那一句底下说「作为种葡萄之处」(弥迦书 1:6)——这于四围的居民都有益。
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那一句底下说「作为种葡萄之处」(弥迦书 1:6)——这于四围的居民都有益。
for planting vines” (Micah 1:6), which benefits all the surrounding inhabitants.
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这不是译本,是辅读层。中文承载文本本身,并逐句标出哪些是塔木德自己的话、 哪些是 施泰因扎尔茨 补入的解释,以及哪些地方翻译必然有所流失。
谢法利亚 的 威廉·戴维森 版用 <b> 标出塔木德原文,其余为
施泰因扎尔茨 补入。下面的比例是逐句从这个标记算出来的,不是判断。
这一面每读 3 句,只有一句以塔木德自己的话为主。把这件事藏起来, 读者会以为自己读的是塔木德;标出来,他才知道自己站在哪里。
那一句底下说「作为种葡萄之处」(弥迦书 1:6)——这于四围的居民都有益。
那一句底下说「作为种葡萄之处」(弥迦书 1:6)——这于四围的居民都有益。
for planting vines” (Micah 1:6), which benefits all the surrounding inhabitants.
拉比耶利米·本·以利亚撒 又说:你来看,血肉之人的常态与圣者(愿他受颂赞)的常态不同。血肉之人的常态是:官府定了人的死罪,就拿铁钩或木钩塞在他口里,免得他被带去处死时咒骂君王。
拉比耶利米·本·以利亚撒 又说:你来看,血肉之人的常态与圣者(愿他受颂赞)的常态不同。
And Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar also said: Come and see that the attribute of flesh and blood is unlike the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He.
血肉之人的常态是:官府定了人的死罪,就拿铁钩或木钩塞在他口里,免得他被带去处死时咒骂君王。
For the attribute of flesh and blood is to place an iron or wooden hook in the mouth of a person who was sentenced to death by the government, so that he should not be able to curse the king when he is taken away for execution.
至于圣者(愿他受颂赞)的常态:人被那位无所不在者定了死,倒自己甘心不言,正如经上说:「神啊,在锡安,静默于你就是赞美,所许的愿也要向你偿还」(诗篇 65:2)。不但如此,他还为自己所受的苦称赞神,正如经上说的「赞美」;不但如此,那在他看来就如同献祭为自己的罪赎,正如经上说的「所许的愿也要向你偿还」。
至于圣者(愿他受颂赞)的常态:人被那位无所不在者定了死,倒自己甘心不言,正如经上说:「神啊,在锡安,静默于你就是赞美,所许的愿也要向你偿还」(诗篇 65:2)。
But the attribute of the Holy One, Blessed be He is that one is willingly silent when he is sentenced to death by the Omnipresent, as it is stated: “For You silence is praise, O God in Zion, and to You shall the vow be performed” (Psalms 65:2).
不但如此,他还为自己所受的苦称赞神,正如经上说的「赞美」;不但如此,那在他看来就如同献祭为自己的罪赎,正如经上说的「所许的愿也要向你偿还」。
And what is more, he praises God for his sufferings, as it is stated: “Praise.” And what is more, it appears to him as though he were offering a sacrifice in atonement for his sin, as it is stated: “And to You shall the vow be performed.”
拉比约书亚·本·利未 所说的也是这个意思:经上写着「他们经过流泪谷,叫这谷变为泉源之地;并且秋雨之福也降在其上」(诗篇 84:7)——这是什么意思呢?
拉比约书亚·本·利未 所说的也是这个意思:经上写着「他们经过流泪谷,叫这谷变为泉源之地;并且秋雨之福也降在其上」(诗篇 84:7)——这是什么意思呢?
And this is what Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Those who pass through the valley of weeping turn it into a water spring; moreover, the early rain covers it with blessings” (Psalms 84:7)?
