然而论个人,不,三次禁食的次序不必从一个星期一开始。
The Gemara answers: Rav Huna’s comment is necessary, lest you say that this applies only to a community, but that in the case of an individual, no, the series of three fasts does not have to start on a Monday.
这个意见也在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里论密释纳所提的那些人而教导:个人开始禁食时,他们在一个星期一、一个星期四和一个星期一禁食。
This opinion is also taught in a baraita with regard to those mentioned in the mishna: When the individuals begin to fast, they fast on a Monday, a Thursday, and a Monday.
而若其中一个禁食之日落在一个有特别礼仪的日子,他们就为月朔中断这次序,
And if one of the fast days occurs on a day with special observances, they interrupt the sequence for New Moons,