「他们经过(עוֹבְרֵי)」——这是指那些违背(עוֹבְרִין)圣者(愿他受颂赞)旨意的人。「谷(עֵמֶק)」是说他们所受的罚:革希嫩 为他们加深(מַעֲמִיקִין)了。「流泪(בָּכָא)」与「叫这谷变为泉源之地(מַעְיָן יְשִׁיתוּהוּ)」是说:他们哭泣(בּוֹכִין),使眼泪涌流如泉(מַעְיָן),直下到地的根基(שִׁיתִין)——就是像一道降到地基的泉。「并且秋雨之福也降在其上」是说:他们服神的判断为公义,在他面前说:宇宙的主啊,你判断得公道,开释得公道,定罪得公道;你为恶人预备了 革希嫩、为义人预备了伊甸园,也是相宜的。
「他们经过(עוֹבְרֵי)」——这是指那些违背(עוֹבְרִין)圣者(愿他受颂赞)旨意的人。
“Those who pass through [overei],” these are people who transgress [overin] the will of the Holy One, Blessed be He.
「谷(עֵמֶק)」是说他们所受的罚:革希嫩 为他们加深(מַעֲמִיקִין)了。
“Valley [emek]” indicates that their punishment is that Gehenna is deepened [ma’amikin] for them.
「流泪(בָּכָא)」与「叫这谷变为泉源之地(מַעְיָן יְשִׁיתוּהוּ)」是说:他们哭泣(בּוֹכִין),使眼泪涌流如泉(מַעְיָן),直下到地的根基(שִׁיתִין)——就是像一道降到地基的泉。
“Of weeping [bakha]” and “turn it into a water spring [ma’ayan yeshituhu],” indicates that they weep [bokhin] and make tears flow like a spring [ma’ayan] of the foundations [shitin], meaning like a spring that descends to the foundations of the earth.
「并且秋雨之福也降在其上」是说:他们服神的判断为公义,在他面前说:宇宙的主啊,你判断得公道,开释得公道,定罪得公道;你为恶人预备了 革希嫩、为义人预备了伊甸园,也是相宜的。
“Moreover, the early rain covers it with blessings,” indicates that they accept the justice of God’s judgment, and say before Him: Master of the Universe, You have judged properly, You have acquitted properly, You have condemned properly, and it is befitting that You have prepared Gehenna for the wicked and the Garden of Eden for the righteous.
革玛拉 提一难:果真如此么?拉比西缅·本·拉基什 岂不是说过:恶人到了 革希嫩 门口也不悔改,正如经上说:「他们必出去观看那些违背我人的尸首;因为他们的虫是不死的,他们的火是不灭的;凡有血气的都必憎恶他们」(以赛亚书 66:24)?经上不说「曾违背的」,乃说「违背我的」,是现在的语气——意思是他们永远违背下去。
革玛拉 提一难:果真如此么?
The Gemara raises a difficulty: Is that so?
拉比西缅·本·拉基什 岂不是说过:恶人到了 革希嫩 门口也不悔改,正如经上说:「他们必出去观看那些违背我人的尸首;因为他们的虫是不死的,他们的火是不灭的;凡有血气的都必憎恶他们」(以赛亚书 66:24)?
Didn’t Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish say: The wicked do not repent, even at the entrance to Gehenna, as it is stated: “And they shall go forth, and look upon the carcasses of the men who rebel against Me; for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched; and they shall be an abhorrence to all flesh” (Isaiah 66:24)?
经上不说「曾违背的」,乃说「违背我的」,是现在的语气——意思是他们永远违背下去。
The verse does not say: Who rebelled, but rather: “Who rebel,” in the present tense, meaning they continue rebelling forever.
革玛拉 答:这并不为难:这里、就是说他们服神判断的,是就以色列人中的罪人说的;那里、就是说他们不悔改的,是就世上万民中的叛逆说的。
革玛拉 答:这并不为难:这里、就是说他们服神判断的,是就以色列人中的罪人说的;那里、就是说他们不悔改的,是就世上万民中的叛逆说的。
The Gemara answers: This is not difficult; here, i.e., where it is said that they accept God’s judgment, it is referring to the sinners of the Jewish people; there, i.e., where it is said that they do not recant, it is referring to the rebels among the nations of the world.
照理也当这样说,因为你若不这样说,雷什·拉基什 这话与 雷什·拉基什 那话就相驳了。因为 雷什·拉基什 说:论以色列人中的罪人,革希嫩 的火在他们身上无能为力,这可以从金坛作轻重推论得来。
照理也当这样说,因为你若不这样说,雷什·拉基什 这话与 雷什·拉基什 那话就相驳了。
So too, it is reasonable to say this, for if you do not say so, there would be a contradiction between one statement of Reish Lakish and another statement of Reish Lakish.
因为 雷什·拉基什 说:论以色列人中的罪人,革希嫩 的火在他们身上无能为力,这可以从金坛作轻重推论得来。
As Reish Lakish said: With regard to the sinners of the Jewish people, the fire of Gehenna has no power over them, as may be learned by a fortiori reasoning from the golden altar.
圣殿里的金坛只包着一个金第纳尔那么厚的金,尚且立了多年而火不曾烧坏它、它的金不曾熔化;那么以色列人中的罪人,善行满身如石榴,岂不更不受 革希嫩 之火的害么——正如经上说:「你的两太阳(רַקָּתֵךְ)在帕子后好像一块石榴」(雅歌 6:7)。拉比西缅·本·拉基什 就这一句说:不要读作「你的两太阳(רַקָּתֵךְ)」,倒要读作「你中间空虚的人(רֵיקָתֵךְ)」——意思是连你们中间的罪人也满有诫命如石榴,那么 革希嫩 的火在他们身上就更该无能为力了。
圣殿里的金坛只包着一个金第纳尔那么厚的金,尚且立了多年而火不曾烧坏它、它的金不曾熔化;那么以色列人中的罪人,善行满身如石榴,岂不更不受 革希嫩 之火的害么——正如经上说:「你的两太阳(רַקָּתֵךְ)在帕子后好像一块石榴」(雅歌 6:7)。
If the golden altar in the Temple, which was only covered by gold the thickness of a golden dinar, stood for many years and the fire did not burn it, for its gold did not melt, so too the sinners of the Jewish people, who are filled with good deeds like a pomegranate, as it is stated: “Your temples [rakatekh] are like a split pomegranate behind your veil” (Song of Songs 6:7), will not be affected by the fire of Gehenna.
拉比西缅·本·拉基什 就这一句说:不要读作「你的两太阳(רַקָּתֵךְ)」,倒要读作「你中间空虚的人(רֵיקָתֵךְ)」——意思是连你们中间的罪人也满有诫命如石榴,那么 革希嫩 的火在他们身上就更该无能为力了。
And Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said about this: Do not read: Your temples [rakatekh], but rather: Your empty ones [reikateikh], meaning that even the sinners among you are full of mitzvot like a pomegranate; how much more so should the fire of Gehenna have no power over them.
至于经上写着「他们经过流泪谷」(诗篇 84:7)、含着说那些罪人到底还是下 革希嫩 去,那当这样解:那里说的是当时该受 革希嫩 之罚的人,只是我们的先祖 亚伯拉罕 来把他们提上去、收纳他们。他不撇下受过割礼的人、任他们进 革希嫩,惟有那与外邦妇人同寝的犹太人不然——他因此受的罚是那皮被拉长起来,我们的先祖 亚伯拉罕 就不认他是自己的后裔了。
至于经上写着「他们经过流泪谷」(诗篇 84:7)、含着说那些罪人到底还是下 革希嫩 去,那当这样解:那里说的是当时该受 革希嫩 之罚的人,只是我们的先祖 亚伯拉罕 来把他们提上去、收纳他们。
However, that which is written: “Those who pass through the valley of weeping” (Psalms 84:7), which implies that the sinners nonetheless descend to Gehenna, should be explained as follows: There it speaks of those who are liable at that time for punishment in Gehenna, but our father Abraham comes and raises them up and receives them.
他不撇下受过割礼的人、任他们进 革希嫩,惟有那与外邦妇人同寝的犹太人不然——他因此受的罚是那皮被拉长起来,我们的先祖 亚伯拉罕 就不认他是自己的后裔了。
He does not leave the circumcised behind and allow them to enter Gehenna, except for a Jew who had relations with a gentile woman, in punishment for which his foreskin is drawn, and our father Abraham does not recognize him as one of his descendants.
拉夫卡哈纳 力驳这话:你既说「违背我的」是指那些一直违背下去的,那么经上论他说「那领出来的」(见出埃及记 6:7)、「那使以色列上来的」(见利未记 11:45),这几个说法岂是说他此刻正领他们上来、领他们出来么?不然,你必得把那几个词讲作「那已经领他们上来、领他们出来的」;这里也照样:「违背我的」就是指那些已经违背了的。
拉夫卡哈纳 力驳这话:你既说「违背我的」是指那些一直违背下去的,那么经上论他说「那领出来的」(见出埃及记 6:7)、「那使以色列上来的」(见利未记 11:45),这几个说法岂是说他此刻正领他们上来、领他们出来么?
Rav Kahana strongly objected to this: Now that you have said that the words those who rebel are referring to those who go on rebelling, if so, in those verses in which it is written of Him: “He Who brings out” (see Exodus 6:7) and “He Who raises up” Israel from Egypt (see Leviticus 11:45), do these expressions mean: He Who is currently raising them up and bringing them out?
不然,你必得把那几个词讲作「那已经领他们上来、领他们出来的」;这里也照样:「违背我的」就是指那些已经违背了的。
Rather, you must understand these terms to mean: He Who already raised them up and brought them out; here too then, the phrase those who rebel means those who already rebelled.
拉比耶利米·本·以利亚撒 又说:革希嫩 有三个门口,一个在旷野,一个在海里,一个在耶路撒冷。一个在旷野,因为论可拉一党,经上写着:「他们和一切属他们的,都活活地下了阴间(שְׁאוֹל);地在他们上头照旧合闭,他们就从会中灭亡」(民数记 16:33)。
拉比耶利米·本·以利亚撒 又说:革希嫩 有三个门口,一个在旷野,一个在海里,一个在耶路撒冷。
And Rabbi Yirmeya ben Elazar also said: There are three entrances to Gehenna, one in the wilderness, one in the sea, and one in Jerusalem.
一个在旷野,因为论可拉一党,经上写着:「他们和一切属他们的,都活活地下了阴间(שְׁאוֹל);地在他们上头照旧合闭,他们就从会中灭亡」(民数记 16:33)。
There is one entrance in the wilderness, as it is written with regard to Korah and his company: “And they, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit [She’ol], and the earth closed upon them, and they perished from among the congregation” (Numbers 16:33).
海里有第二个门口,因为论约拿在鱼腹中,经上写着:「我从阴间(שְׁאוֹל)的深处求救,你就俯听我的声音」(约拿书 2:3)。
海里有第二个门口,因为论约拿在鱼腹中,经上写着:「我从阴间(שְׁאוֹל)的深处求救,你就俯听我的声音」(约拿书 2:3)。
In the sea there is a second entrance to Gehenna, as it is written about Jonah in the fish’s belly: “Out of the belly of the netherworld [She’ol] I cried, and You did hear my voice” (Jonah 2:3).
第三个门口在耶路撒冷,因为经上写着:「这是耶和华说的,他的火在锡安,他的炉在耶路撒冷」(以赛亚书 31:9)。拉比以实玛利 门下的人教说:「他的火在锡安」,这就是 革希嫩;「他的炉在耶路撒冷」,这就是 革希嫩 的一个门口。
第三个门口在耶路撒冷,因为经上写着:「这是耶和华说的,他的火在锡安,他的炉在耶路撒冷」(以赛亚书 31:9)。
And there is a third entrance to Gehenna in Jerusalem, as it is written: “Says the Lord, Whose fire is in Zion, and Whose furnace is in Jerusalem” (Isaiah 31:9).
拉比以实玛利 门下的人教说:「他的火在锡安」,这就是 革希嫩;「他的炉在耶路撒冷」,这就是 革希嫩 的一个门口。
And it was taught in the school of Rabbi Yishmael: “Whose fire is in Zion,” this is Gehenna; and “Whose furnace is in Jerusalem,” this is an entrance to Gehenna.
革玛拉 问:再没有别的门口了么?拉比马尔永 岂不是奉 拉比约书亚·本·利未 之名说过——有人说是 拉巴·巴尔·马尔永 奉 拉比约哈难·本·撒该 门下之名教的:欣嫩子谷里有两棵枣树,烟从两树之间升起来;论到这两棵与别样棕树不同的枣树,我们学过:哈尔哈巴泽尔 的枝子合于 棕枝 之礼——那里就是 革希嫩 的门口。革玛拉 答:这并不为难,因为那或许正是耶路撒冷那一个门口。
革玛拉 问:再没有别的门口了么?
The Gemara asks: Are there no more entrances?
拉比马尔永 岂不是奉 拉比约书亚·本·利未 之名说过——有人说是 拉巴·巴尔·马尔永 奉 拉比约哈难·本·撒该 门下之名教的:欣嫩子谷里有两棵枣树,烟从两树之间升起来;论到这两棵与别样棕树不同的枣树,我们学过:哈尔哈巴泽尔 的枝子合于 棕枝 之礼——那里就是 革希嫩 的门口。
Didn’t Rabbi Maryon say in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, and some say it was Rabba bar Maryon who taught in the name of the school of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Zakkai: There are two date trees in the valley of ben Hinnom, and smoke rises from between them, and with regard to this statement about date trees that differ from other palms we learned: The palms of Har HaBarzel are fit for the mitzva of palm branches [lulav], and this is the entrance to Gehenna.
革玛拉 答:这并不为难,因为那或许正是耶路撒冷那一个门口。
The Gemara answers: This is not difficult, for perhaps this is the entrance in Jerusalem.
拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:革希嫩 有七个名,就是:שְׁאוֹל(阴间)、אֲבַדּוֹן(灭亡之地)、בְּאֵר שַׁחַת(陷坑之井)、בּוֹר שָׁאוֹן(祸坑)、טִיט הַיָּוֵן(淤泥)、צַלְמָוֶת(死荫)、אֶרֶץ הַתַּחְתִּית(下界之地)。
拉比约书亚·本·利未 说:革希嫩 有七个名,就是:שְׁאוֹל(阴间)、אֲבַדּוֹן(灭亡之地)、בְּאֵר שַׁחַת(陷坑之井)、בּוֹר שָׁאוֹן(祸坑)、טִיט הַיָּוֵן(淤泥)、צַלְמָוֶת(死荫)、אֶרֶץ הַתַּחְתִּית(下界之地)。
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: Gehenna has seven names, and they are as follows: She’ol, Avadon, Be’er Shaḥat, Bor Shaon, Tit HaYaven, Tzalmavet, and Eretz HaTaḥtit.
שְׁאוֹל,因为经上写着:「我从阴间(שְׁאוֹל)的深处求救,你就俯听我的声音」(约拿书 2:3)。אֲבַדּוֹן,因为经上写着:「岂能在坟墓里述说你的慈爱么?岂能在灭亡中(אֲבַדּוֹן)述说你的信实么?」(诗篇 88:12)。בְּאֵר שַׁחַת,因为经上写着:「因为你必不将我的灵魂撇在阴间,也不叫你的圣者见朽坏(שַׁחַת)」(诗篇 16:10)。בּוֹר שָׁאוֹן 与 טִיט הַיָּוֵן,因为经上写着:「他从祸坑里(בּוֹר שָׁאוֹן)、从淤泥中(טִיט הַיָּוֵן)把我拉上来」(诗篇 40:3)。צַלְמָוֶת,因为经上写着:「那些坐在黑暗中、死荫里(צַלְמָוֶת),被困苦和铁链捆锁的人」(诗篇 107:10)。至于 אֶרֶץ הַתַּחְתִּית、就是下界,相传那是它的名。
שְׁאוֹל,因为经上写着:「我从阴间(שְׁאוֹל)的深处求救,你就俯听我的声音」(约拿书 2:3)。
She’ol, as it is written: “Out of the belly of the netherworld [she’ol] I cried and You did hear my voice” (Jonah 2:3).
אֲבַדּוֹן,因为经上写着:「岂能在坟墓里述说你的慈爱么?岂能在灭亡中(אֲבַדּוֹן)述说你的信实么?」(诗篇 88:12)。
Avadon, as it is written: “Shall Your steadfast love be reported in the grave or Your faithfulness in destruction [avadon]?” (Psalms 88:12).
בְּאֵר שַׁחַת,因为经上写着:「因为你必不将我的灵魂撇在阴间,也不叫你的圣者见朽坏(שַׁחַת)」(诗篇 16:10)。
Be’er Shaḥat, as it is written: “For You will not abandon my soul to the netherworld; nor will You suffer Your pious one to see the pit [shaḥat]” (Psalms 16:10).
בּוֹר שָׁאוֹן 与 טִיט הַיָּוֵן,因为经上写着:「他从祸坑里(בּוֹר שָׁאוֹן)、从淤泥中(טִיט הַיָּוֵן)把我拉上来」(诗篇 40:3)。
And Bor Shaon and Tit HaYaven, as it is written: “He brought me up also out of the gruesome pit [bor shaon], out of the miry clay [tit hayaven]” (Psalms 40:3).
צַלְמָוֶת,因为经上写着:「那些坐在黑暗中、死荫里(צַלְמָוֶת),被困苦和铁链捆锁的人」(诗篇 107:10)。
And Tzalmavet, as it is written: “Such as sat in darkness and in the shadow of death [tzalmavet], bound in affliction and iron” (Psalms 107:10).
至于 אֶרֶץ הַתַּחְתִּית、就是下界,相传那是它的名。
And with regard to Eretz Taḥtit, i.e., the underworld, it is known by tradition that this is its name.
革玛拉 提一问:再没有别的名了么?「革希嫩」岂不是一个名么?革玛拉 答:那不是名,乃是形容之词:一个深如欣嫩子谷(גֵּי בֶן־הִנֹּם)的谷。或者这样解:凡为虚妄(הִנָּם)无益之事的都下到那里去——把「הִנָּם」读作「חִנָּם」、就是「白白地」。
革玛拉 提一问:再没有别的名了么?
The Gemara poses a question: Are there no more names?
「革希嫩」岂不是一个名么?
Isn’t there the name Gehenna?
革玛拉 答:那不是名,乃是形容之词:一个深如欣嫩子谷(גֵּי בֶן־הִנֹּם)的谷。
The Gemara answers that this is not a name rather a description: A valley that is as deep as the valley [gei] of ben Hinnom.
或者这样解:凡为虚妄(הִנָּם)无益之事的都下到那里去——把「הִנָּם」读作「חִנָּם」、就是「白白地」。
An alternative explanation is: Into which all descend for vain [hinnam] and wasteful acts, understanding the word hinnam as if it were written ḥinnam, meaning for naught.
革玛拉 问:岂不是还有「תֹּפְתֶּה」这个名么——经上写着:「因为它的火坑(תֹּפְתֶּה)是自古预备好的」(以赛亚书 30:33)。革玛拉 答:那也是形容之词,意思是:凡受自己的私欲诱惑(מִתְפַּתֶּה)的,都要落在那里。
革玛拉 问:岂不是还有「תֹּפְתֶּה」这个名么——经上写着:「因为它的火坑(תֹּפְתֶּה)是自古预备好的」(以赛亚书 30:33)。
The Gemara asks: Isn’t there also the name Tofte, as it is written: “For its hearth [tofte] is ordained of old” (Isaiah 30:33).
革玛拉 答:那也是形容之词,意思是:凡受自己的私欲诱惑(מִתְפַּתֶּה)的,都要落在那里。
The Gemara answers: That name too is a description, meaning that anyone who allows himself to be seduced [mitpateh] by his evil inclination will fall there.
革玛拉 论过 革希嫩 的门口,又提伊甸园的门口。雷什·拉基什 说:伊甸园若在 以色列地,它的门口就是 伯善;若在 阿拉伯地,门口就是 贝特加雷姆;若在 巴比伦 两河之间,门口就是 杜姆塞卡宁——这几处都是草木极盛、土地极肥的地方。革玛拉 记着:阿巴耶 常夸 幼发拉底河 右岸的果子,拉瓦 常夸 哈尔帕尼亚 的果子。
革玛拉 论过 革希嫩 的门口,又提伊甸园的门口。
Having discussed the entrances to Gehenna, the Gemara also mentions the entrance to the Garden of Eden.
雷什·拉基什 说:伊甸园若在 以色列地,它的门口就是 伯善;若在 阿拉伯地,门口就是 贝特加雷姆;若在 巴比伦 两河之间,门口就是 杜姆塞卡宁——这几处都是草木极盛、土地极肥的地方。
Reish Lakish said: If it is in Eretz Yisrael, its entrance is Beit She’an, and if it is in Arabia, its entrance is Beit Garem, and if it is between the rivers of Babylonia, its entrance is Dumsekanin, for all these places feature a great abundance of vegetation and fertile land.
革玛拉 记着:阿巴耶 常夸 幼发拉底河 右岸的果子,拉瓦 常夸 哈尔帕尼亚 的果子。
The Gemara relates that Abaye would praise the fruits of the right bank of the Euphrates River, and Rava would praise the fruits of Harpanya.
革玛拉 回到密释纳所学的:板与板之间可以空出两套各四只牛那么宽,这一宽是以牛相连未解、不是以解开了的为准量的。革玛拉 问:这是明摆着的——那位 坦拿 既教说「相连」,我们就知道不是解开的了。
革玛拉 回到密释纳所学的:板与板之间可以空出两套各四只牛那么宽,这一宽是以牛相连未解、不是以解开了的为准量的。
The Gemara goes back to the mishna in which we learned: And between them, i.e., between the upright boards and the double posts, there may be a gap the size of two teams of four oxen each, as measured when tied together and not when they are untied.
革玛拉 问:这是明摆着的——那位 坦拿 既教说「相连」,我们就知道不是解开的了。
The Gemara asks: This is obvious; since the tanna taught that they are tied, we know that they are not untied.
革玛拉 答:这一句是特意指明的,免得你说「相连」是「像相连一样」、就是彼此挨近,并不真是系在一处。所以密释纳教我们:单是挨近还不够,须实在系着,不可是解开的。
革玛拉 答:这一句是特意指明的,免得你说「相连」是「像相连一样」、就是彼此挨近,并不真是系在一处。
The Gemara answers: This is specified, lest you say that tied means similar to tied, i.e., close to each other, but not necessarily that they are actually tied.
所以密释纳教我们:单是挨近还不够,须实在系着,不可是解开的。
Therefore, the mishna teaches us that it is not enough that they be close; rather, they must be actually tied and not untied.
密释纳接着说:所留的地方须够一只进、一只出。有一条 《托塞夫塔》 讲明密释纳说:够一套进、一套出那么宽。我们的众贤者在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教说:一只母牛的头与大半身子有多长呢?二肘。一只母牛有多厚呢?一肘零三分之二肘——
密释纳接着说:所留的地方须够一只进、一只出。
The mishna continued: There must be sufficient space left so that one can enter and another can leave.
有一条 《托塞夫塔》 讲明密释纳说:够一套进、一套出那么宽。
A Tosefta was taught that explains the mishna: Enough space so that one team can enter and another team can leave.
我们的众贤者在一条 《巴拉伊塔》 里教说:一只母牛的头与大半身子有多长呢?
Our Sages taught in a baraita: How much is the length of the head and most of the body of a cow?
二肘。
Two cubits.
一只母牛有多厚呢?
And how much is the thickness of a cow?
一肘零三分之二肘——
A cubit and two-thirds of a cubit,